美国人文知识.ppt

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1、The Rise and Fall of the British Empire(1688-1990)I.Whigs and ToriesII.Agricultural changes in the late 18th centuryIII.The Industrial Revolution(1780-1830)IV.The Chartist Movement(1836-1848)V.Trade Unions and the Labor PartyVI.Colonial ExpansionVII.Twentieth CenturyThe Rise and Fall of the British

2、Empire(1688-1990)I.Whigs and Tories（辉格党和托利党）1.Parliamentarypoliticsinthelate18thandearly19thcenturiesWhatweretheParliamentarypoliticslikeinthelate18thandearly19thcenturies?(1)TheConstitutionalMonarchyTheGloriousRevolutionin1688resultedintheconstitutionalmonarchy,inwhichparliamentplayedanimportantrol

3、eintheBritishpolitics.(2)ParliamentarypoliticsInthelate18thandearly19thcenturies,twopoliticalparties,theWhigsandtheTories,controlledParliament.2.TheWhigsandtheToriesTheyrefertothetwopartiesoriginatedwiththeGloriousRevolution.I.Whigs and Tories(2)the evolution of the Whigs and Tories A.The Whigsa.Whi

4、gs was a derogatory name for cattle driversb.The Whigs formed a coalition with dissident Tories in the mid-19th centuryc.Become the Liberal Party that disintegrated and disappeared after WWI.B.The Toriesa.Tories an Irish word meaning thugs.b.The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Partyc

5、.The Conservative Party still bears the nickname today.I.Whigs and Tories(3)Different ideasA.The Whigs a.Opposed absolute monarchyb.Sympathy towards Nonconformistsc.Demanded greater freedom(religious)and less government controlB.The Toriesa.Support hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove ki

6、ngsb.Wanted to preserve the Church of Englandc.In favor of maintaining social order II.Agricultural changes in the late 18th century 1.Importance of farming in England in the 18th century(1)What kind of society was England in the 18th century?Agriculturalsociety.(2)What was the most important occupa

7、tion in an agricultural society?FarmingwasanimportantoccupationinEnglandthen.(3)What was considered the backbone of the nation in the 18th century?Farmvillageandagriculturewerethebackboneofthenation.(4)What did changes in farming methods imply?Changesinfarmingmethodswouldaffectlivesofmillions.2.Agri

8、cultural Revolution in the late 18th and early 19th centuries(1)Whatwerethefeatures of the traditional farminginEnglandA.Traditionalfarminginvolvedtheopenfieldvillagea.Villagesweresurroundedbyhedge-lessfieldswhichcenteredallthearableland.b.Thesefieldsweredividedintostripssharedoutamongthevillagers.c

9、.Muchwasdoneonacommunitybasis.B.Largepiecesoffieldleftfalloweachyeara.thesoilwouldrecovereditsrichnessafter2yearscultivation.b.Thismeantonly2/3ofthelandwascultivated.C.SimplecommunitylifeofthecountrysideBesides the fields there were commons and wastelands used by allvillagerstograzelivestock.Thissys

10、temwasanidealbasisforthesimplecommunitylifeofthecountrysideandsubsistencefarmingbeforethemodernindustrialage.(2)What were the Drawbacks of such a system?A.itwaswastefulforlaborandtimeB.fallowfieldscausedshortageoffoodC.theopenfieldsystemwasabarriertoexperiments(3)Agricultural revolutionA.Causesofthe

11、revolutiona.Inthemid-18thcenturythepopulationinEnglandincreasedrapid,andmostofthisincreasewasinthetowns,dependingonthecountrysideforfood.b.Greaterproductivitymeanthandsomeprofits,sothesmallfarmsonthe“open-field”systemwerereplacedbylargerandmoreefficientfarmswithhedge-dividedfields.B.Therevolutiona.T

12、he“open-field”systemwasreplacedbyenclosedfieldsb.Asystemofcroprotationwasintroducedc.ArtificialfertilizerandnewagriculturalmachinerywereinventedandusedNorfolk Four-course Rotation3.The result of land enclosures in EnglandTheenclosureshadgoodaswellasbadresults:(1)Farms became bigger and bigger as the

13、 greatbought up the small,and farming became moreefficient.(2)The living standard was improved.Morevegetables,milk,anddairyproducewereconsumed,anddietbecamemorevaried.(3)Enclosurewasadisasterfortenantswhomadealivingontheland.(4)Urbanizationwasincreasedasmoreandmorepeoplemigratedtotownsandbecamewagel

14、aborers.III.The Industrial Revolution(1780-1830)1.Whatwastheindustrial revolution?ItreferstothemechanizationofindustryandtheconsequentchangesinsocialandeconomicorganizationinEnglandinthelate18thandearly19thcenturies.Oritmeanstheinventionandapplianceofvariousmachinesinproductionandthechangesthattrans

15、formedBritainfromaruralandagriculturalcountryintoanurbanandmanufacturingone.2.Why was Britain the first to initiate industrial revolution?(1)Political conditionsA.Parliamentbecamedominantinpoliticallifeafterthe1688PalacecoupB.Itrepresentedtheinterestsofthebourgeoisiefordevelopmentandexpansion.(2)Ext

16、ernal conditionsA.TheBritish-SpanishWarenabledBritaintobeaseapowerB.Englishcapitalistscouldexpandforeignmarketsandplantoverseascolonies.(3)Primitive CapitalThecapitalistsaccomplishedtheir“primitiveaccumulationofcapital”throughplunderandexploitation(4)Cheap laborThe enclosures drove peasants off thei

17、r land and they had to seekemployment(5)Mentality changesMakingmoneyandprofitwasnolongerasin;interestsbecamemoral(1)(6)Theoretical basis:Freecompetitionandfreetrade(7)Scientific basis:ScientistlikeNewton3.How did the English Industrial Revolution proceed?(1)TheIndustrialRevolutionbeganwiththetextile

18、industry.(2)Itwascharacterizedbyaseriesofinventionsandimprovementsofmachines,suchasJohnRaysflyingshuttle(飞梭)JamesHargreavesspinningJenny（詹妮纺纱机）RichardArkwrightswaterframe（水力纺纱机）andSamuelCromptonsmule（走锭纺纱机）JamesWattssteamengine(3)Themostimportantelementinspeedingindustrializationwasthebreakthroughin

19、smeltingironwithcoke（焦炭）insteadofcharcoal（木炭）in1709.(4)Improvedtransportation(roadandcanalconstruction)ranparallelwithproduction.(5)AsaresultoftheIndustrialRevolutionBritainwasby1830the“workshop of the world”.Noothercountrywasyetreadytocompetewithherinindustrialproduction.IV.The Chartist Movement(18

20、36-1848)TheChartistMovementisalsocalledThePeoplesCharter.1.BackgroundoftheChartistMovementAppalling living and working conditions(Theworkingmenworkedandlivedinappallingcondition,e.g.workersinfactoriesweretreatedbadly,working15hoursadayinpoorlightanddeafeningnoise.Theybegantodestroythehatedmachines.)

21、Theworkingclass,theProletariatcameintobeing.Organizedastradeunions,asanindependentclassFightforhigherwagesandbetterlivingconditionsDefendtheirinterests,reformofParliament(RepresentativeinParliament)2.Parliament Reform(1)ReasonsforthereformA.Powerwasmonopolizedbythearistocrats.a.Inthe18thand19thcentu

22、riestheLordshadfarmoreinfluencethanithastodayandtheCommonswerealsoreally“gentry”onedgeofaristocracy.b.The Commons were elected only by averysmallproportionofthepopulation.c.Thevotewasaprivilegeforasmallnumberofmalecitizens.Nofemaleswereallowedtovote.B.Representationoftownandcountry,andNorthandSouthw

23、asunfair.Todaythecountryissplitintoequalsizedunitsforvoting,butinthe19thcenturyitwasnot.C.Therewerealsovariousso-calledrottenorpocketboroughs.（衰败选区和口袋选区）Rottenboroughs:hadbeenbusymarkettowns,andweredeserted,buttheycouldstillelectMembersofParliament.Pocketboroughs:electionswerenotwonbypoliticalviewsb

24、utbyinfluenceormoney(2)Result of the reformA.Between1832and1884threeReformBillswerepassed.B.TheReformActof1832(alsocalledthe“GreatCharterof1832”)abolished“rottenboroughs”,andredistributedparliamentaryseatsmorefairlyamongthegrowingtowns.C.Italsogavethevotetomanyhouseholdersandtenants,basedonthevalueo

25、ftheirproperty.3.The Chartist Movement(1)the Chartist MovementA.Nature:Itwasanindustrialworkingclasspoliticalmovement.B.Duration:IthappenedinEnglandfrom1836to1848.C.Participants:In1836,agroupofskilledworkersandsmallshopkeepersformedtheLondonWorkingMensAssociation.(2)the Peoples CharterTheydrewupacha

26、rterofpoliticaldemands(knownasthePeoplesCharter)in1838,whichhad6points:Voteforalladultmales;Votingbysecretballot;Equalelectoraldistricts;AbolitionofpropertyqualificationsformembersofParliament;PaymentofmembersofParliament,andAnnualParliament,withaGeneralElectioneveryJune.(3)the result of the Chartis

27、t MovementA.Supportforthese6demandswasloudlyvoicedalloverthecountry.B.OtherworkingmenformedChartistgroupsthroughoutthecountrytopressParliamenttoacceptthe6points.C.ButParliamentrejectedthemthreetimes.D.Intheend,theChartistMovementfailed.(4)Two groups of the ChartistsA.TheMoralForceChartists:wantedtor

28、ealizetheiraimsbypeacefulmeans(politicalpersuasion)B.ThePhysicalForceChartists:wantedtoachievetheirpurposebyviolence.(5)Comment on the ChartistsA.ChartismfailedbecauseofitsweakanddividedleadershipB.Itslackofcoordinationwiththetrade-unionism.C.Theworkingclasswasstillimmature,withouttheleadershipofapo

29、liticalpartyarmedwithcorrectrevolutionarytheory.D.However,itwasthefirstnationwideworkingclassmovementanddrewattentiontoseriousproblems.E.AsLeninputittheChartismwas“thefirstbroad,reallymass,politicallyformed,proletarianrevolutionarymovement.”V.Trade Unions and the Labor Party 1.Background(1)Thenewwor

30、kingclasswasestablishedintheindustrialtowninthelate18thcentury(2)variousworkingclassorganizationswereformedwhichbroughtabouttheformationofapoliticalparty,theLaborParty2.OriginTheLaborPartyhaditsoriginsintheIndependentLaborParty(ILP),whichwasformedin1893.3.Labor Representation Committee(LRC)Thefounda

31、tionofaneffectivepartyforlabordependedonthetradeunions.In1900,representativesoftradeunions,theILP,andanumberofsmallsocietiessetuptheLaborRepresentationCommittee(LRC)4.TheLRCchangeditsnametotheLaborPartyintimeforthegeneralelectionwhichwascalledfor1906.5.TheLaborPartyremainsoneofthe2majorpartiesinBrit

32、ainuntiltoday.VI.Colonial Expansion 1.EnglishcolonialexpansionbeganwiththecolonizationofNew-foundlandin1583.2.theBritishcolonialistssteppeduptheirexpansioninthelate18thcenturyandtheearly19thcentury.3.thecolonialexpansionincludedthefollowingaspects:(1)Thegrowthofdominions.（自治领的发展）Inthelate18thcentury

33、Britainacquiredvast,underpopulatedterritories:Canada,Australia,andNewZealand.(2)theconquestofIndia.(3)ThescrambleforAfrica.(4)AggressionagainstChina.4.By1900Britainhadbuiltupabigempire,“onwhichthesunneverset”.Itconsistedofavastnumberofprotectorates,CrownColonies,spheresofinfluence,andself-governingd

34、ominions;anditincluded25%oftheworldspopulationandarea.VII.Twentieth Century 1.Britain and the First World War(1)Competition of the imperialist powersAtthebeginningofthe20thcentury,France,GermanyandAmericawerebecomingpowerfulcompetitorsforworldmarkets.GermanywasemergingasthebiggestthreattoBritain.(2)

35、The First World WarA.Duration:1914-1918B.TwoParties:Thewarwasprimarilyfoughtbetween2Europeanpowerblocs:a.the“CentralPowers”（同盟国）:GermanyandAustria-Hungaryb.the“Allies”（协约国）:Britain,FranceandRussia.C.BritishinvolvementBritainwasafraidthatGermanywouldoverrunEuropeandgaincontrolofpartsoftheBritishEmpir

36、e.D.TheresulttheCentralPowerssuedforpeace,andanarmisticecameintoeffectonNovember11,1918.TheTreatyofVersaillesimposedonGermanyformalizedtheAlliedvictory.E.InfluenceThe number of British colonies reached its zenith2.Britain between the two World WarsTheFirstWorldWarhadgreateffectsonBritishsociety.(1)G

37、reatunemployment:by1921therewereover2millionunemployed.(2)Politicalunrest:Politicalunrestledto4generalelectionsinjustover5years.In1926ageneralstrikeparalyzedthecountry.(3)TheGreatDepression:theeffectsoftheNewYorkStockMarketcrashof1929soonspreadthroughoutEuropeandby1931BritainwasenteringtheGreatDepre

38、ssion.Nationalistmovementsprangupandtheformercoloniesdeclaredtheirindependenceoneafteranother.3.Britain and the Second World War(1)BackgroundTheharshtermsoftheTreatyofVersaillesafterWWIhadleftGermanyembittered（怨愤已极）andunstable.WiththecomingtopowerofAdolfHitlerandNazisminGermany,theVersaillesarrangem

39、entsbegantocrumble.(2)WWIITheGermantroopsinvadedPolandonSeptember1,1939.TheBritish,whofoundthatthepolicyofappeasement（绥靖政策）ofGermanaggressionwasnolongertenable,wasforcedtodeclarewaronGermanyonSeptember3.Itwasnotuntil1945thatBritainwonfinalvictory.(3)SocialinfluenceinBritainA.Britain suffered far few

40、er military casualties in WWII than in WWI.Some250,000werekilled,withafurther110,000deadfromEmpireandCommonwealthforces.B.Britain,havingdevotedherentirestrengthtothewar,wasleftgravelyimpoverished.Shelost1/4ofhernationalwealthandentereduponaperiodofeconomicandfinancialdifficulties.4.Postwar Britain(1

41、)ReturnfromConservativegovernmenttoLaborgovernmentA.Atthegeneralelectionof1945WinstonChurchillwasheavilydefeated.B.PeopledidnotwantBritaintoreturntothepoliticsofthe1920sand1930sandhopedthattheLaborPartywouldbeabletosortouttheproblemsofthewar-torncountry.(2)FoundingofwelfarestateThefoundationofthewel

42、farestatewaslaidduringtheseyears,providingfreemedicalcareforeveryoneandfinancialhelpfortheold,thesickandtheunemployed.(3)EndoftheempireOneofthemostfar-reachingconsequencesofthewarwasthatithastenedtheendofBritainsempire.Britainfoundthe“CommonwealthofNations”or“theBritishCommonwealth”toreplacethe“Empi

43、re”Indiagainedindependencein1947,Burmain1948;NewfoundlandjoinedtheDominionofCanadain1949;severalBritishcoloniesinAfricawontheirindependence.SoonfewofBritainsoldcolonialpossessionswereleft.(4)LeadingindustrialpowerBythemid-1950sthingsweredefinitelylookingup.A.UnemploymentwaslowB.Wageswerefarhighertha

44、ntheyhadbeenbeforeC.MoreandmorepeoplewerebuyingcarsandgoingonholidaysD.Bythe1960sBritainwasoneoftheworldsleadingindustrialaswellasnuclearpowers.(5)The Permissive Age（自由放任的年代）A.Whatdoesitreferredto?The 1960s were the Swinging Sixties（活 跃 的 60年 代），or thePermissiveAge.B.Whatwerethereflectionsinlife?a.W

45、riterswroteaboutworkingclasslifeinawaynoonehaddonebefore.b.Actorsachievedhugesuccess,andfilmsbecamebigbox-officeattractionsc.Pop music underwent a revolution and the Beatles（甲壳虫乐队）becameworldfamousd.Asaresultofrelaxationofattitudestherewasasexualrevolution.(6)European Economic Community(European Uni

46、on）In January,1973,Britain finally became a full member of theEuropeanEconomicCommunitywhichwasestablishedin1957.(7)ThatcherismA.Thebackground-deteriorationofeconomicsa.Theoptimismofthe1960sdisappearedb.Risingoilpricespushedupthecostofliving,c.Unemploymentwasrisingd.theIRAbombingcampaignbroughthomet

47、heseriousnessofthesituationinNorthernIreland.e.The election of 1979 returned the Conservative Party to power andMargaretThatcherbecamethefirstwomanPrimeMinisterinBritain.B.ThemaincontentsofThatcherisma.Mrs Thatcher firmly believed in self-reliance and privatization.Herpoliciesarepopularlyreferredtoa

48、sThatherism.b.Itincluded(A)thereturntoprivateownershipofstate-ownedindustries,(B)theuseofmonetaristpoliciestocontrolinflation,(C)theweakeningoftrade unions,(D)the strengthening of the role of market forces in theeconomy,(E)andanemphasisonlawandorder.c.Allthismadethe1980sadecadeofincreasedprosperity.