高三英语完型填空解题指导.ppt

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1、张玉勋张玉勋一一.完形填空题型特征：完形填空题型特征：完形填空通常是一篇词数完形填空通常是一篇词数250-350250-350左左右的文章，设空右的文章，设空2020个。每空设四个选项，要求考生选择最佳选个。每空设四个选项，要求考生选择最佳选项，将所缺信息补上，以达到项，将所缺信息补上，以达到“完型完型”的目的。此题是在语篇的目的。此题是在语篇的基础上考查的基础上考查语言运用能力、阅读能力和逻辑思维能力语言运用能力、阅读能力和逻辑思维能力。完型。完型填空题通常针对语篇话题相关的核心词在语境中的语义辨析和填空题通常针对语篇话题相关的核心词在语境中的语义辨析和组合用法以及逻辑关联语等衔接成分设题，

2、且每空干扰项与最组合用法以及逻辑关联语等衔接成分设题，且每空干扰项与最佳选项在语法形式和语意上相当或近似。一些选项，如果脱离佳选项在语法形式和语意上相当或近似。一些选项，如果脱离语篇，仅以句子单位分析，几个选项看似都正确，但在语篇背语篇，仅以句子单位分析，几个选项看似都正确，但在语篇背景下进行超句法分析，即考虑语句间的语义连贯，则只有一个景下进行超句法分析，即考虑语句间的语义连贯，则只有一个符合语篇语境的最佳选项。所以解完型填空题必须聚精会神地符合语篇语境的最佳选项。所以解完型填空题必须聚精会神地阅读全文，把握全文中心主旨，利用文章中空格外的词、句信阅读全文，把握全文中心主旨，利用文章中空格外

3、的词、句信息，猜测推断所缺信息的意思，搞清句与句之间、段与段之间息，猜测推断所缺信息的意思，搞清句与句之间、段与段之间的联系，在全面理解全文的基础上解题。的联系，在全面理解全文的基础上解题。近年完形填空的命题特点：近年完形填空的命题特点：1.题型稳定，突出题型稳定，突出语篇语篇，记叙文和夹叙夹议为主，且第一句不设，记叙文和夹叙夹议为主，且第一句不设空。文章故事情节完整，中心明确、逻辑结构清楚。空。文章故事情节完整，中心明确、逻辑结构清楚。2.辨析词义，以辨析词义，以实词实词为主。为主。3.长句增加，句式灵活，长句增加，句式灵活，结构结构复杂。复杂。二、完形填空命题要点二、完形填空命题要点：通过

4、对完形填空题通过对完形填空题的分析和归纳，完型填空中的各个小题的测试的分析和归纳，完型填空中的各个小题的测试点大致可以把握以下几种方向：点大致可以把握以下几种方向：1.以实词为主，考查词义辨析能力以实词为主，考查词义辨析能力;2.考查固定搭配；考查固定搭配；3.考查关联词语考查关联词语4.考查名词和代词一致性；考查名词和代词一致性；5.考查文章主要内容；考查文章主要内容；6.考查上下文线索。考查上下文线索。三、解题策略建议三、解题策略建议1.把握语境：把握语境：语境是指语言活动在一定的时间和空间语境是指语言活动在一定的时间和空间里所表现的境况，包括语言的参与者里所表现的境况，包括语言的参与者(

5、who),话题话题(what),时间（时间（when),地点（地点（where),原因（原因（why），结果），结果(result)等。要准确理解词句的含义，首先应把握好语等。要准确理解词句的含义，首先应把握好语境。境。Eg.They are flying kites.歧义：歧义：1.他们在放风筝。他们在放风筝。2.他们是飞舞的风筝。他们是飞舞的风筝。The students are enjoying themselves outside.They are flying kites.-Look at those birds in the sky.-No.They are not birds.T

6、hey are flying kites.Eg.We hid our faces behind papers as usual when a voice rang out.“_.This is your driver speaking.”A.Note B.Notice C.Attention D.Be careful2.把握词汇关系，捕捉前后联系把握词汇关系，捕捉前后联系 一个语篇通过词汇的重复、同义、反义、互补、整体一个语篇通过词汇的重复、同义、反义、互补、整体与部分等实现语义连贯。语篇中词汇的衔接关系有复与部分等实现语义连贯。语篇中词汇的衔接关系有复现和同现两种。现和同现两种。（1）复现关

7、系：指某一词以原词、同根词、同义词、）复现关系：指某一词以原词、同根词、同义词、近义词、概括词等形式出现在语篇的不同地方，使句近义词、概括词等形式出现在语篇的不同地方，使句子间相互衔接。子间相互衔接。Eg1.It was difficult for him to even _ around.His doctor told him that he would lose the ability to move and eventually die from the disease.A.run B.pass C.move D.travel分析：句子通过分析：句子通过move的复现和逻辑联系词的复现和

8、逻辑联系词even衔接起衔接起来。来。Even表示递进关系：表示递进关系：difficult to move lose the ability to move eventually die.其严重程度依次其严重程度依次家具，符合逻辑。家具，符合逻辑。Eg.2 The neighbourhood watch group_1_ on the third Wednesday of every month.Thats when Tim gets together with about ten of his neighbours to discuss community_2_.Members of th

9、e neighbourhood watch group want to help the police keep their homes,streets and families safe.(02北京春）北京春）1.A.meets B.quarrels C.sings D.search 2.A.politics B.wealth C.health D.safety分析：分析：gets together 与与meets 为同义复现，使前后两句为同义复现，使前后两句语义连贯。本语篇话题为社区安全，下句中的词语义连贯。本语篇话题为社区安全，下句中的词safe 与与safety是同根词复现。是同根词复

10、现。（2）同现关系：同现是指词汇共同出现的倾向性。在语篇中，某）同现关系：同现是指词汇共同出现的倾向性。在语篇中，某些词往往会同时出现，这些词语属于同一词汇套，形成词汇链；些词往往会同时出现，这些词语属于同一词汇套，形成词汇链；人们遇到其中一个词语时，便会联想到词汇套中的另一些词。人们遇到其中一个词语时，便会联想到词汇套中的另一些词。比如，在上例中，围绕比如，在上例中，围绕keeping watch on the neighbourhood这一这一话题，我们会联想到话题，我们会联想到community safety,keepsafe,police等。当等。当然，同现关系还包括反义关系、互补关系

11、和搭配关系等。然，同现关系还包括反义关系、互补关系和搭配关系等。Eg:Jane is a good teacher,but she is a_ wife and mother.A.good B.favourite C.perfect D.bad 分析：前后分句中分析：前后分句中Jane与与she相照应，逻辑联系词相照应，逻辑联系词but表明前后为转表明前后为转折关系，因此选项应是折关系，因此选项应是good的反义同现，的反义同现，句子语意才连贯。句子语意才连贯。Eg:While the little ones played and ran around,I prepared bread and

12、 butter for the children,and hot chocolate for the_(07湖北）湖北）A.drivers B.guests C.customers D.adults 分析：分析：the little ones 与与 the children照应，由孩子联想到大人，照应，由孩子联想到大人，children与与adult构成互补关系。上下句语义连贯。构成互补关系。上下句语义连贯。3、利用语法关系，启示语义连贯：、利用语法关系，启示语义连贯：一个语义连贯的语一个语义连贯的语篇往往会有照应、并列、对比、一致、省略、时间关联篇往往会有照应、并列、对比、一致、省略、时间关

13、联、地点关联、因果关联等语法关系，因此，解题时理应、地点关联、因果关联等语法关系，因此，解题时理应敏锐地利用这些关系进行分析。敏锐地利用这些关系进行分析。Eg1：You and Jane can stay here.Im sure youll enjoy_.But Jane may have a hard time,since she always finds it difficult to adjust to new surroundings.A.yourselves B.yourself C.us D.it Eg2.Travelling west,you set your clock 1

14、;travelling east,you set it ahead Travelling 2 today becomes yesterday;travelling west it is tomorrow.1.A.behind B.forward C.back D.ahead 2.A.south B.east C.north D.westEg3:So the slave was pardoned and_ A.killed B.rich C.happy D.freed Eg4:Many old people dont have good _.They cant watch TV,but they

15、 can listen to music or news over the radio.A.hearing B.health C.eyesight D.timeEg5:Life springs from sorrow and calamities(灾难灾难)while death does so_ ease and pleasure.A.at B.from C.to D.withEg.6:Tina Stedman,president of_1_ neighbourhood watch group,agrees with Tim.“People seem to think that crime

16、happens to other people but not_2_ them.Well,its never happened to me.”She said,“but.”(02北京春）北京春）1.A.its B.his C.their D.your 2.A.round B.on C.about D.toEg7:He was chatting online and,_,he was playing a computer gamea war game.(05浙江）浙江）A.first of all B.just then C.at the same time D.by the time Eg8:

17、I raised my head,and saw nobody showed any interest._,I realized that people there were having a nice conversation with their machine,not with people.（05浙江）浙江）A.From then on B.At that momen C.In all D.Above all Eg9:The tide was rushing to the entrance and _ to the wild open sea.(05天津）天津）A.beside B.b

18、efore C.behind D.beyond Eg10:and the officers then began to eat their meal,saying that the mushrooms had a very strange _quite pleasant taste.A.besides B.but C.and D.or Eg:11:A transistor radio is sometimes very small.It is very easy to carry _,radio broadcasts are better for blind people.A.Besides

19、B.However C.Yet D.SometimesEg12:Before leaving,I had turned the heater_1_ in the roadhouse,so that when we went in,it was nice and_2_(07湖北）湖北）1.A.on B.off C.in D.over 2.A.neat B.hot C.warm D.attractiveEg13:I saw their bodies,but I couldnt feel their souls_1_ their souls belonged to the _2_.(05浙江）浙江）

20、1.A.because B.when C.until D.unless2.2.A.home B.world C.net D.cafeEg1:He is a great chatter as well.If he did not know them,he would greet them with a few 49 about the weather,50 he did know them,he would ask about their families or make 51 ,always cutting his cloth 52 his customers.(05江西江西)49.A.Say

21、ing B.questions C.words D.speeches 50.A.and then B.and so C.even if D.but if51.A.Preparations B.jokes C.repairs D.friends 52.A.according to B.due to C.instead of D.up to 4、确认句型特点，驾驭句式；抓主干，理枝叶，、确认句型特点，驾驭句式；抓主干，理枝叶，划分意群，明确句子结构，简化长难句。划分意群，明确句子结构，简化长难句。Eg2:One afternoon I was sitting at my favorite tabl

22、e in a restaurant,waiting for the food I had ordered to arrive.Suddenly I 36 that a man sitting at a table near the window kept glancing in my direction,37 he knew me.(05全国全国I）36.A.knew B.understand C.recognize D.noticed 37.A.since B.even if C.though D.as if Eg.3:That was thirty-eight years(ago)when

23、 I was fifteen.I have never told anyone about it before,_,have I tried to explain to myself why not.(06江苏）江苏）A.either B.never C.nor D.soEg.4:The year I went to college was a very difficult transition(过渡期）过渡期）for me._ is probably true with many people.I got quite homesick and(often)thought about goin

24、g home.(06全国全国II)A.If B.So C.As D.What5.通过词义辨析、固定搭配、生活常识或相通过词义辨析、固定搭配、生活常识或相关背景知识答题。关背景知识答题。Eg1.It was_ than that,for I felt I had become a part of their(life).(06辽宁）辽宁）A.less B.least C.more D.mostEg2:She was _1_ jeans and a sweater,sitting at the table I had just_2_,a pile of papers spread around h

25、er.(06辽宁）辽宁）1.A.hanging B.making C.wearing D.changing 2.A.cleaned B.washed C.swept D.brushedEg3:The wind had picked up,and angry,dark clouds _across the sky.A.dropped B.fell C.rolled D.coveredEg4:Finally I turned the key in the lock and_ the door open,with Dad still complaining about a hurting knee

26、or something.A.knocked B.forced C.pushed D.tried四、解题步骤建议：四、解题步骤建议：1.抓首句，打开缺口，进入状态（抓首句，打开缺口，进入状态（1分钟）：分钟）：根据首句判断文章根据首句判断文章的体裁，扑捉题材信息。如果首句交代了的体裁，扑捉题材信息。如果首句交代了when,where,who,what等要素，就是记叙文，通常是通过一个故事来讲述一种道理；等要素，就是记叙文，通常是通过一个故事来讲述一种道理；如果首句是说明某个新事物，一般是说明文；如果开门见山地提如果首句是说明某个新事物，一般是说明文；如果开门见山地提出一个观点或现象，很可能就是

27、议论文；首句所采用的表达方式，出一个观点或现象，很可能就是议论文；首句所采用的表达方式，包括时态、语态还是推断文章中心，为下一步把握全文中心的重包括时态、语态还是推断文章中心，为下一步把握全文中心的重要线索，对考生进入文章情景起着一定的铺垫作用。要线索，对考生进入文章情景起着一定的铺垫作用。Eg1.One man was to meet his wife downtown and spend some time shopping with her.He waited _ for 15 minutes.Then he waited impatiently for 15 minutes more.

28、After that,he became(通过首句和其后的句子看，这篇文章可能是记叙文，从现有信通过首句和其后的句子看，这篇文章可能是记叙文，从现有信息来看，首先要搞清息来看，首先要搞清“等待等待”这一事件的起因、发展和结果这一事件的起因、发展和结果,以以及作者讲述这个事件想要告诉人们一个什么道理及作者讲述这个事件想要告诉人们一个什么道理.)Eg2.I know I should have told the headmaster at the time.That was my real_1_.(从本句从本句should have done 结构表达方式可以看出作者结构表达方式可以看出作者要为往

29、事感到懊悔了。要为往事感到懊悔了。)Eg3.Have you ever had to decide whether to go shopping or stay home and watch TV on a weekend?Now you_ do both at the same time.Home shopping television networks have become(通过文章开头这几句可以看出，这可能是一篇介绍电视购物的说通过文章开头这几句可以看出，这可能是一篇介绍电视购物的说明文。这里提出了明文。这里提出了Home shopping television networks这个主

30、题这个主题）Eg4.The survey about childhood in the Third World shows that the struggle for survival is long and hard.But in the rich world,children can_ from a different kind of poverty-of the spirit.（从文章前两句来看，文章一开始提出观点：第三世界的儿童为生（从文章前两句来看，文章一开始提出观点：第三世界的儿童为生存而挣扎，而发达国家的儿童的日子也不好过，他们为精神贫困而存而挣扎，而发达国家的儿童的日子也不好过

31、，他们为精神贫困而痛苦，我们可以推断，下文将要为这一论点提供证据或解释。）痛苦，我们可以推断，下文将要为这一论点提供证据或解释。）2.通读全文，把握脉络，领会中心（通读全文，把握脉络，领会中心（2-3分钟）分钟）I know I should have told the headmaster at the time.That was my real_1_.He had gone out of the study for some_2_,leaving me alone.In his absence I looked to see_3_ was on his desk.In the_4_ was

32、 a small piece of paper on which were written the _5_“English Writing Prize 1949:History Is a Series of Biographies(人物传记）人物传记）”(作者被一个人留在校长办公室，桌上有一份英语写作竞赛的作者被一个人留在校长办公室，桌上有一份英语写作竞赛的题目。）由此我们进入情景，可以想象下文将要发生什么事。题目。）由此我们进入情景，可以想象下文将要发生什么事。A(n)_6_ boy would have avoided looking at the title as soon as he

33、saw the_7_.I did not.The subject of the English Writing Prize was kept a _8_ until the start of the exam so I could not _9_ reading it.When the headmaster_10_,I was looking out of the window.(作者果然忍不住偷看了试题，且装作没事的样子）作者果然忍不住偷看了试题，且装作没事的样子）I should have told him what had_11_ then.It would have been so_1

34、2_ to say;“Im sorry,but I _13_ the title for the English Writing Prize on your desk.Youll have to _14_ it.”The chance passed and I did not_15_ it.I sat the exam the next day and won.I didnt_16_ to cheat,but it was still cheating anyway.(作者错过了道歉的机会，作者错过了道歉的机会，不光彩地赢得了成功不光彩地赢得了成功)That was thirty-eight

35、years_17_ when I was fifteen.I have never told anyone about it before,_18_ have I tried to explain to myself why not.(那时作者那时作者15岁，秘密保持了岁，秘密保持了38年）年）The obvious explanation is that I could not admit I had seen the title_19_ admitting that I had been looking at the things on his desk._20_ there must h

36、ave been more behind it.Whatever it was,it has become a good example of how a little mistake can trap(使使陷入）陷入）you in a more serious moral corner.(作者分析了原因，同时指出了文章要告诉我们的大道理：一个作者分析了原因，同时指出了文章要告诉我们的大道理：一个小小的错误往往会使人陷入小小的错误往往会使人陷入“道德困境道德困境”而不能自拔。）而不能自拔。）3.瞻前顾后，身临其境，从上下文中找线索，确定选项（瞻前顾后，身临其境，从上下文中找线索，确定选项（10

37、分钟）分钟）I know I should have told the headmaster at the time.That was my real_1_.1.A.plan B.fault C.grade D.luck He had gone out of the study for some_2_,leaving me alone.In his absence I looked to see_3_ was on his desk.In the_4_ was a small piece of paper on which were written the _5_“English Writin

38、g Prize 1949:History Is a Series of Biographies(人物传记）人物传记）.2.A.reason B.course C.example D.vacation 3.A.this B.which C.that D.what 4.A.drawer B.corner C.middle D.box 5.A.names B.words C.ideas D.messages A(n)_6_ boy would have avoided looking at the title as soon as he saw the_7_.I did not.The subjec

39、t of the English Writing Prize was kept a _8_ until the start of the exam so I could not _9_ reading it.When the headmaster_10_,I was looking out of the window.6.A.honest B.handsome C.friendly D.active7.A.desk B.paper C.book D.drawer8.A.question B.key C.note D.secret9.A.help B.consider C.practise D.

40、forget10.A.disappeared B.stayed C.returned D.went I should have told him what had_11_ then.It would have been so_12_ to say;“Im sorry,but I _13_ the title for the English Writing Prize on your desk.Youll have to _14_ it.”The chance passed and I did not_15_ it.I sat the exam the next day and won.I di

41、dnt_16_ to cheat,but it was still cheating anyway.11.A.existed B.remained C.happened D.continued12.A.tiring B.easy C.important D.difficult13.A.saw B.gave C.set D.made14.A.repeat B.defend C.correct D.change15.A.take B.have C.lose D.find16.A.remember B.learn C.mean D.pretend That was thirty-eight year

42、s_17_ when I was fifteen.I have never told anyone about it before,_18_ have I tried to explain to myself why not.The obvious explanation is that I could not admit I had seen the title_19_ admitting that I had been looking at the things on his desk._20_ there must have been more behind it.Whatever it

43、 was,it has become a good example of how a little mistake can trap(使陷入）使陷入）you in a more serious moral corner.17.A.past B.ago C.then D.before18.A.either B.never C.nor D.so19.A.by B.besides C.through D.without20.A.But B.Though C.Otherwise D.Therefore4.再次通读，检查修正答案。（再次通读，检查修正答案。（2-3分钟）分钟）完形填空的答题过程首先是一个

44、阅读的过程。完形填空的答题过程首先是一个阅读的过程。答题过程中要不断地阅读文章，有些句子和段落甚答题过程中要不断地阅读文章，有些句子和段落甚至需要反复阅读，从不同角度进行推敲，才能确定至需要反复阅读，从不同角度进行推敲，才能确定答案。答题时对一些拿不定主意的选项也可先不填，答案。答题时对一些拿不定主意的选项也可先不填，随着对文章前后文理解的不断加深，对选项的决策随着对文章前后文理解的不断加深，对选项的决策也会有启发，切忌在某个选项上死磨硬缠，浪费时也会有启发，切忌在某个选项上死磨硬缠，浪费时间。选出答案后，再次带着填入项阅读文章间。选出答案后，再次带着填入项阅读文章，在文，在文章情景中从语义、

45、语法和逻辑的角度审视全文，检章情景中从语义、语法和逻辑的角度审视全文，检验答案，看语义是否连贯，符合逻辑，语法是否正验答案，看语义是否连贯，符合逻辑，语法是否正确，对偏差进行必要修正，最终达到全文意思、语确，对偏差进行必要修正，最终达到全文意思、语法、结构等方面的一致和完美。法、结构等方面的一致和完美。综述：要想在完形填空中取得理想的成绩，综述：要想在完形填空中取得理想的成绩，不仅要具备扎实的语法、词汇等语言基础不仅要具备扎实的语法、词汇等语言基础知识，而且要具备很强的阅读理解能力，知识，而且要具备很强的阅读理解能力，同时还要认真练习掌握一定的答题技巧和同时还要认真练习掌握一定的答题技巧和策略，按照科学的答题步骤认真作答。这策略，按照科学的答题步骤认真作答。这样，才能确保得心应手，游刃有余！祝同样，才能确保得心应手，游刃有余！祝同学们在复习中取得良好效果，在高考中发学们在复习中取得良好效果，在高考中发挥出色！挥出色！Practice makes perfect!