牛津高中英语模块五 Unit1 Grammar 1.ppt

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1、Grammar and usage To-infinitive and Verb-ing form as a nounPart 1 To-infinitive表表 语语主主 语语宾宾 语语不不定定式式宾语补足语宾语补足语定定 语语状状 语语1.to do as a subject The cat said,“To take roller coaster is terrible”.The cat said,“Its terrible to take roller coaster.”How long did it take you to take roller coaster?How terrib

2、le it is to take roller coaster!不定式短语作主语时不定式短语作主语时,可以直接放在句可以直接放在句首首,但在很多情况下但在很多情况下,尤其是在疑问句和尤其是在疑问句和感叹句中感叹句中,往往放在谓语之后往往放在谓语之后,而用先行而用先行代词代词it作形式主语。作形式主语。it作作形形式式主主语语,不不定定式式作作真真主主语语常常见见句句型型:Its my duty to teach you how to learn English well.It requires patience to be a good teacher.a)It is+adj.(easy,im

3、portant,difficult)+不定式不定式 当形容词是表示当形容词是表示人的品质人的品质的词时，常的词时，常用用“It+be+形容词形容词+of sb.+to do”，相当于相当于“sb.is+形容词形容词+to do”；部分部分形容词后接不定式，用主动形式表示形容词后接不定式，用主动形式表示被动意义，该句型的主语是不定式的被动意义，该句型的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语，常见的此类形容词有逻辑宾语，常见的此类形容词有：comfortable,easy,dangerous,difficult,expensive,fit,impossible等。等。b)It is+n.(a pity,a ple

4、asure,ones duty,a shame)+不定式不定式c)It takes/needs/requires+some time(hours,months,days,patience)+不定式不定式2.to do as a predictiveOur most important task now is to make a plan.当句子的主语是当句子的主语是aim,idea,policy,question,suggestion,wish,task,duty,job,purpose等或者主语是等或者主语是what引导的引导的名词性从句名词性从句时，后面可以用不定式做时，后面可以用不定式做

5、表语，用以说明主语所包含内容。表语，用以说明主语所包含内容。注注:作表语的不定式都带作表语的不定式都带to,但当主语部但当主语部分有实义动词分有实义动词do时时,to可以省略可以省略。Now the only thing we can do is wait.当不定式充当表语的时候当不定式充当表语的时候,表示具体表示具体动动作或是将来要发生的动作作或是将来要发生的动作。如。如:1.My wish is to be a doctor.2.What she wants to do is to tell you a secret.3.His plan is to go abroad and conti

6、nue his studies.PS:动名词和不定式同样都可以充当动名词和不定式同样都可以充当表语表语,两者的区别在于不定式表达两者的区别在于不定式表达是具体或是将来发生动作，而动名是具体或是将来发生动作，而动名词则表示抽象的一般行为。词则表示抽象的一般行为。1.His job is delivering the letters to their destinations.2.My job is to look after the sister when Mom is cooking.3.To do as an objectThe cat said“Remember not to take i

7、t next time!”(Tips:不定式否定为不定式否定为not to)a)可以直接用不定式作宾语的动词很可以直接用不定式作宾语的动词很多多,如如agree,afford,tend,ask,decide,determine,expect,fail,hope,learn,intend,manage,offer,plan,promise,refuse,want,wishI dont want _ like Im speaking ill of anybody,but the managers plan is unfair.A.to sound B.to be sounded C.soundin

8、g D.to have sounded当不定式短语比宾补长时当不定式短语比宾补长时,往往将往往将不定式放到宾补后不定式放到宾补后,而用先行代词而用先行代词it作形式宾语作形式宾语,常用动词有常用动词有feel,think,find,believe,consider,make等。等。The cat felt it terrible to take roller coaster.b)只有少数介词如只有少数介词如but,except等后面可等后面可以跟不定式作宾语。一般情况下作以跟不定式作宾语。一般情况下作介词宾语的不定式都带介词宾语的不定式都带to，但但如果如果but或或except所在句子里的谓

9、语动词所在句子里的谓语动词含有含有do,does,did时，通常省略时，通常省略to。We have no choice but to wait.Cf.We can do nothing but wait.4.to do as an object complement You should get them to help you.(They will help you.)(常用谓语动词有常用谓语动词有:get,ask,force,order,tell,invite,allow,wish,want,like,expect,advise,beg,cause,persuade,teach,warn

10、,hate,permit,forbid,encourage等。等。)通常这样的动词用在以下的结构里通常这样的动词用在以下的结构里:verb+sb./sth.+to do sth.The boss made her work long hours.主语主语 谓语谓语 宾语宾语 宾补宾补She主语主语was made 谓语谓语to work 主补主补long hours(by her boss).While watching television,_.A.The doorbell rangB.The doorbell ringsC.We heard the doorbell ringD.We he

11、ard the doorbell ringsThe director had her assistant _ some hot dogs for the meeting.A.picked up B.picks upC.pick upD.picking upTips:有些动词后面须接有些动词后面须接不带不带to的的不不定定式式做做宾宾语语补补足足语语,常常用用的的动动词词有有:make,let,have,see;hear,watch,notice,feel;look at,listen to;help,observe 等等,但是句子变成被动语态后但是句子变成被动语态后,不定式不定式成为句子的主语

12、补足语成为句子的主语补足语,需带需带to。I would rather _(go)swimming.You had better _(tidy)your bedroom.Why not _(visit)your cousin in Japan?Tips:有些句型后面须接有些句型后面须接不带不带to的不的不定式。定式。gotidyvisitShe told me _(be)cheerful and _(look)on the bright side.We had nothing _(do)but _ (watch)TV.Tips:当两个不定式当两个不定式and,or,expect,but,tha

13、n或或rather than连接起来时，连接起来时，第二个不定式第二个不定式符号省略。符号省略。to belookto dowatch5.to do as an attributiveHe has not kept his promise to write(write)to his parents regularly.She made a decision to go(go)abroad for a year.不定式可以在句子充当后置定语不定式可以在句子充当后置定语,修饰修饰名词。以下几类情况常用不定式作定语名词。以下几类情况常用不定式作定语:能带不定式作宾语的动词能带不定式作宾语的动词,其同

14、源其同源名词可以带不定式作定语。常见名词可以带不定式作定语。常见的有的有attempt,decision,promise,plan等等His eagerness to finish his homework was quite clear.常与不定式搭配的形容词常与不定式搭配的形容词,其同源名词其同源名词一般可以用不定式作定语。一般可以用不定式作定语。常见的有常见的有ability,determination,anxiety,eagerness等等 She was the only person to survive after the earthquake.序数词序数词,形容词最高级或被形容

15、词最高级或被only,last,next等修饰的名词可以用不定式作定语。等修饰的名词可以用不定式作定语。Hes always the first to come and the last to leave.(=The first comes and the last leaves.)(主谓关系主谓关系)I have no time to listen to your excuse.(同位关系同位关系)She has a meeting to attend.(=attend a meeting)Theres nothing to worry about.(=worry about nothing

16、)(动宾关系动宾关系)Tips:不定式在作定语时不定式在作定语时,有时与被有时与被修饰的名词有意义上的修饰的名词有意义上的主谓主谓关系、同位关系、动宾关系关系、同位关系、动宾关系,如果该不定式是不及物动词如果该不定式是不及物动词,它后面需要加上适当介词它后面需要加上适当介词。6.to do as an adverbial不定式可以作不定式可以作状语状语,表示目的、结果、原因、条表示目的、结果、原因、条件等。件等。so as to(不不能能放放句句首首),to,in order to作目的状语作目的状语All these gifts must be mailed immediately _ in

17、 time for Christmas.A.in order to have received B.in order to receive C.so as to be received D.so as to be receiving 在在soas to,suchas to,only to 结构中不定式作结果状语结构中不定式作结果状语,其中其中only to用于表示意想不到的结果。用于表示意想不到的结果。He hurried to the station only _ that the train had gone.A.to find B.finding B.C.found D.to have

18、found enough to,tooto结构结构The boy isnt old enough to go to school.=The boy is too young to go to school.I am glad to meet you.形容词形容词(glad,happy,lucky,fortunate,surprised,angry,anxious,ready,quick,slow,cruel,clever等等)+不定式不定式结构作原因状语结构作原因状语7.作插入语作插入语,用来说明说话人的态度、用来说明说话人的态度、看法、对整个句子进行解释看法、对整个句子进行解释,如如to b

19、e frank/honest(坦白地说坦白地说),to be sure(确实确实),to make the matter worse(更糟糕的是更糟糕的是)等。等。To tell you the truth,I hate you.8.作同位语作同位语 不定式的进行式、完成式和被动式不定式的进行式、完成式和被动式 The order to start the general attack soon came.Some students pretended to be reading English when the teacher came in.不定式的进行式：不定式的进行式：to be+V-

20、ing,用来用来表示谓语动词动作发生时表示谓语动词动作发生时,不定式的动不定式的动作正在进行。作正在进行。-Is Bob still performing?-Im afraid not.He is said _ the stage already as he has become an official.A.to have left B.to leave C.to have been D.to be left 不不定定式式完完成成式式:to have+v-ed构构成成,用用来表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。来表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。The Chinese are proud of the 29

21、th Olympic Games _ in Beijing in 2008.A.hold B.holding C.held D.to be held当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时示的动作的承受者时,不定式要用被不定式要用被动语态。动语态。The book is said to have been translated into many languages.不定式的被动式分为一般式被动不定式的被动式分为一般式被动to be v-ed和完成式被动和完成式被动to have been v-ed当句式为当句式为:主语主语+be+adj.+to do时时

22、,且且to do的逻辑宾语是句子主语时的逻辑宾语是句子主语时,to do不用被动语态。不用被动语态。The question is difficult to answer.He is hard to get along with.Tips:It means the infinitive without to.使役动词使役动词let,make,have，动词不定式不，动词不定式不加加to。I let her borrow my book.She made me promise to write every day.The teacher often has his students read a

23、loud in class.Bare infinitive感官动词感官动词feel,hear,see,watch，动词不定，动词不定式不加式不加to。I saw her talk to her new friends.She heard the boy break his glasses.注意：在被动语态中则注意：在被动语态中则to 不能省掉。不能省掉。A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by.would rather,had bett

24、er,why not，动词，动词不定式不加不定式不加to。I would rather go swimming.You had better tidy your bedroomWhy not visit your cousin in Japan?为了避免重复，由为了避免重复，由and和和or连接两个不定连接两个不定式时，一般可以省略第二个不定式符号式时，一般可以省略第二个不定式符号to。Im really puzzled what to think or say.We want to swim and climb the hills next Saturday.在介词在介词but，except之后，如果其前有动之后，如果其前有动词词do的某种形式，的某种形式，其后不定式一般不带其后不定式一般不带to。He does nothing to do but watch TV all day long