英语文体学ChapterSurfaceStructureDeviation学习.pptx

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1、Surface-Structure DeviationPhonological Deviation1Syntactic Deviation3Lexical Deviation4Graphological Deviation2第1页/共53页3.1 Phonological DeviationFeatures at the phonological level function more by being overregular rather than being deviant,since they belong to the surface-structure of the English

2、language.ForExample?第2页/共53页3.1 Phonological Deviation3.1.1 Omission AphesisSyncope Apocope Omission第3页/共53页3.1 Phonological DeviationAphesis refers to the omission of an initial part of a word.E.g.Thou on whose stream,mid the steep skys commotion,Loose clouds like earths decaying leaves are shed.(P

3、.B.Shelley,Ode to the West Wind)v3.1.1 Omission Aphesisamid第4页/共53页3.1 Phonological DeviationSyncope refers to the omission of a medial part of a word.E.g.A voice so thrilling neer was heard In spring-time from the cuckoo-bird,Breaking the silence of the seas Among the farthest Hebrides.(Wordsworth,

4、The Solitary Reaper)v3.1.1 Omission Syncopenever第5页/共53页3.1 Phonological DeviationApocope refers to the omission of a final part of a word.E.g.Till a the seas gang dry,my dear,And the rocks melt wi the sun I will love thee still,my dear,While the sands o life shall run.(Robert Burns,A Red,Red Rose)v

5、3.1.1 Omission Apocopeallwithof第6页/共53页3.1 Phonological DeviationThe omissions are conventional means for the sake of sound patterns.It makes easier for poets to arrange the rhymes and meters in poems.v3.1.1 Omission第7页/共53页3.1 Phonological DeviationThe use of mispronunciation and substandard pronun

6、ciation may help to vividly describe a character.And substandard language is perceived as more forceful,more direct in expression for standard language is perceived as more civilized,more educated than the substandard one,and sometimes more indirect.v3.1.2 Mispronunciation&Sub-Standard Pronunciation

7、第8页/共53页3.1 Phonological DeviationE.g.Dickens,Olive Twist Mr.Bumble porochial parochial 牧区的 blackin-bottle blacking-bottle prentice apprentice em them antimonial antinomian 反对遵从律法的v3.1.2 Mispronunciation&Sub-Standard Pronunciation第9页/共53页3.1 Phonological DeviationE.g.T.Dreiser,Sister Carrie An old I

8、rish woman ye you murthering murdering divil devil thafe thiefv3.1.2 Mispronunciation&Sub-Standard Pronunciation第10页/共53页3.1 Phonological DeviationE.g.C.Maclnnes,Absolute Beginners An gang member Arve moved,he said,Darn ear/.Ive moved,he said,down here.v3.1.2 Mispronunciation&Sub-Standard Pronunciat

9、ion第11页/共53页3.1 Phonological DeviationFor convenience of rhyming,the poet may give special pronunciation to certain words.E.g.The trumpet of a prophecy!O,Wind,If winter comes,can spring be far behind?(P.B.Shelly.Ode to the West Wind)v3.1.3 Special PronunciationIn this poem,the noun wind/wind/is pron

10、ounced like the verb wind/waind/to rhyme with behind.第12页/共53页3.1 Phonological DeviationSome 19th century poets placed word stress in unusual places.E.g.baluster bal uster v3.1.4 Change of Stress第13页/共53页AphesisSyncope Apocope Omission第14页/共53页Exercises As far removed from God and light of HeavenAs

11、from the center thrice to th utmost pole.O how unlike the place from whence they fell!There the companions of his fall,oerwhelmedWith floods and whirlwinds of tempestuous fire.(John Milton,Paradise Lost)theoverwhelmedApocopeSyncope第15页/共53页Exercises My Lord Bassanio,let him have the ring:Let his des

12、ervings,and my love withal,Be valued gainst your wifes commandment.(William Shakespeare,Merchant of Venice)againstAphesis第16页/共53页3.2 Graphological DeviationGraphology means the encoding of meaning in visual symbols.Graphological Deviation can occur in any sub-area of graphology,such as the shape of

13、 text,the type of print,grammetrics,punctuation,and indentation,etc.语法韵律学第17页/共53页3.2 Graphological DeviationThe shape of a piece of literary work,especially a poem,can be designed in an unconventional way so that it may be suggestive of a certain literary theme.v3.2.1 Shape of Text第18页/共53页3.2 Grap

14、hological DeviationExample 1 R.Draper,Target Practice第19页/共53页3.2 Graphological DeviationExample 2 A Christmas TreeStarIf you areA love compassionate,You will walk with us this year,We face a glacial distance,who are hereHuddledAt your feet (W.S.Burford)第20页/共53页3.2 Graphological DeviationExample 3第

15、21页/共53页3.2 Graphological DeviationExample 4第22页/共53页3.2 Graphological DeviationExample 5 He lunges for the stairs,swings down-off,Into the sun for his Easter eggs,On very nearly steady legs (Edwin Morgan,Good Friday)In this poem the poet describes a scene of going down the stairs into the sun for t

16、he Easter eggs.The lines of the poetry imitate the shape of the stairs.The format is indicative of the meaning.第23页/共53页3.2 Graphological DeviationExample 6 L(a l e a f f a l l s)one l inessThe visual effect of this poem is obvious.The lines of poetry imitate the falling of a leaf in late autumn,whi

17、ch is suggestive of the meaning of loneliness.第24页/共53页3.2 Graphological Deviation“grasshopper”“who”“as”“we”“look”“up”“now”“gathering”“into”“a”“the”“leaps”“arriving”“to”“rearrangely”“become”Example 7 第25页/共53页3.2 Graphological DeviationThe interpretation of this type of poetry depends much on what t

18、he poem looks like.v3.2.1 Shape of Text第26页/共53页3.2 Graphological DeviationLiterary writers also choose to express their ideas by manipulating the type of print such as italics,bold print,capitalization and decapitalization.v3.2.2 Type of Print第27页/共53页3.2 Graphological DeviationExample 1 第28页/共53页3

19、.2 Graphological DeviationE.g.2 Me up at does out of the floor quietly Stare a poisoned mouse still who alive is asking what have i done that You wouldnt have (E.E.Cummings)Syntactic DeviationGraphological DeviationFree Direct Speech第29页/共53页3.2 Graphological DeviationE.g.2 a poisoned mouse who stil

20、l alive does Stare quietly out of the floor up at Me is asking what have i done that You wouldnt have (E.E.Cummings)第30页/共53页3.2 Graphological DeviationE.g.2 Me up at does out of the floor quietly Stare a poisoned mouse still who alive is asking what have i done that You wouldnt have (E.E.Cummings)v

21、3.2.2 Type of Printimportant&powerful outwardly yet weak inwardlyhumbleness&respect第31页/共53页3.2 Graphological DeviationGrammetrics means the ways in which grammatical units are fitted into metrical units such as lines and stanzas.v3.2.3 Grammetrics第32页/共53页3.2 Graphological DeviationE.g.1 This Is Ju

22、st to Say I have eaten the plums that were in the ice-box and which you were probably saving for breakfast Forgive me they were delicious so sweet and so coldTitle does not stand alonestrong pulling-forward effectless strong pulling-forward effect第33页/共53页3.2 Graphological DeviationExample 2 It soar

23、ed,a bird,it held its flight,a swift pure cryof the high vast irradiation everywhere all soaring all around about the all,the endlessnessnessnessness (James Joyce,Ulysses)Example 3 Thou last one.All sons on that theme.Yet more Bloom stretched his string.Cruel it seems.Let people get fond of each oth

24、er;lure them on.Then tear asunder.Death.Explos.Knock on the head.Outtohelloutofthat.Human life.(Ditto)第34页/共53页3.3 Syntactic DeviationSyntactic deviation refers to departures from normal(surface)grammar.These include a number of features such as unusual clause themes,unusual phrase structures.第35页/共

25、53页3.3 Syntactic DeviationThe initial unit of a clause may be called its theme.Apart from the last stressed element of the clause structure which most naturally bears the information focus,the theme is the most important part of a clause from the point of view of its presentation of a message in seq

26、uence.v3.3.1 Unusual Clause Theme第36页/共53页3.3 Syntactic DeviationThe theme may be characterized as the communicative departure for the rest of the clause.The expected or“unmarked theme”1.Subject of an indicative clause 2.Auxiliary in a yes-no question 3.Wh-element in a wh-question 4.Main verb in an

27、imperative clausev3.3.1 Unusual Clause Theme第37页/共53页3.3 Syntactic DeviationLiterary writers may place any of the rest of the clause elements in the thematic position in order to achieve certain literary effect.The theme thus produced is unusual and is therefore called a“marked theme”.v3.3.1 Unusual

28、 Clause Theme第38页/共53页3.3 Syntactic DeviationE.g.1 My opinion of the coal trade on that river is,that it may require talent,but it certainly requires capital.Talent Mr.Micawber has,capital Mr.Micawber has not.(Dickens,David Copperfield)v3.3.1 Unusual Clause Theme第39页/共53页3.3 Syntactic DeviationThe t

29、wo words talent and capital are placed at the initial position of the clauses.This change in thematic structure may serve the following functions:a.it unites the text together as thus serves a cohesive device;b.it serves as a contrast between these two clauses;c.the two words put initially are great

30、ly emphasized.v3.3.1 Unusual Clause Theme第40页/共53页3.3 Syntactic DeviationE.g.2 The Solitary Reaper (Wordsworth)v3.3.1 Unusual Clause Theme第41页/共53页3.3 Syntactic DeviationThe thematic fronting of an element is often associated with inversion which involves the reversal of subject and verb or subject

31、and operator.v3.3.1 Unusual Clause Theme第42页/共53页3.3 Syntactic DeviationE.g.3 Snowflakes (Longfellow)v3.3.1 Unusual Clause Theme第43页/共53页3.3 Syntactic DeviationE.g.4 Parting at Morning (R.Browning)v3.3.1 Unusual Clause Theme第44页/共53页3.3 Syntactic DeviationIn order to achieve certain communicative ef

32、fects,literary writers may use phrases that are structurally deviant.E.g.a grief agov3.3.2 Deviant Phrase Structure第45页/共53页3.3 Syntactic DeviationE.g.1 O what a noble mind is here oerthrown!The courtiers,soldiers,scholars,eye,tongue,sword.(Shakespeare,Hamlet)E.g.2 Do not go gentle into that good ni

33、ght (Do not go gentle into that good night)v3.3.2 Deviant Phrase StructureoverthrownSyncope第46页/共53页3.4 Lexical DeviationLexical deviation in literature refers almost exclusively to neologisms or the coinage of new words.The new words that the literary writers invents are usually made up for use on

34、only one particular occasion,and can therefore be called nonce-formation.第47页/共53页3.4 Lexical DeviationIn coining new words,it may be said that the literary writer is not so much breaking rules of word-formation as extending the rules.E.g.Unwish through curving,wherewhen till unwish returns on its u

35、nself.曲线延伸非愿望直到非愿望，以非自身回归之时之地。第48页/共53页3.4 Lexical DeviationIn the coinage of new words,the literary writer usually extends three major rules of word-formation:affixation,compounding and conversion.第49页/共53页3.4 Lexical DeviationAffixation is the addition of a prefix or suffix to an item which alread

36、y exists in the language.E.g.And I Tiresias have foresuffered all.There was a balconyful of gentlemen.We left the town refreshed and rehatted.v3.4.1 Affixation第50页/共53页3.4 Lexical DeviationCompounding is the combination of two or more items to make a single compound one.E.g.While I,joy-jumping,empty

37、-eyed sang on the day my father died.Baby wake Open-eyed.They were else-minded then,altogether,the men v3.4.2 Compounding第51页/共53页3.4 Lexical DeviationConversion,which is often described as zero affixation,is the adaptation of an item to a new grammatical function without changing its form.E.g.That spanield me at heels,to whom I give “Dont be such a harsh parent,father!”“Dont father me!”“Ill Golden Bull you,you rascal!”v3.4.3 Conversion第52页/共53页感谢您的观看！第53页/共53页