语法之名词复习.ppt

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1、2013年云南中考英语语法复习名词专题名词（名词（Nouns）-名词的分类名词的分类名词可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词物质名词抽象名词专有名词普通名词名词名词 （一）概述名词是表示人、地方、事物或抽象概念名称的词，可以说名词是万物之名称。它们可以是：人的名字 Li Ming,Tom地方名称 China,London 职业称呼 teacher,doctor物品名称 pencil,dictionary行为名称 study,invention抽象概念 history,grammar（二）普通名词和专有名词 1普通名词普通名词 凡不属于特定的人名、地名、事物名称或概念名称的名词，都属于普通名词。这

2、类名词在所有的名词中占绝大多数。普通名词大致有以下四种类型：1）个体名词）个体名词个体名词指作为个体而存在的人或物。可以指具体的人或物，例如：He has two aunts.他有两个姑姑。Most classrooms have computers.多数教室里都有电脑。也可指抽象东西，例如：Weve lived here for twenty years.我们在这里住了二十年了。I had a dream last night.我昨晚做了一个梦。个体名词有复数形式，如：weeks,problems;单数形式可以和a/an连用，如：a week,a problem,an old man.His

3、 family are all singers.他家人都是歌手。他家人都是歌手。His family is very large.他家人多。他家人多。The police are looking for him.警察正在找他。警察正在找他。2)集体名词 集体名词表示由个体组成的集体，下面是一些常见的集体名词：people(人民人民),police,cattle(牛群牛群)等常用复数动词等常用复数动词.有一些有一些集体名词集体名词,如果表示的是整体就用单数动词如果表示的是整体就用单数动词,如果表示的是其中的个体如果表示的是其中的个体就用复数谓语动词就用复数谓语动词.这样的词常见的有这样的词常见的

4、有family,class,audience,public,team，group等等等等.集体名词有时作单数看待，有时作复数看待。一般说来，视为整体时作单数看待，想到它的成员时作复数看待，例如：3）物质名词）物质名词物质名词指无法分为个体的东西，我们学过的常见的物质名词有：beer,cloth,coal,coffee,coke,cotton,ice,ink,jam,juice,meat,medicine,metal,milk,oil paper,rain,salad,salt,sand,snow,soup,steel,sugar,tea,water,wine,wood,wool等。一般说来，物

5、质名词是不可数折，因而没有复数形式。但有一些特殊情况：a有些物质名词可用作可数名词，表示“一份”，“一杯”：Tree beers,please.请来三杯啤酒。A chocolate ice-cream for me.给我一份巧克力冰淇淋。b有此物质名词可作可数名词，表示“一种”：It was a special tea which tasted of orange blossoms.这是一种特别的茶，有桔子花叶。It was a delicious wine.那是一种美味的红酒。c个别物质名词可用于复数形式或有特殊意义：It was now the time of the spring rai

6、ns.现在是春天雨季的时候。Here are the snows of last year.这是去看的积雪。d抽象名词 抽象名词主要表示一些抽象概念，一般不可数，因此没有复形，前面也一般不加不定冠词a/an。常见的抽象名词有：age,anger,beauty,childhood,death,duty,fear,fun,happiness,health,help,history,industry,joy,labour,love,luck,music,nature,peace,pleasure,power,safety,silence,sleep,time,training,travel,trus

7、t,truth,waste,weather,work,worth,youth等。在多数情况下，这种名词常用于单数形式，不加任何冠词。例如：Safety first!安全第一！Its wonderful weather.天气好极了。safety first!安全第一！Its wonderful weather.天气好极了。但有时也加定冠词the,或不定冠词a/an.例如：I shall never forget the beauty of that lake.我永远不会忘记那个湖的美丽。Theres a beauty in simplicity.朴实之中有一种美。2专有名词专有名词专有名词主要指

8、人名、地名及某些类人和事物专有的名称。例如：1）人名：Mary,Mrs Green,Zhanghua 2）地名：Beijing,West Lake 3）某类人的名称：Americans,Russians 4）某些抽象事物的名称：English,Chinese 5）月份、周日及节日名称：May,Saturday,Cristmas6）书名、电影及诗歌的名称：Cone with the Wind 7）对家人等的称呼：Mum,Dad,Uncle Tom 专有名词的第一个字母要大写。（三）可数名词和不可数名词名词按其所表示的事物的性质分为可数与不可数名词两类。可数名词有复数形式，不可数名词一般没有复数形

9、式。普通名词中的个体名词和集体名词一般是可数的，所以它们又可称为可数名词。可数名词单数往往要同不定冠词a或an连用，复数则要使用其复数形式。例如：单数 复数 a country a class a sheep a tomat countries classes Sheep tomatoes 作不可数名词 作可数名词 glass 玻璃 paper 纸张 time 时间 word 消息 玻璃杯；镜子；眼镜 报纸；文件；考卷 次数；时代 单词；话语 普通名词中的物质名词和抽象名词及专有名词一般是不可数的，这些名词又可称为不可数名词。不可数名词不能用不定冠词修饰，也不存在复数形式，如ice(冰)，wa

10、ter(水),rice(稻子)等。在英语中个别名词既可以作不可数名词，又可以作可数名词。但由于用法不同，它们的意思往往也不大相同，对这些名词要特别注意。例如:一般说来，汉语和英语对某一个名词是否可数的看法基本上是一致的。但也有不少名词在汉语中常被用作可数名词，而在英语中却绝对是不可数名词，对这些名词也要特别注意，例如：fun，work，advice，weather，homework，news，money，information，bread ，hair )，chalk ，furniture 等。情况 构成方法 例词 读音 在词尾加-s 在词尾加-es（四）可数名词复数形式的构成 可数名词的复数形

11、式通常是在单数形式后加-s或-es，现将其复数的一般构成方法及读音列表如下：一般情况deskdesks mapmaps daydays girlgirls 以s,x,ch,sh结尾的词bus buses boxboxes watchwatches fishfishes-s在请辅音后发s音-s在请辅音后发z音 es发iz音情况构成方法词例读音以辅音字母加y结尾的词 以元音字母y结尾的词 以f或fe 结尾的词 在词尾变y为i后加-es familyfamilies factoryfactories partyparties在词尾加-s daydays boyboys keykeys变f或fe为v再

12、加-esknifeknives lifelives wifewives halfhalves-ies发iz音-s发z音-ves发vz音情况构成方法词例读音以o结尾的词 以o结尾的词 2.不规则变化不规则变化有生命的在词尾加-espotatopotatoes tomatotomatoes heroheroes 无生命的在词尾加-sradioradios zoozoos photophotos,pianopianos-es发z音-s发z音1）child-childrenfoot-feettooth-teethmouse-miceman-men woman-women 2）单复同形 如：deer，s

13、heep，fish，Chinese，Japanese 3）表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses(眼镜),pants(裤子）若表达具体数目，要借助数量词 pair(对，双);suit(套);piece(片，块）;a pair of glasses.（五）名词的所有格在英语中，有些名词的词尾 可以加上s，用来表示所有关系，这种结构称为名词的所有格。1名词所有格的构成名词所有格的构成 名词所有格的构成一般有以下三种情况：1）如果名词是单数，只在词尾加s。例如：the boys schoolbag 这男孩的书包 the workers shoes 这个工人的鞋 2）复数名词如果以s结尾，只加（在

14、s的右上角）即可 如：the teachers office 老师们的办公室 the students classroom 学生们的教室 3）复数名词如果不以s结尾，则在词尾加s 如：Womens Day 妇女节 the Peoples Park 人民公园 2名词所有格的用法名词所有格的用法名词的所有格主要有以下五种用法：1）表示人成动物与其他的人、动物或事物的所有关系。例如：He is Marys younger brother.他是玛丽的弟弟。They are reading Lei Fengs Diaries.他们在读雷锋的日记。2）表示时间、距离、国家、城市等名词与其他事物的所有关系。

15、例如：Our school is half an hours walk from here.我们学校离这儿步行有半小时的距离。Beijing is Chinas capital.北京是中国的首都。3）表示无生命东西的名词的所有关系，一般使用与of构成的短语结构。例如：The front door of the house was painted red.那屋子的前门被漆成了红色。There is a map of the world on the front wall of our classroom.我们教室前面的墙上有一幅世界地图。4）名词所有格后面跟地点，往往要将地点名词省略。例如：My

16、 sister often goes to my uncles.我的妹妹经常到我叔叔家去。You look ill.Youd better go to the doctors.你脸色不好，最好去看看病。5）被名词所有格所修饰的词，如果前面已经提出到过，一般可以省略。例如：I am using my dictionary.You can use Toms.我们字典我正在用，你可以用汤姆的。Our bedroom is much larger than John and Dicks.我们的寝室比约翰私迪克的大得多。（六）可数名词和不可数名词的数量表达1两种名词都有能修饰的数量词有：some,any

17、,plenty of,a lot of,lots of等。例如：Please give me some paper.请给我一些纸。I dont want to borrow any magazines.我不想借什么杂志。2用来修饰可数名词的数量词有：many,several.hundreds of,a number of,a pair of,a few,few等。例如：You have made quite a few spelling mistakes in your composition.你的俄文中有很多拼写错误。Several days later,a group of student

18、s went to help the old man.几天以后，一群学生去帮助了那位老人。3用来修饰不可数名词的数量词有：much,a great deal of,a bit of,a drop of,a piece of,quite a little,little,等。例如：I want a piece of red chalk.我想要一支红粉笔。Please give her a bit of bread.请给她一点面包。（七）名词的用法 1作主语 例如：The radio says that it may stop raining later.广播说一会儿雨可能会停。2作表语 例如：Cl

19、ass 3 were the winners.三班获胜了。3作宾语 例如：I told him a story.我给他讲了个故事。4作宾语补足语 例如：He named her Jenny.他给她取名詹妮。5作定语 例如：We are discussing the population problem.我们正在讨论人口问题。6作状语 例如：He sat here a long time.他坐在这儿很久了。7与介词组成词组 例如：I am working hard on my Chinese.我正在努力学习汉语。8作介词宾语 例如：Give the money to your sister.把钱

20、给你姐姐。I.写出下列名词的复数形式：1.house _ 2.village _ 3.map _ 4.orange _ 5.bag _ 6.exercise _ 7.brush _ 8.family _ 9.bus _ 10.city _ 11.box _ 12.baby _ 13.class _ 14.factory _ 15.glass _ 16.dictionary _ 17.watch _ 18.woman _ 19.match _ 20.man _ 21.wish _ housesvillagesmapsorangesbagsexercisesbrushesfamiliesbuses

21、citiesboxesbabiesclassesfactoriesglassesdictionarieswatcheswomenmatchesmenwishes22.German _ 23.tomato _ 24.policeman _ 25.kilo _ 26.human _ 27.potato _ 28.Chinese _ 29.shelf _ 30.Japanese _ 31.leaf _ 32.American _33.life _ 34.tooth _ 35.wife _ 36.foot _ 37.knife _ 38.sheep _ 39.half _ 40.child _ 41.

22、English_GermanstomatoespolicemenkiloshumanspotatoesChineseshelvesJapaneseleavesAmericanslivesteethwivesfeetknivessheephalveschildrenEnglishII.将下列词组译成英语：1、一群孩子 2、两箱子苹果 3、三篮子蔬菜 4、九块面包 5、十杯牛奶 6、五块肉 7、多种植物 8、一副眼镜 9、两块冰 10、三张纸 11、四瓶橘汁 12、五杯茶 13、六碗米饭 14、七袋米 15、八块木头 16、九块金属 III.写出下列各词的名词形式：1.work _ 2.teach

23、 _ 3.sing _ 4.ill _ 5.fight _ 6.invent _ 7.wait _ 8.woolen _ a group of children two boxes of apples three baskets of vegetables nine pieces of bread ten glasses of milk five pieces of meat many kinds of plants a pair of glasses two pieces of ice three pieces of paper four bottles of orange juice fi

24、ve cups of tea six bowls of rice seven bags of rice eight pieces of wood nine pieces of metal worker teacher singer illness fighter invention/inventor waiter/waitreswool 9.win _ 10.thankful _ 11.foreign _ 12.cloudy _ 13.run _ 14.dirty _ 15.visit _ 16.funny _ 17.wooden _ 18.medical _ 19.operate _ 20.

25、hot _ 21.invite _22.worried _ 23.build _ 24.please _ 25.help _ 26.safe _ 27.die _ 28.dangerous _ 29.draw _ 30.noisy _ 四、随堂监测B组.选择填空：winner thanks foreigner cloud runner dirt visitor fun wood medicine operation heat invitation worry builder/building pleasant help safety death danger drawing noise 1.I

26、 want to buy _.A.two bottles of milk B.two bottle of milk C.two bottle of miks D.two bottles of milks 2.They dont have to do _ today.A.much homework B.many homeworks C.many homework D.much homeworks 3.The _ of machine made us feel sick.A.voice B.noise C.sound D.noises 4.The blouse is made of _.A.a w

27、ool B.these wood C.wools D.wool 5.There are three _ and seven _ in the picture.A.cows,sheeps B.cows,sheep C.cow,sheep D.cow,sheeps 6.June 1 is _.A.childrens day B.childrens Day C.Childrens Day D.Childrens day 7._ room is next to their parents.A.Kates and Joans B.Kates and Joan C.Kate and Joans D.Kat

28、e and Joan 8.Miss Green is a friend of _.A.Marys mothers B.Marys mother C.Mary mothers D.mothers of Mary 9.Tom is _.He will come to see me.A.my a friend B.a friend C.mine friend D.a friend of mine 10.Sheep _ white and milk _ also white.A.is,are B.are,is C.is,is D.are,are 11.Id like to have a glass o

29、f milk and _.A.two breads B.two pieces of breads C.two pieces of bread D.two piece of bread 12.Its a long _ to Paris.Its two thousand kilometers.A.street B.road C.way D.end 13.Many _ are singing over there.A.woman B.women C.girl D.child 14.He bought _.A.two pairs of shoes B.two pair of shoes C.two p

30、airs of shoe D.two pair of shoe 15.Mr.White has three _.A.child B.children C.childs D.childrens 11.Id like to have a glass of milk and _.A.two breads B.two pieces of breads C.two pieces of bread D.two piece of bread 12.Its a long _ to Paris.Its two thousand kilometers.A.street B.road C.way D.end 13.

31、Many _ are singing over there.A.woman B.women C.girl D.child 14.He bought _.A.two pairs of shoes B.two pair of shoes C.two pairs of shoe D.two pair of shoe 15.Mr.White has three _.A.child B.children C.childs D.childrens 16.Beijing is one of the biggest _ in the world.A.citys B.city C.cityes D.cities

32、 17.-Wheres Mr.White?-Hes in _.A.the room 202 B.Room 202 C.the Room 202 D.room 202 18.Shops,hospitals and schools are all _.A.places B.homes C.rooms D.buildings 19.Every morning Mr.Smith takes a _ to his office.A.20 minutes walks B.20 minutes walk C.20-minutes walk D.20-minute walk 20.-Are these _?-

33、No,they arent.Theyre _.A.sheep,cows B.sheep,cow C.sheeps,cow D.sheeps,cows 21.There are many _ in the fridge.A.fish B.fruit C.eggs D.bread 22.-Whose room is this?-Its _.A.Li Ming B.Li Mings C.Li Mings D.Li Mings 23.Here are _ for you,Sue.A.potatos B.some potatoes C.three tomatos D.some tomato 24.Her

34、e are some birthday cards with our best _ for her.A.wish B.hope C.wishes D.hopes 25.I always go to that _ to buy food on Sunday.A.shop B.park C.zoo D.garden 26.Whats the Chinese for“PRC”?A.中国人民解放军 B.中华人民共和国 C.联合国 D.中国共产党 27.Sam gave Ann some _ to look after Polly while he was away.A.picture-books B.

35、inventions C.instructions D.messages 28.-Which of the following animals lives only in China?-The _.A.monkey B.elephant C.panda D.cat 29._ room is on the 5th floor.A.Lucy and Lily B.Lucy and Lilys C.Lucys and Lily D.Lucys and Lilys 30.The third month of the year is _.A.March B.January C.February D.Ap

36、ril 31.Mum,Im quite thirsty.Please give me _.A.two orange B.two bottle of oranges C.two bottles of orange D.two bottles of oranges 32.How wonderful!The _ is made of _.A.house,glass B.house,glasses C.houses,glass D.houses,glasses 33.I met some _ in the park and talked with them the other day.A.Janpan

37、eses B.American C.Chineses D.English 34._ is the best time for planting trees.A.Summer B.Winter C.Spring D.Autumn 35.Tom was badly hurt in the match.They carried him to the _ as quickly as possible.A.bank B.post office C.shop D.hospital 36.There are two _ in the room.A.shelf B.shelfs C.shelfes D.she

38、lves 37.There are seven _ in a week.A.years B.months C.days D.minutes 38.My father is a _.He works in a hospital.A.teacher B.doctor C.farmer D.writer 39.Its very cold today.Why dont you put on your _?A.watch B.shirt C.sweater D.glasses 40.-Excuse me,are you _?-Yes,Im from _.A.Japan,Japanese B.China,

39、Chinese C.England,English D.American,America V.各地中考题选编：1.-Where is Tom?-Hes left a _ saying that he has something important to do.A.excuse B.message C.exercise D.news 2.There is no _ in the bus so we have to wait for another bus.A.room B.a room C.rooms D.seats 3.-Would you like some _?-Oh,yes.Just a

40、 little.A.pears B.oranges C.sugar D.apples 4.You can find the following INSTRUCTIONS on _.KEEP IN A COLD PLACE A.food B.money C.clothes D.books 5.Mr.Green has lived in the _ hotel since he came to China.A.five-star B.five-stars C.five stars D.five stars 6.She was born in Wuhan,but Beijing has become

41、 her second _.A.home B.family C.house D.place 7.-Whats the _ today?-Its June 26.A.day B.date C.time D.hour 8.English is spoken as a first language in _.A.the USA B.India C.Japan D.China 9._ comes from cows.A.Wool B.Chicken C.Pork D.Milk 10.Which of the following does paper burn in?A.B.C.D.11.Let the

42、 children go away.Theyre making too much _ here.A.noise B.voice C.noisy D.sounds 12._ comes from sheep and some people like eating it.A.Wool B.Pork C.Mutton D.Milk 13.-Oh,there isnt enough _ for us in the lift.-It doesnt matter,lets wait for the next.A.ground B.floor C.place D.room 14._ is the biggest city in China.A.Beijing B.Shanghai C.Guangzhou D.Kunming 15.The Englishman Stephenson(史蒂芬孙),invented _.A.the ship B.the car C.the plane D.the train