英语语言学笔记.ppt

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1、Chapter 2Chapter 2The Sounds of The Sounds of LanguageLanguageMelody 2012Melody 2012Guangzhou UniverstiyGuangzhou UniverstiyOverview of Chapter 2 Phonetics 1.Scopes of phonetics 2.Important articulators 3.Phonetic transcription 4.Classification of English speech sounds 5.Variations of sounds Phonolo

2、gy 1.Phonology vs.phonetics2.Phone,phoneme and allophone3.Minimal pairs and sets4.Free variation5.Distinctive features6.syllables and consonant clusters7.Suprasegmental features1.Scope of phonetics1.1 Defining phonetics Phonetics is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of spee

3、ch sounds and provides methods for their description,classification and transcription.What is phonetics?What is phonetics?Phoneticsthe study of speech sounds that occur in all human languages.It is a branch of linguistics which studies human speech sounds and provides methods for the description,cla

4、ssification and transcription of these sounds.1.2 Scope of phoneticsThe three branches of phonetics(p.26)Articulatory phonetics（发发音音语语音音学学）studies the human speech organs,and the way in which the speech sounds are produced.Acoustic phonetics(声学语音学声学语音学)-transmission Auditory phonetics（听觉语音学）（听觉语音学）-

5、perception.Among the three branches,only articulatory phonetics is dealt with in our course.2.Important articulatorsArticulators/speech organsThe lungs and the trachea(treiki windpipe)pulmonic sounds(肺闭塞音肺闭塞音)The resonating cavities(共鸣腔共鸣腔)The resonating cavities is where the airstream coming from t

6、he lungs is modified in various ways,resulting in the production of various sounds.Oral cavity 口腔口腔Nasal cavity 鼻腔鼻腔pharyngeal cavity/pharynx 咽腔咽腔The pharyngeal cavity/pharynx(咽咽腔腔):between the top of the larynx(喉喉)and the soft palate)The throat contains vocal cords/folds,ventricular folds（膨膨 胀胀 带带）

7、and glottis声声 门门 (the opening between the vocal cords),the movement of which determines the quality of voicing(voiced&voiceless)and pitch(音高音高).The nasal cavity(鼻腔鼻腔):the nose Nasal resonance(共共鸣鸣)can be produced due to the lowering the soft palate(velum),resulting the production of nasals.The oral

8、cavity(口腔口腔):the mouth It contains the lips,teeth,teeth(alveolar)ridge(齿齿龈龈/槽槽)tip of tongue,blade of tongue,hard palate,front of tongue,back of tongue,soft palate(velum),uvula,epiglottis(会厌软骨会厌软骨).Important articulatorsImportant articulatorsPosition of the vocal folds:voicelessPosition of the vocal

9、 folds:voicing(initial&the widest aperture孔径)Position of the vocal folds:glottal stop 喉塞音3.Phonetic transcription 3.1 IPA IPA-International Phonetic Association or the International Phonetic Alphabet48个国际音标发音规则个国际音标发音规则 Phonetic transcription 3.2 Narrow and broad transcription The principle of the I

10、nternational Phonetic Alphabet is to use a separate letter to represent a distinctive sound.As some sounds differ only slightly,symbols called diacritics1(变变音音符符)are used to show detailed articulatory features of sounds.The phonetic transcription with diacritics is called narrow transcription.Otherw

11、ise it is a broad transcription,which is used generally in dictionaries and language textbooks.pit spring broad transcription:/pit/spri /narrow transcription:phit sp=ri Notes:1 Diacritic,in linguistics,refers to a mark added to a symbol to alter its value,e.g.the sign of aspiration h,and the sign=,i

12、ndicating unaspiratedness.2 According to a widely recognized convention,square brackets are used to indicate narrow transcription,and obliques broad transcription.4.Classification of English speech sounds4.1 Phonetic featuresSpeech sounds can be classified into four types:voiced and voiceless,nasal

13、and oral.(p.31)1)Voiced and voiceless sounds(pp.29-30)Voiced soundssounds produced in the way that the airstream forces its way through and causes vocal cords to vibrate.Voiceless soundssounds produced in the way that the airstream is not obstructed at the place between vocal cords.2)Nasal and oral

14、sounds(p.31)Nasal soundssounds produced in the way that air escapes through the nose as well as the mouth.Oral soundssounds produced in the way that air escapes only through the mouth.4.Classification of English speech sounds4.2 Consonants and vowels1)ConsonantsConsonants in English can be classifie

15、d in two ways:the manner of articulation and the place of articulation.a.Manners of articulation(p32)Manners of articulation refer to the ways of articulation which result in different degrees of obstruction against the airstream,such as complete,partial,or a mere narrowing of the oral tract.b.place

16、 of articulation(p32)consonants Practice:The consonants of English can be described in the following manner:p voiceless bilabial stopb voiced bilabial stops voiceless alveolar fricativez voiced alveolar fricative2)VowelsVowelsspeech sounds in the production of which the airstream from the lungs is n

17、ot blocked in any way in the mouth or nose,and the vocal cords are usually vibrated.a.Which part of the tongue is raised?front vowelscentral vowelsback vowelsb.What is the shape of the lips?rounded vowelsunrounded vowelsc.Whether is the mouth open?open vowelclosed vowel;semi-open vowelssemi-closed v

18、owelsd.What is the length of the vowels?long vowelsshort vowelse.g.the vowel i:can be described as front,unrounded,closed and long.4.Classification of English speech sounds2)Vowels The criteria of vowel description Classification of English vowelsaccording to their componential elements:single vowel

19、s,diphthongs,and triphthongs.Jones:An Outline of English Phonetics(1918)Black:IPARed:EnglishIndex5 Variation of soundsLiasion ElisionAssimilation 3 Variations of sounds1)liaison(linking)the linking of words in speech,in particular when the second word begin with a vowel.And these words belong to the

20、 same sense-group.e.g.stand up,above all,look at it,first of all,a number of,here is it,Where is it?2)elisionthe leaving out of a sound or sounds in speech.e.g.kindness kaindniskainnis,sit down,most probably,dont know,with that,some more tea,我们我们uomenuomn/uom,豆腐豆腐 toufutouf3)assimilationthe process

21、of substituting one phoneme by another,or turning two neighbouring phonemes into a new one,under the influence of the surrounding sounds.e.g.news/nju:z/,newspaper/nju:speip/,five/faiv/,fivepence/faifpans/,used/juzd/,used to/ju:st tu/,in bed inbedimbed,Liasion:相邻的词中，前一个词的末尾是辅音，后一个词的开头是元音Take a look a

22、t it.Ill be back in half an hour.Will it take a lot of time to go to town on foot?为使说话流畅，词末元音可以和词首元音连读，而不停顿。Dont worry about it.Im sorry about the accident.I have waited for you for three hours.We all agree with the plan.连读加音：（1）外加音/j/。两词相连，前一个词以/i/或/i:/结尾，后一个词以/i/或/i:/起首，前一个词后加一个轻微的/j/音，并和后一个词连读。Yo

23、u can see it.Please copy it.Say it again.连读加音：（2）外加音/r/。两词相连，前一个词以/结尾，后一个词以/起首，前一个音后加一个/r/音，并和后一个/连读。idea of itT he vase is made of china and glass.The room has an area of 12 square meters.连读加音：（3）外加音/w/。两个元音连读，前一个元音是/u/或/u:/时，产生一个轻微的加音/w/，和后一个词的元音词首连读。Dont do it.Go easy.Its too easy.The bird flew i

24、n the sky.当两个词首尾有两个或两个以上的辅音时，为了使发音流畅，可以将这些辅音连在一起读，而不停顿。I hope to find a good job.Hearing the bad news I couldnt help crying.I live in a two-bedroom flat with my parents.She has been away from her own country for a long time.Shall we meet at eight tonight/or ten oclock tomorrow?连连接音接音/r/：单词以单词以r或或re结

25、尾，结尾，后接元音开头的词。后接元音开头的词。意群之间有停意群之间有停顿时不连读顿时不连读Elision 元音的省略vfactoryvhistoryvliteraturevuniversityvextraordinaryvlaboratoryvcenturyvinterestingBritish EnglishPhonetics:Assimilation 1.2.3.Phonetics:Assimilation 4.5.6.Phonetics:Assimilation 7.8.Assimilation in MandarinAssimilation in Mandarin好啊 hao wa海啊

26、 hai ya看啊 kan na唱啊 chang 跳啊 tiao wa Assimilation Assimilation Regressive assimilation 逆逆同同化化-a following sound influences a preceding sound.Progressive assimilation-a preceding sound influences a following sound.PhonologyPhonologyWarming-up activity:Pronounce“spring”,first with the aspirated/p/,then

27、 with the non-aspirated/p/pride vs.brideWhat is Phonology?Phonologythe study or description of the distinctive sound units of a language and their relationshipPhonologyPhonology1.Phonology vs.phonetics2.Phone,phoneme and allophone3.Minimal pairs and sets4.Free variation5.Distinctive features6.syllab

28、les and consonant clusters7.Suprasegmental features1.Phonology vs.phonetics1.Phonology vs.phoneticsThe differences:1)phoneticsgeneral,descriptive and classificatory;phonologyparticular and functional2)phoneticsactual physical articulations of speech sounds;phonologythe abstract aspect of the sounds

29、in a language3)phoneticsthe means for describing speech sounds;phonologythe way in which speech sounds are combined,organized,and convey meaning in particular languagesphonetics phonology sounds of language functioning of sounds as part of a language universal language-specific concrete abstract par

30、ole language system phone:phoneme:/2.Phone,phoneme and allophone2.Phone,phoneme and allophone1)phonea phonetic unit,which does not necessarily distinguish meaning.e.g.pit spit 2)phonemea phonological unit,it is the smallest unit of sound in a language that can distinguish two words/meaning.e.g.pan b

31、an /p/b/bet bit /e/i/bet bed /t/d/Some points to be noticed:a.the number of phonemes varies from one language to another.The average is around thirty-five.English has forty-four according to one common analysis.the number of phonemes varies from one language to another.English 44,Chinese 56 learning

32、 Chinese is more difficult than Englishb.a phone may be a phoneme in one language but may not in another language.“sin-thin”/s/-/In Chinese s is,but is not.三岁三岁 san suei in English aspirated and unaspirated phones are not two phonemes but one,each occurring in a different position e.g.peakspeak.But

33、in Chinese they are two different phonemes:铺铺部部,突突都都,in Chinese 卷舌卷舌不卷舌不卷舌 are two phonemes but they are not in English.司长司长师长师长,交代交代招待招待,studyshtudy3)allophonesphones which are phonetically similar but not the same and which are treated as the same in linguistic communication;or the sounds which ar

34、e phonetically different but do not make one word different from another in meaning.e.g.lipplayfeel lipis made by raising the front of the tongue to the hard palate,while the vocal cords are vibrating;playis made with the same tongue position but the vocal cords are not vibrating;feelis made by rais

35、ing not only the front but also the back of the tongue while the vocal cords are vibrating.sad(long)pat(short)can(nasalized)phoneme and allophone:A phoneme is an abstract unit,not any particular sound.It may be realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context.And the different phones that r

36、epresent the same phoneme are its allophones.e.g.,the phoneme/p/can be realized by the following phones in different phonetic context:particulated with aspiration when followed by a stressed vowel as in“put”particulated with little aspiration when followed by an unstressed vowel as in“paper”particul

37、ated with no aspiration when the s is before it as in“speak”topstoppitcity(voiced)phoneme and allophone Allophones（音位变体（音位变体)The phones that can represent a phoneme in certain phonetic context are called its allophones.So the phones ph and p=are the allophones of the same phoneme/p/.In this case the

38、 allophones are said to be in COMPLEMENTARY DISTRIBUTION because they never occur in the same context.That is to say that p=always occurs after s while ph always occurs in other places.We can represent this rule as:(1)/p/p=/s _ ph elsewhere complementary distribution The allophones of a phoneme do n

39、ot distinguish meaning or words,but complement each other in distribution,i.e.they occur in different phonetic environments.So they are said to be in complementary distribution.AllophoneLead deal IN deal the tongue is curled a little backwards towards the hard palate(PALATALIZATION).We often call th

40、is dark l and use the symbol in phonetic(or narrow)transcription.l,as pronounced in lead,is called clear 1.Consequently,lead is transcribed as li:d and deal as di:phonetically.The rule is very simple:the phoneme/l/is pronounced as l before a vowel and as i after a vowel.They are again in complementa

41、ry distribution.It can be represented as:(2)/l/l /_ V /V_3.Minimal pairs and sets P38-39 1)minimal pair最小对立体最小对立体a pair of words that differ by only a single sound in the same position.(p.335)In other words,when two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment that occurs

42、in the same place in the string,the two words are called minimal pairs.e.g.bearpear bedbad leadleakfanvan betbat siteside pill-bill,pill-till,kill-bill.2)minimal set最小对立体集最小对立体集e.g.pillbilltilldillkill feat,fit,fate,fat,fought,foot Big,pig,rig,fig,dig,wigThese words can be differentiated by changing

43、 only one phoneme.All these words together constitute a minimal set.three requirements for identifying a minimal pair:a)the two words are different in meaning;b)the two words are different because of just one phoneme;c)the phonemes that make the two words different occur in the same phonetic environ

44、ment.4.Free variation4.Free variationFree variationwhen the same word has two or more sounds which occur in the same position without change of meaning,these sounds are called free variation.(P 39)5.Distinctive features p40 5.Distinctive features p40A distinctive feature is a phonetic property which

45、 can distinguish one phoneme from another or one group of phonemes from another group.For example,voicing is a distinctive feature for English obstruents(阻阻 塞塞 音音),including stops,fricatives and affricates.5 Distinctive features5 Distinctive featuresDistinctive featurethe phonetic feature that disti

46、nguishes one phoneme from another in a language.The minimal pair given bellow illustrate a distinctive feature in the phonological system of English:bat/matThe difference in meaning between the two is due only to the difference in nasality between b and m.b and m are identical in all features except

47、 for the fact that b is oral(nasal)and m is nasal(+nasal).Thus,nasality is a distinctive feature of English consonants.6.Syllables and consonant clustersSyllable Onset Rime(rhyme)Nucleus(peak)Coda Consonant(s)Vowel Consonant(s)6.Syllables and consonant clusters6.Syllables and consonant clusters Syll

48、ablea unit in speech which is usually longer than one sound and smaller than a whole word,e.g.terminology Different languages may have different syllable structures.In English,the onset position may be empty or filled by a cluster of as many as three consonants(spray,scream,strange,thread),while cod

49、a position may be filled by as many as four consonants(as in sixths).The English syllable may be represented as(C)C)C)V(C)C)C)C).Four basic patterns of syllables structures in English:a.VI b.CVtea c.VCoil d.CVCtongueThe Chinese syllable,however,allows at most one consonant in the onset position and

50、only nasals in the coda.Thus the Chinese syllable is represented as(C)V(C).Consonant clusterA consonant cluster is a group or sequence of consonants that appear together in a syllable without a vowel between them.Consonant clustera sequence of two or more consonants in one syllable.Initial cluster:s