研究生学术英语写作.pptx
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1、material and is careful to avoid too much technical vocabulary.Text 2 jumps right into the topic and employs quite a lot of technical terminology that most of us are not familiar with.2.写作目的与策略如果写作对象对主题了解少于作者,作者的目的是教育性的。反之,则是展示作者对主题的熟悉性、专业性及知识性。Keys to Exercise B:P.1101.Generally educated and famili
2、ar with the topic,but not highly specialized.第1页/共62页2.That the readers have some notion of what an unauthorized settlement is and the kind of amenities they lack;perhaps also that the readers understand the relationship among the government,policies on housing and access to basic amenities.3.To hig
3、hlight a housing problem in Delhi,which also happens to be a common problem in other countries.4.The author uses the word challenge to introduce the problem.第2页/共62页5.This effort refers to the argument that there is a need for governmental policies to address the problem.6.The author believes that i
4、t may help to alleviate some of the housing problem.3.组成结构 问题解决方法模式的四部分:(1)描述情况(2)甄别问题(3)描述解决方法(4)评估解决方法第3页/共62页Key to Exercise C:P.11112句:描述情况34句:甄别问题56句:描述解决方法 7句:评估解决方法4.文体特征 学术写作的突出特征就是选用更加正式的词汇 1)动词 学术英语写作中通常使用单一动词第4页/共62页Key to Exercise D:P.1111.brought on-caused2.looking into-investigating3.f
5、igure out-e up with-develop5.make up-constitute6.get rid of-eliminate7.gone up to-reached8.keep up-maintain9.gone down-decreased10.looks over-reviews第5页/共62页Key to Exercise E:P.1121.created/developed2.encountered/faced3.raised/introduced4.appeared/emerged5.examined/investigated 2)名词与其它词性:选择较正规的选项 写作
6、中应使用更为正规的词汇第6页/共62页Key to Exercise F:P.1121.an integral part of2.nearly3.considerable4.obtained5.increasing6.intensified7.have insufficient8.rarely happen9.enlarged to facilitate loading and unloading 第7页/共62页 3)正规的语法风格(1)一般来讲避免使用略缩词(2)使用更为适宜的正规的否定形式(3)限制使用多个词连用的表达法(4)避免向读者说“你”(5)使用直接引语时需谨慎(6)将副词放于动
7、词词组内(7)考虑是否该使用割裂不定式(8)目的是为了有效地使用词汇第8页/共62页Key to Exercise G:P.1131.This model can be used to analyze the effects of several parameter changes.2.Coffee prices have fallen for many reasons.3.The difference between these two approaches to designing underground subway station can clearly be seen.第9页/共62
8、页4.Recent research has shown that the arms are commonly used for protection during a fall to the ground5.To date,no comprehensive study has examined the role of smiling in gaining the initial trust of individual.6.Some studies have concluded that bamboo could be more widely used than it is now as a
9、construction material.第10页/共62页7.These special tax laws have been enacted in six mid western states:Illinois,Iowa,Indiana,Ohio,Michigan,and Minnesota.8.Little research has been done on the use of oil palm shell as coarse aggregate in the production of concrete.5.表达连贯 Key to Exercise H:P.113For examp
10、le;because;because of this;so that;morethan;However 第11页/共62页 1)连接词与词组Key to Exercise I:P.1141.sentence 2:For example sentence 4:While/Although sentence 6:therefore;hence/thus2.sentence 2:however;thus sentence 3:while/whereas sentence 4:Although/Even though sentence 6:For example第12页/共62页 2)this+总结性
11、词汇Key to Exercise J:P.115 1.b.d.2.a.3.d.Key to Exercise K:P.115 1.view2.finding3.problem4.process5.disruption第13页/共62页6.situation7.method/approach8.conclusion9.phenomenon10.trend/tendency6.宣讲 1)考虑你的书面文字材料的总体格式 2)校对疏忽大意所造成的语法错误 3)即便是你已经检查了你的文本材料,也要检 查其中的词汇拼写错误第14页/共62页 第二单元:学术写作的两个基本结构 (1)泛论-特指(GS)(2
12、)问题-过程-解决方法1.泛论-特指文本写作 GS文本通常以下列一种形式开始1.简短或拓展定义2.对比或比较定义3.一般化或目标性陈述4.事实陈述第15页/共62页Key to Exercise A:P.1291.1)Meetings of tourism and its importance a.Size of meetings b.Locations of meetings 2)Importance of meetings tourism in postindustrial urban renewal a.Growth in the meetings tourism market in t
13、he U.S.b.Growth in international conferences c.Importance of meetings tourism in comparison to leisure tourism in Europe第16页/共62页2.This question usually generates some debate,but here is one possibility.Statement 1)could be a new sentence(7),while the point in Statement 2)could be incorporated into
14、sentence(8)after the citation.Sentence(8)could then be split.The latter part of the sentence,after making,could be rewritten as a new sentence(9).3.Presumably there are other definitions for meetings tourism,and this is the one that the authors have chosen to use.第17页/共62页1)正式的句子定义 (1)正式的句子定义要素 常见的超
15、级坐标词/类标词有:technique,method,process,device,system (2)删除在下列情况下,你可以减少限制性关系代词A.定语从句仅有关系代词、be动词、一个或多个介词短语B.定语从句由被动态动词加上一些额外的信息C.定语从句含有关系代词、以-ble结尾的形容词和额外的信息第18页/共62页 (3)词或词形变换在下列情况下,你可以减少关系代词A.定语从句含有动词have。这时关系代词和ave 都省略掉,用with代替。B.定义从句含有主动态状态动词。(这时关系代词省略掉,动词变成-ing形式;但be和have除外。)C.定语从句含有的情态助动词不可省略Key to
16、Exercise B:P.1301.metal that is often used metal often used2.device that is capable of device capable of3.roof which is on top of roof on top of 第19页/共62页4.precipitation which results from precipitation resulting from5.This sentence cannot be reduced.6.flute that is pitched an octave higher-flute pi
17、tched an octave higher 7.a process that involves the selective transport a process involving the selective transport8.a celestial body which has approximately the same mass a celestial body with approximately the same mass D.关系代词前有介词时,这类定语从句不删减 E.Whereby常用于正式写作中来代替by which,by means of which,through
18、which第20页/共62页Key to Exercise C:P.130 1.with2.in3.to4.from5.in6.around7.in8.in F.在定义中不要使用when 和where第21页/共62页2)拓展定义拓展定义通常以一个泛论开始-一个句子定义,然后随着额外信息的给出变得更加具体。Key to Exercise D:P.131 ponents and type2.example3.history4.application 拓展定义也可包括过程分析或因果及其它特色如罕见性、成本Key to Exercise E:P.131 4-1-7-2-5-6-3第22页/共62页3
19、)竞争性定义竞争性定义承认一些不同的定义,然后向读者陈述清晰你所采纳的定义。4)对比性定义Key to Exercise F:P.132 The former deals with a right that grantswhile the latter is concerned with a copyright a form of protection thatKey to Exercise G:P.132 The whole passage seems like neither a competing nor a contrastive definition.Instead,its an e
20、xtended definition.第23页/共62页5)比较性定义比较定义基本上有两类:1)呈现一个概念是如何随着时间的流逝而变化 的这样一种史实陈述。2)呈现对当代各位专家是怎样不同地看待此概 念所做的一个全面性的评述。Key to Exercise H:P.133 1.Sentences 4,7,and 10.2.Present tense.The theories are timeless.Although they were formulated in the past,they were still widely accepted today.第24页/共62页3.S5:In o
21、ther words S6:therefore S7:on the other hand S8:for example S9:In other words S16:For instance The purpose is either for explanation/exemplification or to indicate contrasts among the competing theories.4.There are a number of possibilities:perhaps a discussion of the writers own theory of humor in
22、which flaws in the other theories are presented.Perhaps an expansion of one of the theories;most likely an analysis of a humorous situation play,hook,movie,or something else),using each of the competing theories or demonstrating how they do not always work.第25页/共62页5.The text,is actually a general r
23、eview of different theories.It is mostly a GS text,but it doesnt get more and more specific with each sentence.The text reaches a particular level of specificity and then remains at that level.It doesnt provide very specific detail for each of the theories.6.No.It simply says that modern theories ar
24、e variations of old ones,and it only specifically mentions superiority theory and incongruity theory.(There is no complicated motive behind this.Chris simply had exhausted all her resources and did not,look for modern versions of all the theories.)第26页/共62页7.If Chris expressed a preference,it was no
25、t intentional.Note the absence ofevaluative language.However,she has a strong preference for incongruity theory.If she had wanted to express a preference,she would have discussed the incongruity theory last,rather than in the middle.Discussing the preferred point of view in final position is a commo
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