高级英语写作技巧.ppt

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1、应用文应用文 信件、便条的套路信件、便条的套路称呼第一段：写信的目的第二段：信件的具体内容第三段：表示希望、愿望落款、署名2023/4/22Dear Sir or Madam，I wish to apply for admission to your department as a graduate student.I am writing to ask whether it will be possible for you to grant me a full scholarship,considering my academic record and the fact that I hav

2、e no relatives or friends in America who can act as my sponsor.I completed a four-year course in chemistry at Beijing University last June.During my four years in the university,I have passed all the required courses of study with satisfactory marks.With Chemistry as my major,I minored in Physics an

3、d Mathematics.Enclosed herewith is my transcript from the department concerned.My English is very good.I have been learning English since early childhood with the help of my father who is a professor of English in Fudan University,Shanghai.I therefore believe that I will not have language difficulti

4、es while studying in the United States.I should be most grateful if you would give my request favorable consideration.Thank you very much and look forward to your reply.Sincerely yours,Wu Li l l2.结尾部分结尾部分l l如果说引言部分是从笼统到具体如果说引言部分是从笼统到具体,把读者把读者逐渐引入话题的话逐渐引入话题的话,那么结尾则是从具体那么结尾则是从具体到笼统到笼统,结束讨论。因此它的结构像一个结束

5、讨论。因此它的结构像一个正梯形：正梯形：l ll ll l和正文结构正好相反，承接正文的具体和正文结构正好相反，承接正文的具体讨论，在结尾部分先尽可能把讨论的东讨论，在结尾部分先尽可能把讨论的东西归纳一下，然后逐渐离开主题。如：西归纳一下，然后逐渐离开主题。如：1)WecanblametheisolationoftheoldinAmericanontheyoungpeople.Theseoldpeoplemayactlikeitsnotimportant,butinthedeeppartoftheirheartstheymustfeellonely.Theyneedtheirchildrent

6、ostaywith,totalkwith,andtotakecareofthem.WhydontyoungAmericanstakeacloselookattheircustomandadopttheAsiancustom?2)Asatraditionalteachingmethod,lectureswillneverdisappearfromthecollegescene.Buttheyshouldbeusedselectively,forexample,whenideasarenewandcantbefoundinbooks,theywillbewelcome.Andalsodiscuss

7、ionshouldbeintroducedintolectureclassestotriggerafruitfullineofthought.提出建议提出建议3)Science and common sense offer ways to minimize the risk of devastating climate change.We can slow down the building of CO2 2 in our atmosphere by increasing energy conservation;by protecting tropical forests;by designi

8、ng automobiles that burn less gas;by turning to renewable energy sources such as solar,hydro,wind,and possibly nuclear power.Fortunately,we have the tools for preventing disaster.It only remains for us to use them.提出建议，预示未来提出建议，预示未来4)Likeeverytechnology,theinternethasbothmeritsanddemerits.Butonthewh

9、oleithasbroughtmorebenefitsthanharm.Ithasopenedanewdimensionincommunicationandrevolutionizedthewaypeoplethinkandlive.Itsprofoundeffectonhumanscanhardlybeimagined.重提中心思想句，进一步表明对因特网的看法重提中心思想句，进一步表明对因特网的看法l l好的结尾有什么作用呢？画龙点睛：归纳，总结，概括全文的主旨内容画龙点睛：归纳，总结，概括全文的主旨内容l lA)Somepersonsaythatlovemakestheworldgorou

10、nd.Othersofalessromanticandmorepracticalturnofmindsaythatitisntlove;itismoney.Butthetruthisthatitisenergythatmakestheworldgoround.Energyisthecurrencyoftheecologicalsystemandlifebecomespossibleonlywhenfoodisconvertedintoenergy,whichinturnisusedtoseekmorefoodtogrow,toreproduceandtosurvive.Onthiscyclea

11、lllifedepends.l lB)Yes,life-anddeath,too-isacyclethatgoesroundandround,andwhenanimalsdietheirbodiesbecomefoodforotherlifeformstousebyconvertingthemintoenergy.Andthecyclecontinues.l lA)itisanundeniablefactthattheadvanceofscienceandtechnologyhasbroughtgreatbenefitstopeople.ButwhenImenjoyingtheconvenie

12、nceandcomfortoftelephonescomputersandmicrowaves,Imissverymuchourtraditionalculturewhoselossistoohighapricetopay.l lB)Iwelcomethedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology.Iwelcomenewinnovationsandmachines.ButIhatethefactthatmanismoreandmoredependentonthemtoapointwherewehavebecometheirslaves.Itreasuretraditio

13、nalculture,foritembodiestheverycustomsandvaluesthatsustainourfriendship,familyandspirituallife.l lA)Incollegesanduniversities,therearetwootherwaystogainknowledgeapartfromregularclasses.Oneistopursueindividualstudiesandtheotheristoattendlectures.WhileIattachimportancetoself-studies,Iwontgiveupanyoppo

14、rtunitytoattendagoodlecture.l lB)Weneedbothindividualstudiesandattendinglectures.Theformerhelpssharpenourawareness,andthelattercontributestobroadeningourminds.Thesecretsofacademicsuccesslieinthecombinationofboth.正文部分正文部分怎样写好正文部分？l l一致性l l发展性l l连贯性一致性（一致性（Unity）l l文章中所有的内容都要围绕着文章的中心思想。TurningFailurei

15、ntoSuccessl lToo much emphasis on success is not a good Too much emphasis on success is not a good thing.(thing.(thesis in introductionthesis in introduction)P2.P2.Certain kinds of success can indeed be Certain kinds of success can indeed be destructivedestructive.the danger of too success I.the dan

16、ger of too success I particularly acute.I recall from my childhood a girl particularly acute.I recall from my childhood a girl whose skill on ice skates marked her as“Olympic whose skill on ice skates marked her as“Olympic material”while the rest of us were playing,material”while the rest of us were

17、 playing,bicycling,reading and just loafing,this girl skated bicycling,reading and just loafing,this girl skated every day after school and all weekend.Years every day after school and all weekend.Years later,however,she spoke bitterly of those early later,however,she spoke bitterly of those early t

18、riumphs.“i never prepared myself for anything triumphs.“i never prepared myself for anything but the ice,she said,“I peaked at 17and its but the ice,she said,“I peaked at 17and its been downhill ever since.”been downhill ever since.”P3.P3.Success that comes too easily is also damaging.Success that c

19、omes too easily is also damaging.The child who wins a prize for a carelessly-written The child who wins a prize for a carelessly-written essay,the adult who distinguishes himself at a essay,the adult who distinguishes himself at a first job by lucky accident faces probe first job by lucky accident f

20、aces probe disappointment when real challenges arise.disappointment when real challenges arise.P4.P4.Successs is also bad when its achieved at the Successs is also bad when its achieved at the cost of the total quality of an experience.cost of the total quality of an experience.Successful students s

21、ometimes become so Successful students sometimes become so obsessed with grades that they never enjoy their obsessed with grades that they never enjoy their school years.They never branch out into school years.They never branch out into tempting new areas,because they dont want to tempting new areas

22、,because they dont want to risk their grade-point average.risk their grade-point average.l l主题句主题句 支持句1 支持句2 支持句3发展性（development）l l发展性就是要充分发展段落的主题思想。通过不同的角度，用详尽的事实例证来说明。例1 For many people,absence of work is harmful to their health.Obviously if you have nothing to do,your health will be affected.Wor

23、k is one wa to keep you healthy.If you dont work,it will do harm to your health.Just imagine,you stay at all day,doing nothing your health will be declining.Without work,without good health.So doing nothing will be harmful to ones health.For a large number of people,the absence of For a large number

24、 of people,the absence of work is harmful to their health.Retirement often work is harmful to their health.Retirement often brings many people surrounding the“what do I do brings many people surrounding the“what do I do with myself today?”question,with myself today?”question,even thougheven though t

25、here there may be no financial cares.Large numbers of may be no financial cares.Large numbers of people regularly get headaches and other illnesses people regularly get headaches and other illnesses on weekends when they dont have their jobs to on weekends when they dont have their jobs to go to,go

26、to,andand must fend for themselves.It has been must fend for themselves.It has been observed that unemployment,quite aside from observed that unemployment,quite aside from exerting financial pressures,brings enormous exerting financial pressures,brings enormous psychological troubles psychological t

27、roubles andand that many individuals that many individuals deteriorate rapidly when jobless.deteriorate rapidly when jobless.例2How to write a well-developed paragraph?l l举例法l l数据法l l事实法l l权威法（名人名言）l l对比分析法l l类别法l l分析法（纯逻辑分析法）连贯性（Coherence）l l连贯性是指文章中的句子之间，段落之间彼此相互关联，衔接自然，使读者能跟上作者的思路，引导读者自然地有上文过渡到下文。

28、段内句子连贯l l句与句子之间的意思的连贯l l通过过渡词的衔接和词汇的衔接Examplesl lIm study psychology.l lIm major in psychology.l lI showed much interesting on history.l lThere are many advantage they each having.l lIn one hand,we can gain many knowledge from lectures,but this knowledge doesnt use perfectly in cocial.l lWe just lis

29、ten to professor,we cant discussion with professor or change information to others.l lCompare with past years,our life change more.l lListened to them told their interesting life in their young age every night.l lIt is well-known that in colleges have lectures and discussion two ways of education.l

30、lThere are some people like lectures very much,they think the time that the teacher want to tell us at the class is limited.l lJust be a graduate student in your school is my dream.l lI must study hard and read more different about psychologys book.l lThey are two types of study in college:lectures

31、and discussing.l lThe college always have two teaching methods,which are lectures and discussion.l lThe habit of listening to teachers and writing down are difficult to be got rid of.l lIt can open a new horizon for you and save you much time as well time we might spend reading one book after anothe

32、r.in high schoolin classby handgo to school at hospital写作短语与句式l l开头句开头句开头句开头句l l提出个人观点提出个人观点提出个人观点提出个人观点l l罗列各个原因或方面罗列各个原因或方面罗列各个原因或方面罗列各个原因或方面l l罗列正反方面的论据罗列正反方面的论据罗列正反方面的论据罗列正反方面的论据l l分析原因和结果分析原因和结果分析原因和结果分析原因和结果l l提出解决办法提出解决办法提出解决办法提出解决办法l l表示问题的重要性表示问题的重要性表示问题的重要性表示问题的重要性l l进行总结进行总结进行总结进行总结l l描写图

33、表的表达法描写图表的表达法描写图表的表达法描写图表的表达法l l描写数据变化的表达法描写数据变化的表达法描写数据变化的表达法描写数据变化的表达法开头句：开头句：l lIt is a fact thatl lIt can be seen thatl lIt is well known thatl lAn increasing number of people come to realize thatl lThere is no doubt thatl lThere is no denying the fact thatl lIt is undeniable thatl lNow it is co

34、mmonly accepted that开头句：开头句：l lPeople used to hold a belief thatl lIt is generally believed thatl lNowadays people tend to l lNowadays more and more people are concerned with the problem thatl lWhen it comes to the issue of l lWith the rapid development of l lDifferent people have different opinions

35、 on 提出个人观点：提出个人观点：l lAs for me,l lFor my part,l lAs far as I am concerned,l lI am in favor of l lI am on the side ofl lIn my opinion,l lI agree to罗列各个原因或方面罗列各个原因或方面l lIn the first place,/In the second place,l lFirstly,/Secondly,l lFirst of all,/The second reason isl lFor one thing,/For another thing

36、,l lThe first and foremost important is/The last but not the least is罗列正反方面的论据罗列正反方面的论据l lOn one hand,/On the other hand,l lOn the contrary,/In contrast,l lHowever,l lOtherwise,l lunlikel lIn opposition to,l lNevertheless,l lOn the opposite side,分析原因和结果：分析原因和结果：l lThere are a number of reasons for a

37、nd among them is the most import one.l lThe reasons can be listed as follows.l lWhat possibly contributes to the problem is thatl lThe primary reason for is that分析原因和结果：分析原因和结果：l l is chiefly/partially responsible for the problem.l lOne may owe this problem to l lQuite a number of reasons lead tol l

38、 will account forl lThe problem results from提出解决办法：提出解决办法：l lPerhaps the best way to solve this problem is to l lMany workable solutions have been found to dealing with this problem.l lHere are some suggestsions that we shouldl lMy suggestions is thatl lAction should be taken to l lWe should take so

39、me measures tol lThere is no easy/immediate solution to the issue of but may be helpful.表示问题的重要性：表示问题的重要性：l lIt is very important tol lIt is of great importance tol lIt is vital to l l is playing an important role inl lNo one can afford to neglectl lWithout we cannotl lWe will pay heavily if we igno

40、re进行总结：进行总结：l lTo conclude,l lTo sum up,l lTo sum up in one word,l lSumming up,l lSumming up in one word,l lIt can be concluded thatl lA conclusion can be reached thatl lIn all,l lIn a word,描写图表的表达法：描写图表的表达法：l lIt has been shown thatl lAccording to the table/diagram/chart,we can see that l lThe tabl

41、e/diagram/chart has revealed that描写数据变化的表达法描写数据变化的表达法l lAccording to the table/diagram/chart,the number of is much bigger that the number of l lFrom the table/diagram/chart,we can see that the rate of is higher thatl lAs can bee seen in the table/diagram/chart,there are more thanl lThe number of is

42、as large as l lThe number of has increased sharply from to l lThe number of is declining dramatically from to写作过程中应注意的问题写作过程中应注意的问题l l主谓不一致；主谓不一致；l l人称不一致；人称不一致；l l被动语态用法不当；被动语态用法不当；l l滥用助动词；滥用助动词；l l谓语动词形式错误；谓语动词形式错误；l l名词单复数形式错误；名词单复数形式错误；l l可数名词与不可数名词方可数名词与不可数名词方面的错误；面的错误；l l语法结构平行方面错误；语法结构平行方面错误

43、；l l冠词用法的错误；冠词用法的错误；写作短语与句式开头句开头句提出个人观点提出个人观点罗列各个原因或方面罗列各个原因或方面罗列正反方面的论据罗列正反方面的论据分析原因和结果分析原因和结果提出解决办法提出解决办法表示问题的重要性表示问题的重要性进行总结进行总结描写图表的表达法描写图表的表达法描写数据变化的表达法描写数据变化的表达法开头句：开头句：l lIt is a fact thatl lIt can be seen thatl lIt is well known thatl lAn increasing number of people come to realize thatl lTh

44、ere is no doubt thatl lThere is no denying the fact thatl lIt is undeniable thatl lNow it is commonly accepted that开头句：开头句：l lPeople used to hold a belief thatl lIt is generally believed thatl lNowadays people tend to l lNowadays more and more people are concerned with the problem thatl lWhen it com

45、es to the issue of l lWith the rapid development of l lDifferent people have different opinions on 提出个人观点：提出个人观点：l lAs for me,l lFor my part,l lAs far as I am concerned,l lI am in favor of l lI am on the side ofl lIn my opinion,l lI agree to罗列各个原因或方面罗列各个原因或方面l lIn the first place,/In the second plac

46、e,l lFirstly,/Secondly,l lFirst of all,/The second reason isl lFor one thing,/For another thing,l lThe first and foremost important is/The last but not the least is罗列正反方面的论据罗列正反方面的论据l lOn one hand,/On the other hand,l lOn the contrary,/In contrast,l lHowever,l lOtherwise,l lunlikel lIn opposition to

47、,l lNevertheless,l lOn the opposite side,分析原因和结果：分析原因和结果：l lThere are a number of reasons for and among them is the most import one.l lThe reasons can be listed as follows.l lWhat possibly contributes to the problem is thatl lThe primary reason for is that分析原因和结果：分析原因和结果：l l is chiefly/partially res

48、ponsible for the problem.l lOne may owe this problem to l lQuite a number of reasons lead tol l will account forl lThe problem results from提出解决办法：提出解决办法：l lPerhaps the best way to solve this problem is to l lMany workable solutions have been found to dealing with this problem.l lHere are some sugges

49、tsions that we shouldl lMy suggestions is thatl lAction should be taken to l lWe should take some measures tol lThere is no easy/immediate solution to the issue of but may be helpful.表示问题的重要性：表示问题的重要性：l lIt is very important tol lIt is of great importance tol lIt is vital to l l is playing an import

50、ant role inl lNo one can afford to neglectl lWithout we cannotl lWe will pay heavily if we ignore进行总结：进行总结：l lTo conclude,l lTo sum up,l lTo sum up in one word,l lSumming up,l lSumming up in one word,l lIt can be concluded thatl lA conclusion can be reached thatl lIn all,l lIn a word,描写图表的表达法：描写图表的表