句子成分与句型.ppt
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1、句子成分句子成分和和基本句型基本句型什么是句子?什么是句子?句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的,是句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的,是能表达一个完整概念的语言单位句子的第能表达一个完整概念的语言单位句子的第一个字母必须一个字母必须大写大写,结尾要有,结尾要有?!I am a teacher.Are you a student?How beautiful the girl is!现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种,即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语的基本成分有八种:主语(subject)、谓语(predicate)、表语(predicative)、宾语(object)、定语(attribu
2、te)、状语(adverbial)、补语(complement)、同位语。句子包括哪些成分?句子包括哪些成分?主语:主语:主语是在句子中说明全句主语是在句子中说明全句中心主题的部分一般由名词,代词,中心主题的部分一般由名词,代词,不定式,动名词或从句充当它的位不定式,动名词或从句充当它的位置一般在句首置一般在句首The girl is pretty.Reading is useful.To see is to believe.They are good friends.谓语:谓语:谓语说明主语做什么,以什么状态谓语说明主语做什么,以什么状态或特征存在,由简单动词或者动词或特征存在,由简单动词或
3、者动词短语构成短语构成They are teachers.She looks well.He studies hard.He laughed at his classmates.He can speak English.表语:表语:表语说明主语是什么,或者怎么样,由名词,表语说明主语是什么,或者怎么样,由名词,形容词,副词,介词短语,不定式,动名词,形容词,副词,介词短语,不定式,动名词,短语,或者从句充当表语位于系动词后面短语,或者从句充当表语位于系动词后面I am a teacher.She feels happy.Everybody is here.They are at home no
4、w.He went mad.Seeing is believing.宾语宾语宾语是动作,行为的对象,由名词,代词,短宾语是动作,行为的对象,由名词,代词,短语,不定式,动名词,从句充当它和及物动语,不定式,动名词,从句充当它和及物动词一起说明主语做了什么,在谓语之后词一起说明主语做了什么,在谓语之后She plays the piano.He often helps me.I like watching TV.She likes to go to shop this afternoon.I think that he is good boy.宾语补足语宾语补足语在英语中,有些句子只有宾语并不能
5、表达完整的意思,在英语中,有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思,还必须在宾语后面家上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思还必须在宾语后面家上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思它起补充说明宾语干什么,怎么样的作用它起补充说明宾语干什么,怎么样的作用它可以由名词,形容词,副词,介词短语,不定式,现它可以由名词,形容词,副词,介词短语,不定式,现在分词和过去分词充当在分词和过去分词充当 If you let me go,Ill make you king.Leave the door open.We found John out when we arrived.Make yourself at home.I he
6、ard my name called.状语状语状语用来修饰动词,形容词或副词它表示行为发状语用来修饰动词,形容词或副词它表示行为发生的时间,地点,目的,方式,程度一般由副词,生的时间,地点,目的,方式,程度一般由副词,介词短语,不定式或相当于副词的词或短语充当,介词短语,不定式或相当于副词的词或短语充当,也可由从句来充当也可由从句来充当He did it carefully.He studied very hard.I was born on June 9th 1982 in Guangxi.He is writing with a pen.I will stay at home if it
7、rains tomorrow.定语定语定语用来修饰名词或代词形容词,代词,数定语用来修饰名词或代词形容词,代词,数词,名词,介词短语,不定式,动名词,分词,词,名词,介词短语,不定式,动名词,分词,从句都可以充当定语从句都可以充当定语 The black bike is mine.Whats your name?I have 5 books.A sleeping boy is sleeping.They made paper flowers.The boy in the room is Jack.三、同位三、同位语语:同同同同位位位位语语语语 当当当当两两两两个个个个指指指指同同同同一一一一事
8、事事事物物物物的的的的句句句句子子子子成成成成分分分分放放放放在在在在同同同同等等等等位位位位置置置置时时时时,一一一一个个个个句句句句子子子子成成成成分分分分用用用用来来来来说说说说明明明明和和和和解解解解释释释释另另另另一一一一个个个个句句句句子子子子成分,成分,成分,成分,这这这这个句子成分就叫做它的同位个句子成分就叫做它的同位个句子成分就叫做它的同位个句子成分就叫做它的同位语语语语。We students should study hard.(students是是we的同位的同位语语,都是指同一批,都是指同一批学生学生)Li Lei,my brother,came to see me
9、today.(my brother是是Li Lei的同位语)的同位语)一一)挑出下列句中的挑出下列句中的宾语宾语 My brother hasnt done his homework.People all over the world speak English.How many new words did you learn last class?Some of the students in the school want to go swimming,how about you?The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.(二二)挑出下
10、列句中的表挑出下列句中的表语语-The old man was feeling very tired.-The leaves have turned yellow.-He is a teacher while his little brother is still a junior middle school student.(三三)挑出下列句中的定挑出下列句中的定语语1.What is your given name?2.I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.3.The man downstairs was trying to s
11、leep.4.A beautiful girl is running to us.5.The boy in the clssroom is crying.(四四)挑出下列句中的挑出下列句中的宾语补宾语补足足语语 He asked her to study hard.She found it difficult to do the work.They call me Lily sometimes.I saw Mr Wang get on the bus.(五五)挑出下列句中的状挑出下列句中的状语语 There was a big smile on her face.Every night he
12、heard the noise upstairs.He began to learn English when he was eleven.The man on the motorbike was traveling too fast.With the medicine box under her arm,Miss Li hurried off.She loves the library because she loves books.句子成份练习句子成份练习1、You should study hard.2、The teacher got very angry.3、The boy told
13、me his story.4、We elected him our monitor.5、The sun keeps us warm.6、I told him to open the window.7、We watched the train leaving the station.状语状语表语表语间语间语+直宾直宾宾语宾语+宾补宾补宾语宾语+宾补宾补宾语宾语+宾补宾补宾语宾语+宾补宾补8.I think it difficult to finish the work this morning.9.There seems little hopes of success.10、To our joy
14、,they arrived safe.11、The fact is very clear that our team will win the game.12.After graduation he will work where he came from.宾语宾语+宾补宾补主语主语状语状语同位语同位语状语状语按句子的结构可分三种:按句子的结构可分三种:简单句、简单句、并列句和复合句。并列句和复合句。简单句简单句:只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一:只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)。个谓语(或并列谓语)。e.g.He often reads English in the morn
15、ing.Tom and Mike are American boys.They walked,talked and laughed.英英语语句子的基本句子的基本结结构可以构可以归纳归纳成五种基本句型成五种基本句型掌握这五种基本句型,是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。一:一:(主(主谓谓)二:二:(主系表)(主系表)三:三:(主(主谓谓宾宾)四:四:(主(主谓谓间宾间宾直直宾宾)五:五:(主(主谓谓宾宾宾补宾补)种类种类类型类型主语主语S谓语谓语动词动词v表语表语/宾宾语语p宾语宾语0宾补宾补oc第第1种种S+VWework第第种种He playsviolin.第第种种We arestudents第
16、第种种S+v+IO+DO shegaveme a pen.第第种种S+V+O+OC He mademelaugh基本句型一基本句型一+i(主谓)(主谓)此句型的句子有一个共同特此句型的句子有一个共同特点,即句子的谓语动词都能表达点,即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词,这类动词叫做不及物动词,后面可以跟副词、介词短语、不后面可以跟副词、介词短语、不定式、状语从句等。定式、状语从句等。i(不及物(不及物动词动词)1.Time2.Themoon3.Theman4.Weall5.Everybody6.I7.They8.He9.He10.Theyflies.rose.
17、cooked.eat,anddrink.laughed?woke.talkedforhalfanhour.walkedyesterdayisplayinghavegone基本句型 二 +(主系表)(主系表)此句型的句子有一个共同的特点:句子谓语此句型的句子有一个共同的特点:句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思,必须加上一个动词都不能表达一个完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语,才能表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语,才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分两类:词分两类:be,look,feel,smell,tast
18、e,soundbe,look,feel,smell,taste,sound等属一类,表示情况;等属一类,表示情况;get,grow,become,get,grow,become,turn,goturn,go等属另一类,表示变化。等属另一类,表示变化。be be 本身没有什本身没有什么意义么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。只起连系主语和表语的作用。(是系(是系动词动词)(表表语语)1.This2.Thedinner3.He4.Everything5.He6.Thebook7.Theweather8.Hisfaceissmells(闻闻)feltlooksisisbecameturnedanEng
19、lishdictionary.good.happy.different.tallandstrong.interesting.warmer.red.系动词词义不完整,在句中不能单独使系动词词义不完整,在句中不能单独使用(除省略句外),后面必须接有表语,用(除省略句外),后面必须接有表语,系动词和表语一起构成合成谓语。系动词和表语一起构成合成谓语。一、系动词的分类:一、系动词的分类:一、系动词的分类:一、系动词的分类:常见的系动词大致可分为三类。常见的系动词大致可分为三类。常见的系动词大致可分为三类。常见的系动词大致可分为三类。第第一一类类:表表示示特特征征或或状状态态的的,有有bebe,look
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