货物买卖法lec-6买卖合同效.ppt

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1、QUESTIONS&ANSWERS CONCERNING THE PREVIOUS LECTURE lec-6Lec-6 教学内容：2-4 国际货物买卖合同的效力国际货物买卖合同的效力2-4.1 承诺的生效承诺的生效&要约的生效要约的生效2-4.2 承诺的生效承诺的生效&合同的成立合同的成立2-4.3 合同的成立合同的成立&合同的效力合同的效力2-4.4 订约意图（订约意图（legal intention）&达成合意（达成合意（consent）&合法目的（合法目的（legality）辨析）辨析 2-4.5 合同的形式合同的形式（form）2-4 国际货物买卖合同的效力国际货物买卖合同的效力上周

2、主要内容回顾：国际货物买卖合同的成立 要约&承诺（概念、构成条件）理清各个国际货物买卖合同几个的基本关系：-要约的构成，到-承诺的构成，到-合同的成立，到-合同的生效，到-合同的履行，到-合同消灭或争议 2-4.1要约的生效要约的生效&承诺的生效承诺的生效 1.要约的生效时间、地点和意义要约的生效时间、地点和意义-到达受要约人到达受要约人（世界法则）（世界法则）-约束要约人和受约人约束要约人和受约人2.承诺的生效时间、地点和意义承诺的生效时间、地点和意义-到达要约人到达要约人（CISG和我法，和我法，postal rule除外）除外）-合同成立，（非合同生效）合同成立，（非合同生效）3.要约的

3、生效和承诺的生效的关系要约的生效和承诺的生效的关系？2-4.2 承诺的生效承诺的生效&合同的成立合同的成立有关承诺生效与合同成立关系的若干问题有关承诺生效与合同成立关系的若干问题1.承诺如果有效，合同必然成立吗？承诺如果有效，合同必然成立吗？2.如果合同成立，承诺必然有效吗？如果合同成立，承诺必然有效吗？3.承诺一旦生效，合同立刻成立吗？承诺一旦生效，合同立刻成立吗？如何理解待生效的合同？如何理解待生效的合同？2-4.3 合同的成立合同的成立&合同的效力合同的效力合同成立的概念和法律意义合同成立的概念和法律意义-在词汇上：在词汇上：formation&validity-双方合意双方合意：通过要

4、约和承诺：通过要约和承诺-合意法律效果：合意不一定合法合意法律效果：合意不一定合法合同生效的概念及其法律意义合同生效的概念及其法律意义-合法，合法，产生对当事人的法律拘束力产生对当事人的法律拘束力-合同成立合同成立+合同生效的其他条件合同生效的其他条件即：即：2.订约意图订约意图 legal intention；3.订约的行为能力订约的行为能力 capacity；4.意思表示真实意思表示真实 genuine consent；5.对价对价 consideration；6.合同形式合同形式 form 7.合同合法合同合法 legality合同生效的其他条件合同生效的其他条件-订约意图订约意图 le

5、gal intention Presumption 1(type 1 of objective test):it is presumed that parties to an agreement of domestic or social or volunteering nature do not intend to be legally bound unless it is rebutted.Presumption 2(type 2of objective test):it is presumed that parties to an agreement concerning commerc

6、e or business intend to be legally bound unless it is rebutted.(Rose&Frank Co.v Crompton&Bros Ltd)a business agreement drawn up between a British company and an American firm.It had all the signs of being legally binding agreement but contained the following clause “this agreement is not entered int

7、o,nor is this memorandum written as a formal or legal agreement and shall not be subject to legal jurisdiction in the law courts but it is only a definite expression and record of the purpose and intention of the parties concerned to which they each honorably pledge themselves”legal intention involv

8、ed by the parties?“this agreement is not entered into,nor is this memorandum written as a formal or legal agreement and shall not be subject to legal jurisdiction in the law courts but it is only a definite expression and record of the purpose and intention of the parties concerned to which they eac

9、h honorably pledge themselves”(参考译文：所订立的本协议或备忘录并不是正式文件或法律协议,也不受法院管辖，它只是记载了合同当事人订约的愿望和目的，为此当事人为了荣誉承诺如下)the legal effect of honor clause:Contract containing an“honor clause”is not legally effective.The contract is actually regarded as honorable agreement,which has no any legal binding force upon the p

10、arties,although the contract functions to promote both parties to carry it out morally.Therefore,“honor clause”in contract rebuts the presumption that agreements of a business nature are intended to be binding.Rebuttal of presumption 2 TEEN RANCH PTY LTD V.BROWY(1955)FactsBrown was a volunteer worke

11、r at a non profit Christian youth centre.He received accommodation,food and the use of the camp facilities and was expected to obey camp rules but he received no wages.While working at the camp he was injured and claimed workers compensation.Question:was there a contract of employment that would in

12、return entitle Brown to workers compensation?Decision:No，contract existed because both parties had no legal intention as Brown s work was voluntary.In China voluntary contract is not regarded as legal contract as is of moral nature,and thus should not be governed by our contract law.合同生效的其他条件合同生效的其他

13、条件-合同的合法性合同的合法性（legality）货物买卖合同合法性可有如下含义：货物买卖合同合法性可有如下含义：出卖人转移标的物（货物）的所有权与买受人和出卖人转移标的物（货物）的所有权与买受人和买受人支付价款的买受人支付价款的-（1）.法律目的法律目的合法，如不允许把公共所有物窃为己合法，如不允许把公共所有物窃为己有；有；-（2）.商业目的商业目的合法，如赚钱资助恐怖活动；合法，如赚钱资助恐怖活动；-（3）.转移标的物和支价行为转移标的物和支价行为本身合法本身合法，法律允许货，法律允许货物正常买卖行为；则会不允许货物大幅度贱卖；物正常买卖行为；则会不允许货物大幅度贱卖；-（4）.买卖标的物

14、合法，即法律允许标的物买卖标的物合法，即法律允许标的物（如钢材）交易，则不允许毒品交易；（如钢材）交易，则不允许毒品交易；-（5）.买卖买卖行为效果行为效果合法，即买卖行为所导致合法，即买卖行为所导致的直接后果法，如果所买卖卖的钢材直接用于的直接后果法，如果所买卖卖的钢材直接用于制造恐怖工具则非法；制造恐怖工具则非法；-（6）.还有交易还有交易主体资格主体资格、代理资格代理资格、等其他、等其他合法性问题。合法性问题。合同能够的合法性主要是合同的法律目的合法性合同能够的合法性主要是合同的法律目的合法性 2-4.4 解析与合同效力有关的几个解析与合同效力有关的几个概念之间的相互关系概念之间的相互关

15、系合同生效的七大条件中，如下三个条件似乎合同生效的七大条件中，如下三个条件似乎相互有关联，容易搞混，应当区别：相互有关联，容易搞混，应当区别：达成达成合意合意（meeting of minds：offer&acceptance）订约订约意图意图（legal intention）合法合法目的目的（legality：contractual end）达成合意达成合意&订约意图、合法目的订约意图、合法目的达成合意未必具有订约意图，没有订约意达成合意未必具有订约意图，没有订约意图也可以达成合意（如：图也可以达成合意（如：honor clause）达成合意也未必符合合法目的（如：达成达成合意也未必符合合法

16、目的（如：达成抢劫合同）抢劫合同）订约意图订约意图&合法目的合法目的订约意图订约意图:强调当事人主观上是否愿意踏入法律平台，强调当事人主观上是否愿意踏入法律平台，它解决合意的它解决合意的“入法或不入法入法或不入法”，即，即法律法律性和非法律性问题，它解决当事人是否要性和非法律性问题，它解决当事人是否要承担法律责任问题；承担法律责任问题；合法目的：合法目的：强调当事人的合意强调当事人的合意“此法或彼法此法或彼法”，即合即合法与非法问题，它解决合意的是否能够强法与非法问题，它解决合意的是否能够强制执行，以及是否要承担刑事责任的问题制执行，以及是否要承担刑事责任的问题三者基本关系一句话表述三者基本关

17、系一句话表述当事人在具有当事人在具有订约意图（订约意图（legal intention）的前提的前提下或平台上，经要约和承诺即下或平台上，经要约和承诺即合意（合意（meeting of minds）以及其他法律条件（如：具有订约行为能以及其他法律条件（如：具有订约行为能力、意思表示真实、和对价），通过实现法律目的力、意思表示真实、和对价），通过实现法律目的（legality）来达到其商业目标。来达到其商业目标。换句话来说：换句话来说：均具有订立国际货物买卖合同均具有订立国际货物买卖合同意图（意图（legal intention）当事人当事人A和和B，经，经合意（合意（meeting of mi

18、nds）和其他条件，通过合法地转移货物所有权和其他条件，通过合法地转移货物所有权这一法律目的这一法律目的（legality）来达到彼此盈利的商业目来达到彼此盈利的商业目标。标。辨析合同成立与合同生效的关系和法律价值辨析合同成立与合同生效的关系和法律价值两者关系：两者关系：合同成立是合同生效的前提和条件；合同生效是合合同成立是合同生效的前提和条件；合同生效是合同成立的必然结果。同成立的必然结果。法律价值：法律价值：-合同成立：强调私法层面上的契约自由；合同成立：强调私法层面上的契约自由；-合同生效：强调管制法上的合同法制，依法自由和合同生效：强调管制法上的合同法制，依法自由和法律约束效果。法律约

19、束效果。问：我们订约目的是追求合同成立还是合同效力？问：我们订约目的是追求合同成立还是合同效力？对国际贸易实务而言，何者对我们意义较大？对国际贸易实务而言，何者对我们意义较大？英美法有效合同条件：一句话英美法合同有效的七大条件可以用一句话概括：一个具有订约资格的人（capacity），内心想与他人订约（legal intention），他必须把他内心的订约思想通过要约承诺的过程（agreement-as procedure）真实地表达出来（genuine consent），就某种交换事项（consideration）与他人达成一致（agreement as meeting of minds），

20、这样才能以某种合同形式（form）达到建立合同关系的目的（legality）。the 7-requirements of valid contract manifested in one sentenceA man with contractual capacity（capacity）,who legally intends（legal intention)to make a lawful contract（legality）with other people must express it out genuinely（genuine consent）through offer-accepta

21、nce procedure(agreement-as procedure）to reach sort of(form)a agreement（agreement as meeting of minds)on exchange of something valuable（consideration）the tree of validitybirth of contract-from formation to termination 阶段3:合同完全生效完全生效 合同无效无效或消灭消灭 可撤销可撤销合同 阶段2:合同生效生效 待生效待生效合同 阶段1:合同成立成立 STOP FOR THE TIM

22、E BEING2-4.5 合同的形式合同的形式（form）合同的形式与各种类似合同形式要约与承诺的形式与合同成立的关系合同的形式与合同成立的关系 合同格式战 合同的形式与各种类似合同形式合同的形式与各种类似合同形式As the different forms of offer and acceptance the contract forms could be as well as follows:A.oral contractB.written contractC.contract in actionD.electronic contractA.oral form of contract I

23、t is formulated through language.-Vis-a-vis negotiation-negotiation through telephone or MSN phoning systemB.written contract a.legal significance of contract in writing form-judicially It provides evidence of the contract;-practically,it provides clearly memorable and understandable obligations;-ce

24、rtain laws request contract in writing form UCC:the amount of contract for sale of goods over$500Chinese law:sale of real mercial documents similar to written contractThose similar document include:(1).memo(备忘录);(2).general agreement（原则协议书）;(3).letter of intent(意向书);(4).preliminary agreement(初步协议书).

25、（1）.memo(备忘录)-a record of negotiation,-non-legal document（2）.general agreement(原则性协议)a legal document but it needs to be further detailed in order to be workable.（3）.letter of intent(意向书)A document where one party gives a strong indication to the other that he is likely to place a contract with him.

26、Usually it is worded not to create legal obligation，However，in some cases,it may be phrased to include a invitation to commence a preliminary work,In such circumstance,it creates an obligation.Case follows.Case:letter of intent legally bindingFacts:The defendant asked the claimant to supply certain

27、type of goods,and sent the claimants a letter of intent stating their intention to place an order on their standard terms.The claimant stated that they were unwilling to make contract on such terms,but started to manufacture and eventually completed and delivered all the goods requested by the defen

28、dant.The claimant sued for the value of the nodes,but the defendant counter-claimed for damages for the late delivery.Decision:As the parties had no contract,so there would be no question of damages for late delivery requested by the contract.However,since the claimant had undertaken the work at the

29、 request of the defendant and the defendant had accepted the work,the claimants were still entitled to a reasonable remuneration for the rendered services.（4）preliminary agreement(初步协议)preliminary agreement often occurs where the negotiation takes months or even years,for instance,negotiation for jo

30、int venture or technology transfer or investment.It may well happen that the negotiators have entered into a preliminary agreement without being conscious of it.Furthermore,the parties intention not to create legally binding relation does not produce the same consequences under all legal systems.For

31、 example,under French law,the principle of consensualism(协商一致)implies that a contract is concluded when a party demonstrates the existence of a meeting of minds,without any further condition being required.Comment：French law intends to explore the existence of the contract form what the parties are

32、thinking,rather than from what they have expressed out.(the construction of contract)Thus,the oral contract becomes more judicially practical.This sort of rule of French law applies to any contract including Preliminary agreement and thus lead to the contractual obligation simply because,in the cour

33、se of discussion,they have expressed an agreement on certain points.So the negotiators need to be externally watchful for situations that create unintended legal obligations The best way to prevent such situation from happening is:discussC.contract in actionIt is also called 事实合同 in Chinese terminol

34、ogy.The type of contract is formulated through actions of both parties,rather than by language or by writing.E.g.the case of letter of intent above mentioned.D.electronic contract(电子合同形式电子合同形式)The recent development of e-commercea.the standard business message that are being developed for both natio

35、nal and international trade.b.standard procedure being introduced between seller,buyer,trade-related services,customs,etc to support the implementation of the massage.c.the hardware,software,and network services required are not restricted to national boundaries and should not need to be altered for

36、 communication with parties abroad.d.language independence is built in through the use of UN data elements and international code sets-e.g.Terms of payments and deliveries,harmonized coding system for commodities and services,codes for identifying the parties and location,etc.e.the reduction of pape

37、rwork is required in cross-board trade.The benefits of e-commerce E-commerce(1).it creates high management by quickening decision-making process and facilitating easy-to use system for management data analysis(2).it provides accuracy,speed and efficiency(3).it raises the organizations international

38、profile and access.(4).it makes the cost more effectiveFailure to become involved in E-commerce will result in businesses or companies no longer being competitive in the future marketplace.The web-based or electronic or online business(B2C/B2B)creates a new category of contract.However,on the whole,

39、the website sales activities on the internet are largely unregulated since the law is still in its infancy.Noticeable issuess for formation of electronic contract under common lawIn writing form:It provides evidence of the terms of contractSigned:some legislations,e.g.UK and China,have given legal e

40、ffect to digital signatureTiming of acceptance:the post rule,with any problems arising from it,probably applies,although the point has not been tested.Because internet e-mail shares many qualities of conventional Mail,which is not absolutely instantaneous and may be subject to delayConsideration:the

41、 internet is largely insecure,this may cause problems when it comes to payment.practical legal issues faced by the seller and buyer when negotiating online(7 issues)1.Website should be construed as shop windows,that is ITT rather than offers2.Terms and conditions governing electronic transactions sh

42、ould be made explicitly and clearly 3.An indication of interest by a purchaser visiting the website should be understood by both parties to be an offer,not an acceptance,which the seller then is free to accept or reject.4.The law and jurisdiction governing the transaction should be made clear 5.The

43、seller should make sure that any web pages do not contravene local laws(for example,those relating to advertising standard)in the countries targeted 6.Seller can continue to use disclaimers of liabilities,clearly displayed on the website,subject to usual customer protection laws on unfair terms7.A t

44、ime limit should be set for all offers made on the website,which should take account of potential delays in receiving email.要约与承诺形式与合同成立的关系要约与承诺形式与合同成立的关系要要约约/承承诺诺的形式与的形式与合同形式合同形式图图表表 要要约约当面当面谈谈判、判、电话电话信信/电报电报/传传真真/电邮电邮行行为为口口头头书书面面行行为为承承诺诺当面当面电话电话口口头头口口头头合同合同书书面合同？面合同？口口头头合同？合同？信、信、电报电报传传真真电邮电邮书书面面书

45、书面合同？面合同？书书面合同面合同书书面合同？面合同？行行为为行行为为 事事实实合同合同(法理是法理是:事事实实合同的特点是合同的成立与合同的合同的特点是合同的成立与合同的履行在同一个履行在同一个时间时间)合同的形式与合同成立的关系合同的形式与合同成立的关系在通常情况下，合同具备法定形式后合同成立，但有时合同在形式上的缺陷并不影响合同的成立，我国法律似乎更重视合同履行所产生效果的社会价值，至于合同的形式的重要性则其次。只要合同能够双方认可了合同的履行即便是合同的形式有缺陷，也认定合同成立，除非法律有强制性的合同形式的硬性要求如房屋买卖的书面形式要求。2-4.5.3 我国法律：合同形式与合同成立

46、关系我国法律：合同形式与合同成立关系形式形式意外与异意外与异议议条件与条件与合同成立合同成立法律效果法律效果口口头头合同合同一方一方对对口口头头合同合同内容有异内容有异议议合同已开始合同已开始履行履行 合合 同同 认认 定定 成成 立立书书面面合同合同但但实际实际上没有上没有采取采取书书面形式面形式一方已履行一方已履行主要主要义务义务，对对方接受的方接受的在在签签字或盖章前字或盖章前依据依据交易交易习惯习惯履行履行双方双方对对合同履行合同履行没有异没有异议议如果一方如果一方对对合同合同内容有异内容有异议议一方已履行一方已履行主要主要义务义务，对对方不接受方不接受可能可能认认定合同定合同不成立不

47、成立4.5.4 标准条款与合同格式战标准条款与合同格式战 A：Definition of standard termsUNIDROTT principle:standard terms are provisions which are prepared in advance for general and repeated use by one party and which are actually used without negotiation with the other party.B.rules regarding standard terms a.general rules on

48、 formation of contract apply but with the following exceptions（b-d）b.the term contained in the standard terms shall have no effect if the other party could not have reasonably expected;c.in case of conflict between the standard term and term which is not standard,the latter prevailsd.where the contr

49、act is concluded containing the standard term used by both parties,the standard terms are in conflict with each other,the terms not in conflict are effective.C.battle of formBattle of form arises where the parties exchange inconsistent standard forms during the contract negotiation and reach the agr

50、eement on the principal terms without deciding whose standard form should prevail.Resolution:1.classical last shot approach(usually used for offer/acceptance)-The party wins the battle if he sends the last insistent form which usually will be regarded as counter-offer;or-the party wins if he is more