词汇学学习教程.pptx

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1、7.1 Types of ChangeExtension of MeaningNarrowing of MeaningElevation of Meaning Degradation of MeaningTransference of MeaningEuphemismStrengthening and weakening of meaning第1页/共21页Extension of MeaningExtension of Meaning词义的扩大 Extension of meaning,also known as Extension of meaning,also known as gene

2、ralizationgeneralization（普遍化）（普遍化）,is the name is the name given to the widening of meaning which given to the widening of meaning which some words undergo.some words undergo.第2页/共21页Word Old MeaningExtended Meaninghandwritingwriting by handby hand or typed with a type-writermillplace for grinding g

3、rain into flourplace where things are madebutcherone who kills goatsone who kills animalsFor example:For example:第3页/共21页 A large proportion of A large proportion of polysemic words of polysemic words of modern Englishmodern English have their meanings extended have their meanings extended sometime

4、in the course of developmentsometime in the course of development.Some Some words are generalized to such an extent that words are generalized to such an extent that they can mean almost anything.they can mean almost anything.ThingThing,for example,which used to mean,for example,which used to mean a

5、 public assembly or a council in a public assembly or a council in Anglo-Saxon times,now can refer to any Anglo-Saxon times,now can refer to any object or eventobject or event.第4页/共21页 Generalization of meaning is also found Generalization of meaning is also found in many in many technical terms,tec

6、hnical terms,which as terms which as terms suggests are confined to specialized use.suggests are confined to specialized use.For example,For example,allergicallergic,a medical term in ,a medical term in the sense of to sensitive to medicine,the sense of to sensitive to medicine,which now is used for

7、 averse or which now is used for averse or disinclined to.disinclined to.Words commonized from proper names have Words commonized from proper names have experienced the same process.For example,experienced the same process.For example,lynchlynch,Sandwich.Sandwich.第5页/共21页 Lynch,used as a noun meanin

8、g kill Lynch,used as a noun meaning kill without lawful trial,originates from without lawful trial,originates from William Lynch(17421820),William Lynch(17421820),member of a member of a vigilance committee in Pittsylvania(vigilance committee in Pittsylvania(皮茨尔瓦皮茨尔瓦尼亚县）尼亚县）Virginia,who made the law

9、 known as Virginia,who made the law known as Lynch s lawLynch s law（林奇定律）（林奇定律）.Sandwich comes from a gamblers name to Sandwich comes from a gamblers name to denote a kind of fast food,and now can be denote a kind of fast food,and now can be used as a verb meaning place or squeeze used as a verb mea

10、ning place or squeeze between.between.第6页/共21页Narrowing of MeaningNarrowing of Meaning词义的缩小 Narrowing of meaning,also called Narrowing of meaning,also called specializationspecialization（具体化）,is ,is the the opposite of widening meaningopposite of widening meaning.In other.In other words,a word which

11、 used to have a more words,a word which used to have a more general sense becomes restricted in its general sense becomes restricted in its application and conveys a special application and conveys a special concept in present-day English.concept in present-day English.第7页/共21页 For example:For examp

12、le:rats and mice and such small rats and mice and such small deer,deer means animal in general.deer,deer means animal in general.corn once meant grain,but corn once meant grain,but now only is used for maize only.now only is used for maize only.garage once meant place for garage once meant place for

13、 storage,but now is used for storing cars.storage,but now is used for storing cars.第8页/共21页 When a common word is turned into a proper noun When a common word is turned into a proper noun（专有名（专有名词）词）,the meaning is narrowed accordingly.,the meaning is narrowed accordingly.City City means the means t

14、he business center of London;business center of London;ProphetProphet,which stands for,which stands for Mohammed.Mohammed.For economy,some phrases are shortened and only one For economy,some phrases are shortened and only one element of the original,usually an adjective,is left to element of the ori

15、ginal,usually an adjective,is left to retain the meaning of the whole.retain the meaning of the whole.a private=a private a private=a private soldiersoldier.Material nouns,which used to refer to objects made of Material nouns,which used to refer to objects made of them,now have a more specific meani

16、ng.them,now have a more specific meaning.SilverSilver is used for is used for silver dollar,silver dollar,glassglass for mirror or cup-like container.for mirror or cup-like container.第9页/共21页Elevation of MeaningElevation of Meaning词义 升华 Elevation or Elevation or ameliorationamelioration/,milj,miljre

17、irein/n/refers to the process by refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importancewhich words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance.humble or lowagreeable or pleasant第10页/共21页Word Old Meaning Elevated MeaningIgnorant manfoolishservantpilotpl

18、easantcountaffectionate head of the government ministryhead of a stateniceearlfond minister governor第11页/共21页Degradation of Meaning Degradation of Meaning 词义降格J Degradation,derdein or pejoration（贬义化）,pidren of meaning is opposite of semantic elevation.It is a process whereby words of good origin or

19、affective neutrality fall into ill reputation or come to be used in derogatory sense（贬义）.第12页/共21页 Names for the common people in the Middle Ages are tended to be degraded.For example:A boor was merely a peasant and once has degraded to a rude,ill-mannered person.Churl used to be a peasant or free m

20、an has now come to denote uncultivated or mean person.第13页/共21页Transference of Meaning Transference of Meaning 词义转移 Some words which were used to Some words which were used to designate one thing but later designate one thing but later changed to mean something else changed to mean something else ha

21、ve experienced the process of have experienced the process of semantic transfer,known as semantic transfer,known as transference or transfer of transference or transfer of meaning.meaning.第14页/共21页Four types:1 Associated Transfer 联想转移 2 Transfer between Abstract and Concrete抽象与具体之间的转移 3 Transfer bet

22、ween Subjective and Objective Meanings主客观意义的转移 4 Synesthesia,snsiz 通感第15页/共21页 It is known as figuratively It is known as figuratively（比喻）（比喻）extension of meaning.E.g.:extension of meaning.E.g.:the lip of a the lip of a wound,the tongue of the bell(wound,the tongue of the bell(铃舌）铃舌）,the,the eye of

23、the needle,the teeth of the saweye of the needle,the teeth of the saw，the nose of the shipthe nose of the ship Meaning of words between abstract and Meaning of words between abstract and concrete can be transferred between concrete can be transferred between abstract and concrete.E.g.:abstract and c

24、oncrete.E.g.:room,room,grasp ,stagegrasp ,stage 第16页/共21页 Some words were formerly used subjectively Some words were formerly used subjectively but later to an objective use,and the but later to an objective use,and the subjective meaning is lost.subjective meaning is lost.E.g.:E.g.:DreadfulDreadful

25、（恐惧的）（恐惧的）once donated once donated full of dreadfull of dread,a subjective meaning,now is ,a subjective meaning,now is used to mean used to mean causing dreadcausing dread,shifting to an ,shifting to an objective meaning.objective meaning.Words associated with one sense are used Words associated wi

26、th one sense are used to describe another sense.to describe another sense.E.g.:E.g.:clear sounding,Loud colorsclear sounding,Loud colors.第17页/共21页Euphemism Euphemism 委婉语 Euphemism jufmz()m,an an inoffensive expression that is inoffensive expression that is substituted(substituted(代替，替代）代替，替代）for one

27、 that for one that is considered offensive,such as is considered offensive,such as accidents,illness,death,sex,and accidents,illness,death,sex,and so on.so on.第18页/共21页 Toilet:restroom,John,convenience,Toilet:restroom,John,convenience,Death:pass away,eternal sleep,breathe ones Death:pass away,eterna

28、l sleep,breathe ones last,go west last,go west Euphemism Euphemism terms are founded used in every terms are founded used in every aspects of society.aspects of society.For example:For example:slum is described asculturally slum is described asculturally deprived environment.deprived environment.Poor people are just Poor people are just the disadvantaged,the underprivileged,the disadvantaged,the underprivileged,and the low income group.and the low income group.第19页/共21页第20页/共21页感谢您的观看！第21页/共21页