英语翻译技巧之反译法negation.pptx

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1、1.Transfer of the Negative (否定转移)第1页/共41页(1).把主句的否定转移到that从句 think,believe,suppose,expect,imagine,fancy,reckon 引导的从句，在英翻中时应使用否定转移E.g.We dont believe that our mother tongue is inferior to any other language in the world.我们相信，祖国的语言并不亚于世界任何其他语言。有些动词，如assume,surmise 和presume，引导的从句中，在英翻中时主句的否定不能转移到从句当中E.

2、g.I cant assume that he came.我不能假定他来了。I assume that he couldnt come.我猜想他不能来。第2页/共41页(2).把谓语动词的否定转移到状语把谓语动词的否定转移到状语E.g.Rome was not built in a day.罗马非朝夕建成。Just because she doesnt complain you should not suppose that she is satisfied.你不可只因为她不抱怨，就以为她心满意足了。(3).把句子的其他成分转移到动词把句子的其他成分转移到动词E.g.He gave me no

3、t even a moment to collect my thoughts.他甚至不给我片刻时间去集中思考。第3页/共41页2.Conversion of the Affirmative in to the Negative（肯定形式译成否定形式（肯定形式译成否定形式）第4页/共41页什么是肯定形式的英语句子？-英语句子中既没有否定词，如no,not,never,none,neither,nobody,nothing,nowhere,nowise,也没有带有否定前缀或后缀的词，如dis-,im-,in-,ir-,non-,un-,-less.中文的肯定句又是怎样的呢？-中文的肯定句，句子中不

4、含有“不”，“非”，“否”，“没（有）”，“未”，“别”，“勿”，“莫”，“休”，“甭”。第5页/共41页E.g.Take it or leave it.买不买随你。That time when we caught Molly I doubled up with laughter.我们抓住莫莉那一回，我笑得直不起腰来。第6页/共41页 3.Conversion of the Negative into the Affirmative(否定形式译成肯定形式)第7页/共41页(1).Conversion of English Words with Negative Prefixes or Suff

5、ixes into Affirmative Forms WordsNegative FormAffirmative Formincomplete不完全的残缺的unasked未经邀请的自告奋勇的unprecedented前所未有的空前的dislike不喜欢反感、讨厌disbelief不相信怀疑undisguised无伪装的公然、公开的第8页/共41页E.G.Yesterday the President gave an unprepared speech before a big audience.昨天总统在大庭广众面前即席致辞。Arent they fine,these three men a

6、re going off into nowhere like that?这三人真行，前途茫茫，就这样去了。第9页/共41页(2).Conversion of Negative Sentences into Affirmatives My overcoat would not wear out.我的大衣十分耐穿。If that isnt what I want!我所要的就是这个呀！Nothing is more deceitful than the appearance of humility.谦卑的外表是最易使人上当的。第10页/共41页4.Translation of English Que

7、stions and Answers(英语问答句译法)第11页/共41页（1）.Translation of Answers to Negative Questions 注意：在回答否定问句时，英汉间的差异。Are you not prepared to do this work?你不打算做这项工作吗？Yes,I am.不，我打算做。No,Im not.是的，我不打算做。第12页/共41页(2).Translation of Negative Questions Look,some buses are coming this way,dont you see them?瞧，有几辆公共汽车往这边

8、开来了，你看见了吗？（cf.你没看见吗？）第13页/共41页 I like Xiamen very much,dont you?我很喜欢厦门，你呢？He wont go home,but will she?他不回家，那她呢？Some questions in English look like disjunctive questions,but actually they are not.The statement and question have two different subjects covering different persons or things.In translati

9、on,the negation is generally not expressed.第14页/共41页(3).Translation of Answers to Disjunctive Questions Its not going to rain,is it?不会下雨，是不是？No.是的,不会。Yes.its going to rain.不，会下雨的。第15页/共41页Silent Answers“Youre not going to school today?”Mother shouted down the stairs to her little one.The child looke

10、d up and shook his head.“今天你就不上学啦？”母亲从楼上喊下来，问她的小宝贝。孩子抬起头来点了一下。第16页/共41页(4).Translation of Rhetorical Questions There is hardly a clear-cut line between a rhetorical question and a general question.Context decides whether a question is rhetorical or general,except absurd questions such as“Havent you

11、got eyes?”.A rhetorical question,which the speaker uses to gain an effect,does not expect any answer.Literary style：岂不Modern or colloquial style：难道第17页/共41页Is this the part of wise men,engaged in a great and arduous struggle for liberty?Are we disposed to be of the number of those,who having eyes,se

12、e not,and having ears,hear not,the things which so nearly concern their temporal salvation?为争取自由而从事伟大而艰巨的斗争的明智人士，难道应该这样做吗？对于目前自救运动密切相关的事业视而不见、充耳不闻的人，难道我们甘心情愿与之为伍吗？第18页/共41页(5).Translation of Indirect Negative Questions Negation can be found even in indirect questions,which in our mode of expression

13、should be in a tone of uncertainty,such as“是否可以”,“能不能”.A literal translation will confuse the reader.第19页/共41页 I wonder if he cannot help me out of the difficulty.我不知道他是否能帮我摆脱这个困境。I am writing to ask your help in seeing if the provisions of the agreement cannot be implemented in the next few weeks.兹

14、函请惠予注意协议条款是否可在今后几周内实施。第20页/共41页5.Translation of Various Kinds of Negation (英语各种否定译法)(1).Partial Negation 部分否定第21页/共41页 Partial affirmative+not:Partial negativePartial affirmative+not:Partial negative E.g.Some students are not here.Some students are here.有些学生不在。Not+full negative:Partial negativeNot+f

15、ull negative:Partial negative E.g.Not many people have nowhere to live.Most people have somewhere to live.不是很多人没有地方住。第22页/共41页 Notfor nothing:Partial negative E.g.All these investigations are not done for nothing.这些调查并不是白做的。Full affirmative+not/not+full affirmative:Full affirmative+not/not+full affi

16、rmative:Partial negative Partial negative E.g.A man of learning is not always a man of wisdom.有学问的人不一定是有智慧的人。第23页/共41页第24页/共41页 Attention!Attention!“all the+noun+not”and“not all the+noun”:full negation “all the+noun+not”and“not all the+noun”:full negation E.g.All the money in the world wont make you

17、 happy.即使你拥有了世界上所有的财富，你也不会快乐。Not and VS Not or E.g.He did not speak clearly and correctly.He did not speak E.g.He did not speak clearly and correctly.He did not speak clearly or correctly.clearly or correctly.他讲得清楚，但不正确。他讲得清楚，但不正确。他讲得不清楚，也不正确他讲得不清楚，也不正确。第25页/共41页(2).Full negation(全部否定)Full negative+

18、affirmative predicate:E.g.Nobody succeeds.Full negative+words with negative prefixes or suffixes,or words implying negation.E.g.He was always unkind.Not any E.g.He cannot remember anything.第26页/共41页Some ways to deal with Frequently-used negatives“No”is much stronger than“not”.E.g.It is not a joke.这不

19、是开玩笑的。It is no joke.这是正经事。I have not taken more than five courses this semester.本学期我修的课程最多五门。（至多五门，也许不到。）I have taken no more than five courses this semester.本学期我只修了五门课。（=only,含“少”的意味。）第27页/共41页“None”is much stronger than“not”.E.g.None will say so.没有人会这样说。One will not say so.人不会这样说。第28页/共41页“None”ca

20、n be used as an adverb:none the+comparative=in no way,not at all none too=not very E.g.He explained the sentences to me,but I am none the wiser.他向我解释了这个句子，但我仍然一点也不懂。Im none too sure about him.我对他这个人拿不准。第29页/共41页 Attention!Any,anybody,anyone,anything cannot be used as subjects in negative sentences.E

21、.g.任何人都干不了这件事。Anybody cannot do it.Nobody can do it.Any or Anybody,if post-modified,can precede the not in the sentences.E.g.Anybody who does that isnt honest.干那种事的人都不诚实。第30页/共41页(3).Double negation(双重否定)(a)with weakening effectE.g.不能不表示遗憾 We cannot but regret 难免有错误 There might be some errors 未尝不可 I

22、t is not impossible 并不否认 do not deny He is not incapable.他并非无能。(He is to some extent capable.)第31页/共41页 (b)with strengthening effect(b)with strengthening effect双重否定常见句型：cannotwithout;no(never)without;nothingwithout;nono;withoutno;withoutcannot;without nothing;nothingnothing E.g.No investigation,no r

23、ight to speak.没有调查就没有发言权。第32页/共41页 A negative+but (but作为含有否定意义的关系代词,连词或介词)E.g.There is no child but knows him.(关系代词)没有一个小孩不认识他。No man is so old but that he may learn.(连词)没有一个人老得不能学习。Not a minute passes but things change.事物每时每刻都在变化。He is nothing but a fool.(介词)他不过是个傻子罢了。He is anything but a fool.(=ne

24、ver)他绝不是傻瓜。第33页/共41页曲言法：用否定对立的词语强调肯定 E.g.To my no small astonishment,I found the house on fire.我发现房子着火，大为吃惊。第34页/共41页(4).Incomplete negation(不完全否定)不完全否定常见词：few,little,hardly,scarcely,barely,rarely,seldomE.g.I need hardly say that he did well.他干得不错，这几乎不用我说。There are few,if any,such men.这种人即使有，也很少。第35

25、页/共41页Negative words+hardly/scarcely=incomplete negation(hardly/scarcely的意思不变)E.g.They dont seem hardly able to help it.他们对这件事情似乎不能有什么帮助。“Hardlynot”:double negation(双重否定)E.g.There was hardly a moment when she did not guess her husbands wishes.她几乎每时每刻都在猜测她丈夫的心意。第36页/共41页(5).Pleonastic Negation（多余否定）（

26、多余否定）多余否定实际在意思和结构上都是多余的。E.G.What dirty means would he not resort to!什么卑鄙的手段他都使得出来！/什么卑鄙的手段他是使不出来。街上人来人往，好不热闹！What a busy street it is,with so many people coming and going!见到她，我不觉又惊又喜。Seeing her,I was surprised and delighted.第37页/共41页(6).Worlds and Phrases Implying Negation（含有否定意义的词语（含有否定意义的词语）含有否定意义的词或词组E.G.A truly great man is above flattery.真正的伟人不喜欢阿谀奉承。真正的伟人不喜欢阿谀奉承。第38页/共41页Words and Phrases Implying Excluded Negation（具有排除否定的词或词组）（具有排除否定的词或词组）E.G.The evidence is beyond dispute,excluding all possibilities of doubt.证据确凿，无可置疑。第39页/共41页Thank You!Thank You!第40页/共41页感谢您的观看！第41页/共41页