神经科学进展-认知功能障碍.ppt
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1、认知功能障碍诊断、治疗新观念认知功能障碍诊断、治疗新观念123痴呆是一种获得性多认知障碍疾病,通常包含记忆损害以及非谵妄条件下的至少其他一种认知功能损害失语、失用、失认和执行功能受损(归纳、计划、启动、排序、跟踪、终止)。45Wimo A,et al.Alzheimers Disease International World Alzheimer Report 2010.6修改至Cummings JL.Primary Psychiatry.Vol 15,No 2.20087阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimers disease)AD(AD-P&AD-C)的新理念、诊断新指南NIA2011AD研究热
2、点AD治疗及预防新进展血管性认知功能障碍(VascularCognitiveImpairment)FTDP-17病例报道8910Alois Alzheimer,1864-1915,德国神经病理学家、精神病学家。1906年11月3日,第一次定义了阿尔茨海默病。1901年,Alzheimer在Frankfurt Asylum遇见患者Mrs.Auguste Deter,一位有着短期记忆丧失在内的各种奇怪行为症状的患者。随后,Alzheimer对其进行了随访。1906年,Mrs.Deter去世,她的脑组织与病史被送往Munich的Kraepelin实验室。于是,Alzheimer与两位意大利同事通过组
3、织染色发现了淀粉样斑块和神经纤维缠结。最后于1906年11月3日,Alzheimer进行了第一次早老性痴呆临床与病理特征的报道。11A,Tau内侧颞叶萎缩、颞顶内侧颞叶萎缩、颞顶叶低代谢叶低代谢记忆认知行为障碍记忆认知行为障碍121314AD(AD-P&AD-C)的新理念、的新理念、诊断新指南诊断新指南NIA2011 15Lancet Neurol 2010;9:111827The International Working GroupHoward H FeldmanJeff rey L CummingsPhilip ScheltensNew research criteria16Diagno
4、sis of AD:High accuracy,at earliest stage High accuracy,at earliest stageRevising AD definition“dual clinicopathological entity”(1)临床表型:aprogressivedementiaepisodicmemoryimpairmentasadefiningfeatureandinvolvementofothercognitivedomainsorskills,(2)特异的神经病理改变intraneuronal(neurofibrillarytangles),extrac
5、ellularparenchymallesions(senileplaques),synapticlossandvascularamyloiddeposits.AD“双重临床生物学实体实体”:in-vivobiologicalevidenceofAlzheimerspathology17病理生理升级模式P Tau分子病理变化地形学变化临床表型个体易感性Co-morbidity病理损害和生物标记物密切相关病理损害和生物标记物密切相关病理损害和生物标记物密切相关病理损害和生物标记物密切相关18AD的病理级联动态的病理级联动态生物标志物生物标志物模型模型生物标记物和临床表型密切相关生物标记物和临床表
6、型密切相关Extentofbiomarkers19AD两个临床阶段两个临床阶段:AD-P and AD-CAD-P:AD-pathophysiologicalprocess AD-C:ClinicalphasesofADas“AD-Clinical”includingnotonlyADdementia,butalsoMCIduetoAD-PBetween AD-P and AD-CTimelag:10yrsormore(evidence:geneticat-riskandagingcohorts)Extentofbiomarkersaspredictor?Modulatetherelation
7、shipbetweenAD-PandAD-C“aspecificthresholdorregionaldistributionofADpathology,and/oraspecificcombinationofbiomarkerabnormalities”remainsunknownTo be clarifiedADcouldonedaybediagnosedpreclinicallybythepresenceofbiomarkerevidenceofAD-P,whichmayeventuallyguidetherapybeforetheonsetofsymptoms.Thehypothesi
8、sthatmanyindividualswithlaboratoryevidenceofAD-PareindeedinthepreclinicalstagesofAD,anddeterminewhichbiomarkerandcognitiveprofilesaremostpredictiveofsubsequentclinicaldeclineandemergenceofAD-C.20New Research Criteria framework for the Diagnosis of AD新:病理生理标记物适用于各阶段的AD新:AD传统的单一的临床实体转化为双重的临床和病理实体的结合新:
9、AD的诊断是临床伴活体病理肯定的诊断,不再是可能或很可能的单一的临床诊断,尸检只用于验证诊断theInternationalWorkingGroupClinicallyClinicallysymptomaticsymptomaticTypicalADAtypicalADADdementiaMixedADProdromalADClinicallyClinicallyasymptomaticasymptomaticPreclinicalstatesofADPreclinicalstatesofAD“asymptomaticat-riskstateforAD”“presymptomaticAD”Mi
10、ldcognitiveimpairmentMildcognitiveimpairment21A new lexicon for Alzheimers diseaseAD涉及两个临床阶段涉及两个临床阶段:前驱期ADandADdementia前驱期AD=memo+,bio+,无痴呆,一定进展为ADD临床临床前期AD:无症状AD的危险状态:不诊断AD,(memo-,bio+),无AD症状,条件转化为条件转化为AD症状前期不诊断AD,(memo-,bio-),无AD症状,有有AD单基因突变单基因突变MCI不诊断AD,(memo-,bio-),无AD症状,不一定转化为不一定转化为AD22New Rese
11、arch Criteria framework for the Diagnosis of ADAD dementia phase:TypicalADearly&progressiveepisodicmemory,remainsdominantinlaterstages,followedbyotherCIandNPIsupportedby1in-vivobiomarkersofAlzheimerspathologyMixedADfullyfulfilthediagnosticcriteriafortypicalADpresentwithclinicalandbrainimaging/biolog
12、icalevidenceofothercomorbiddisordersAtypicalADconfirmedneuropathologicallyasbeingADwithatypicalfeaturesincludenon-amnesticfocalcorticalsyndromes,suchasprogressivenon-fluentaphasia,logopenicaphasia,andposteriorcorticalatrophytheInternationalWorkingGroup23Recommendations for diagnosisClinicalhistory应有
13、知情者补充(LevelA).Aneurologicalandphysicalexamination,ADLassessed(LevelA).Cognitiveassessment(LevelA).ForquestionableorveryearlyAD(LevelB)AssessmentofBPSD(LevelA).Assessmentofco-morbidityshouldalwaysbeconsideredasapossiblecauseofBPSD(LevelC).Bloodlevelsoffolate,vitaminB12,thyroidstimulatinghormone,calci
14、um,glucose,completebloodcellcount,renalandliverfunctiontestsshouldbeevaluatedatthetimeofdiagnosisserologicaltestsforsyphilis,boreliaandHIVmightalsobeneededincaseswithatypicalpresentationorclinicalfeaturessuggestiveofthesedisorders(goodpracticepoint).2425Probable AD dementia with increased level of c
15、ertaintyAllpatientswhometcriteriafor“probableAD”bythe1984NINCDSADRDAcriteriaProbableADdementiawithdocumenteddeclineProgressivecognitivedeclineNotforincreaseADpathophysiology.ProbableADdementiainacarrierofacausativeADgeneticmutationEvidenceofacausativegeneticmutation(inAPP,PSEN1,orPSEN2)Notforcarriag
16、eofthe34alleleIncreaseADpathophysiology26Probable AD dementia with evidence of the AD pathophysiological processIncrease the certainty:clinicaldementiasyndromeisADpathophysiologicalprocess.Biomarkersofbrainamyloid-beta(Ab)proteindepositionBiomarkersofdownstreamneuronaldegenerationorinjuryNot advocat
17、e:useofADbiomarkertestsforroutinediagnosticpurposesatthepresenttimeBiomarkers:appropriatelydesigned,standardizationofbiomarkersfromonelocaletoanother,varyingdegreesincommunitysettingsuseful in three circumstances:investigationalstudies,clinicaltrials,andasoptionalclinicaltoolsforusewhereavailableand
18、whendeemedappropriatebytheclinician272829Medial temporal lobe atrophy30Multidetector CT in dementia64slices,0.6mmslicecollimation,5secacquisitiontimeWattjesM,etalRadiology,200931HippocampusGyrus parahippocampalisEntorhinal cortexVolumetry of MTA32磷酸化Tau-蛋白ng/I(正常值0.149)5375972230.0413334SilvermanDH,
19、SmallGW,ChangCY,etal.Positronemissiontomographyinevaluationofdementia:Regionalbrainmetabolismandlong-termoutcome.JournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociation2001;286:2120-2127.FDG PET-sensitivityof93%(191/206)andspecificityof76%(59/78)-inpathologicallyverifiedcasessensitivitywas94%andspecificitiesof73%(AD
20、)and78%(otherdementias);-anegativePETscanindicatesnoprogressionina3yearfollow-up3536CSF biomarkers:Over50studiescoveringmorethan3000casesOver50studiescoveringmorethan3000casesEelevationofCSFtau:arelativelyaccuratemarkertoidentifyAD53.ReducedCSFAb42:indicativeofADdementiawithaseof85%andaspof87%,butAb
21、42maynotbeabletodiscriminatebetweenADandotherformsofdementia,suchasvasculardementiaandfrontotemporaldementiaonanindividualbasis52,54.EelevationofCSFphosphorylatedtaualsodemonstratediagnosticpotential,butsomeoverlapbetweenADdementiaandotherdementiasreducesthediagnosticvalue.Simultaneouslymeasure:Impo
22、rtantlyforearlydiagnosisacombinationofhighCSFtau&lowCSFAb42canidentifyabout95%ofindividualswithMCIwhowilleventuallydevelopAD52.37D1182D1182王效茹王效茹 女女 61 61岁(岁(19491949年)年)初中初中 工人工人北京市北京市脑脊液:2010-9-30序号 检验项目检验结果提示单位参考值1磷酸化Tau-蛋白 131ng/I10000ng/I-淀粉体 1-42/1-400.14938Neurochemical Dementia Diagnostics N
23、eurochemical Dementia Diagnostics in Alzheimers Diseasein Alzheimers DiseaseWhere Are We Now and Where Are We Going?Posted:09/30/2011;ExpertRevProteomics.2011;8(4):447-458.OurrecentlypublishedpreliminarystudydemonstratedthatNDDcharacterizeswithhighersensitivityandshowsalterationsearlierthansingle-ph
24、otonemissioncomputedtomographyneuroimaging,whereasthelattercharacterizeswithbetterspecificityandcorrelationwiththediseaseseverity.39Where are we now?Where are we now?ThesensitivityandspecificityofA142alonetodistinguishADfromelderlycontrolswere78and81%,respectively,inthestudybyHulstaertet al.Themeta-
25、analysisofSunderlandet al.wasbasedondatafrom17reportsonA42and34reportsonCSFTauinAD,andallofthesestudiesreportedincreasedCSFtotalTauinAD.recentlyshownthatthephosphorylatedTau(pTau)396/404tototalTauratioinCSFcoulddiscriminateADfromotherdementiasandneurologicaldisorderswithasensitivityof96%andspecifici
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