英语语法之虚拟语气.pptx

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1、虚拟语气:虚拟语气是谓语动词的一种特殊形式，用来表达假设、主观愿望、猜测、建议、可能或纯粹的空想等非真实情况。(说话者在一种虚拟的情境中谈到自己的想法等时,说话者表达主观愿望、请求、建议等时)第1页/共36页 非真实条件句 1.三种基本形态 2.混合时间虚拟句 3.倒装虚拟句 4.含蓄虚拟句 5.跳层虚拟句 虚拟语气 名词性从句 1.含有标志词的名词性从句 2.wish引导的名词性从句 3.if only引导的名词性从句 4.as if/as though引导的名词性从句 5.would rather/would sooner引导的名词性从句 6.Its(high)time that句型 简单

2、句 第2页/共36页1.非真实条件从句，顾名思义，它是用来描述说话人想象的、非真实的情景，这些情景通常是不可能发生的，与客观实际相反的，或发生可能性极小，只表示说话人的一种主观愿望、假想和建议等。它可以表示对现在、过去、将来的事实进行虚拟，主句和If从句中的谓语动词形式列表如下页：第3页/共36页1.1三种基本形态表示虚拟的时间 IF从句的谓语形式主句谓语形式现在 Did or were Would(should,might,could)+do过去 Had done or had been Would(should,might,could)+have done(been)将来 Were to(

3、Should)+do/DidWould(should,might,could)+do第4页/共36页1.1.1与现在事实相反If I had enough money,I would run a company of my own.If I were you,I would buy it.1.1.2与过去事实相反You would have missed the train if you had not hurried.If I had known you at that time,I would have told you then.第5页/共36页1.1.3与将来事实相反 If he we

4、re to come here,how would you tell him about this?If you had this opportunity,how would you do?第6页/共36页1.4含蓄虚拟句 含蓄虚拟句指没有完整的条件从句，但在上下文隐含了虚拟条件的意味。隐含的条件意味可以通过下列方式表达：1.4.1介词或介词短语：But for their help,I would not have finished the task.=If it had not been for their help,I would not have finished the task.第

5、7页/共36页1.4.2分词短语：Given more time,I would have been able to finish the test.=If I had been given more time,I would have been able to finish the test.1.4.3通过上下文来暗示条件：We would have won the game.(If something unexpected had not happened)第8页/共36页非真实条件句：提供虚拟情境，主语+would do/would have done第9页/共36页1.2混合时间虚拟句

6、 当主从句动作发生时间不一致时，主句和从句各自的谓语形式要根据它们动作发生的时间按照上述原则作适当调整。常见的混合时间是：从句表示过去，主句表示现在。第10页/共36页 If I had not studied English,I would never be here to teach you grammar today.对过去事实进行虚拟对现在的事实进行虚拟第11页/共36页1.3倒装虚拟句 当If条件句中有助动词should,had,或 were 时，可以省去if,而将should,had,或 were置于句首，构成倒装虚拟句，意义不变。Should you change your mi

7、nd,no one would blame you.=If you should change your mind,no one would blame you.第12页/共36页Had he gone to the doctor right away,he might be alive today.=If he had gone to the doctor right away,he might be alive today.Were he to tell us everything,we could try to solve his problem.=If he were to tell

8、us everything,we could try to solve his problem.第13页/共36页1.5跳层虚拟句 这是一类较为特殊的虚拟语气。句子的一部分虚拟，另一部分不虚拟，即跳出虚拟的圈子，故因此得名。它们二者之间往往有but,or,or else,otherwise来连接。Some women could have made a good salary in a job,but they decided not to work for the sake of the family.虚拟不虚拟第14页/共36页2.含有特定标志词名词从句虚拟句 在含有特定标志词的名词从句中

9、也需要用虚拟语气，这些标志词可用来表示愿望、建议、命令、请求、意志等语气。名词从句虚拟句谓语变化形式只有一条规律，即：无论主句的谓语动词是何种形式，从句谓语形式均为：should+动词原形，should 可以省略。特别注意的是：不是用would,而是用should.第15页/共36页2.1在下列词的宾语从句中，从句谓语须用(should)+do 的形式：ask(要求，请求),advise,beg,command,demand,decide,deserve,desire,determine,insist,move(动议，提议),order,prefer,propose,require,recom

10、mend,request,suggest,urge and so on.His father urged that he study medicine.(不用studies)第16页/共36页2.2 It is+形容词或过去分词或特定的名词+that 的主语从句中。2.2.1接这种结构的形容词有：astonishing,amazing,advisable,appropriate,crucial,desirable,essential,important,imperative,keen,necessary,natural,normal,odd,proper,preferable,strange,

11、sorry,shocked,surprising,urgent,unusual,vital and so on.Its necessary that we should have a walk now.我们有必要出去散散步。第17页/共36页2.2.2 接这种结构的过去分词有：decided,desired,demanded,ordered,requested,recommended,suggested and so on.It is requested that all members be present at the meeting.第18页/共36页2.2.3接这种结构的特定的名词有：

12、advice,decision,desire,demand,suggestion,motion,pray,resolution,wish,preference,proposal,recommendation,requirement,idea,order and so on.It is my proposal that he be sent to study further abroad.第19页/共36页2.3在上述名词的表语从句和同位语从句中For my own part,it seems that the main requirement of an international langu

13、age is that it be easily learned.(表语从句)The motion that the meeting be adjourned was adopted.(同位语从句)第20页/共36页3.wish引导的名词性从句 在wish后的宾语从句中，表示说话者的难以实现的或与事实违背的愿望。3.1 对现状表示的愿望，从句动词用过去时，意指主从句动作同时发生。I wish I knew his address.(But I dont know his address.)第21页/共36页3.2对过去发生的事情表示遗憾、后悔，从句动词用过去完成时(had done)或woul

14、d/could+现在完成时，意指从句动作发生在主句动作之前。I wish I had been there.I wish I had not done that.第22页/共36页3.3对将来发生的事情表示祝愿，从句谓语动词用would/could+动词原形，意指从句动作可能发生在主句动作之后。I wish he could explain what he means.(Notice:即使将wish改为wished,上述例句谓语时态仍然不变.)第23页/共36页4.在if only感叹句中 If only 表示“但愿”、“要是就好了”，用法和wish基本相同，可表示对现在、过去、将来的虚拟，比

15、wish更具有强烈的感情色彩。If only he had followed your advice!（过去）If only I were taller.（现在）If only the rain would stop.（将来）第24页/共36页5.在as if/as though从句中5.1表示和现在事实相反或对现在情况有所怀疑，谓语用过去时。He treats me as if I were a stranger.第25页/共36页5.2表示与过去事实相反，谓语用过去完成时。They talked as if they had been friends for years.5.3表示与将来的

16、事实相反，谓语动词用would/could/might+动词原形He opened his mouth as if he would say something第26页/共36页(Notice:若从句中的情形是根据现在迹象作出推测，有可能发生，则用陈述语气。It is becoming dark.It looks as if its going to rain.)6.在it is(high)time(that)从句中,后接过去式。表示“该是的时候了”，含有“晚了一点”的意思，从句中用过去时。It seems to be high time that this argument were put

17、 to an end.第27页/共36页7.在would rather,would(just)as soon,would sooner,would prefer等从句中，指某人宁愿让另一个人做某事，其后的宾语从句的谓语应该用虚拟语气7.1表示现在或将来要做的事，从句谓语用一般过去时She says shed rather he left tomorrow instead of today.第28页/共36页7.2表示过去已经做的事，从句谓语则用过去完成时Id as soon you hadnt spoken rudely to her.(Notice:would rather,would(ju

18、st)as soon 等若不是接宾语从句，而是直接和动词连用，则要用动词原形，表示主语本身“宁愿要做某事”。I would rather go there tomorrow.)第29页/共36页8.简单句中的虚拟语气8.1说话时，为了表示客气、谦虚、委婉而有礼貌，言语常使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构形式常为：would/could/might/should+原形动词。如：Would you mind my shutting the door?You should always learn this lesson by heart.第30页/共36页8.2表示“祝愿”时，常用“may+主语+动词

19、原形+其他”。如：May you have a good journey!May your youth last for ever!8.3 表示强烈的“愿望”、“祝愿”时，常用动词原形。如：Long live the Communist Party of China.God bless us.第31页/共36页4.习惯表达中常用的虚拟语气。(1)提出请求或邀请。Would you like to have a talk with us this evening?Could I use your bike now?(2)陈述自己的观点或看法。I should be glad to meet yo

20、u.。I would try my best to help you.第32页/共36页(3)提出劝告或建议。Youd better ask your father first.You should make a full investigation of it first.(4)提出问题。Do you think he could get here on time?Do you expect he would tell us the truth?第33页/共36页(5)表示对过去情况的责备时，常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：“情态动词+have+过去分词”。You should have got here earlier.You should have returned it to him.第34页/共36页 Thank you第35页/共36页感谢您的观看！第36页/共36页