新视野大学英语课件第四册课件4-7Research into Population Genetics.pptx

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1、ResearchintoPopulationGenetics Unit7Stage1:Warming-upActivitiesStage1:Warming-upActivities Stage2:Stage2:Reading-CentredActivitiesReading-CentredActivities Stage3:After-ReadingActivitiesStage3:After-ReadingActivities Stage4:Listening-and-SpeakingStage4:Listening-and-SpeakingPracticePracticeWarming-u

2、pActivitiesGroupworkGroupwork QuestionsforthoughtanddiscussionQuestionsforthoughtanddiscussionBackgroundinformationBackgroundinformation EnrichingyourvocabularyEnrichingyourvocabularyComparingthefollowingwordsComparingthefollowingwordsGroupworkGooverthepreview,thepre-readingquestionsandthetitleofthe

3、textbeforelisteningtothesummaryofthestoryandanticipatewhatwearegoingtoread.Questionsforthoughtanddiscussion Listentoashortpassagecarefullyandthenanswerthefollowingquestions.BackgroundinformationLucaCavalli-Sforza:Cavalli-Sforza,borninGenoa,Italy,waseducatedattheUniversityofPaviawherehegainedhisMDin1

4、944.AfterworkingonbacterialgeneticsatCambridge(19481950)andMilan(19501957)hehasheldchairsingeneticsatParma(19581962)andPavia(19621970).In1970hewasappointedprofessorofgeneticsattheUniversityofStanford,California,apositionhehelduntilhisretirementin1992.Cavalli-Sforzahasspecializedmainlyinthegeneticsof

5、humanpopulations,producingwithWalterBodmeracomprehensivesurveyofthesubjectintheirGenetics,EvolutionandMan(1976).Hehasalsodonemuchtoshowhowgeneticdatafrompresenthumanracialgroupscouldbeusedtoreconstructtheirpastseparations.Thisreconstruction,basedontheanalysisof58genes,yieldsabifurcatedevolutionarytr

6、eewithCaucasianandAfricanracesinonebranchandOrientals,Oceanians,andAmerindsintheother.Columbus:ChristopherColumbus,anItalian-bornmasternavigator(borninGenoa,Italyin1451anddiedatValladolid,Spainin1506)whosailedintheserviceofSpain,iscommonlydescribedasthediscovereroftheNewWorldAmerica.Hisfourtransatla

7、nticvoyages(14921493,14931496,14981500,and15021504)openedthewayforEuropeanexploration,exploitation,andcolonizationoftheAmericas.ColumbussrealgreatnessliesinthefactthathavingfoundtheWestIndiesmakingmajorerrorsinhisnavigationalcomputationsandlocationindoingsohewasabletofindhiswaybacktoEuropeandreturnt

8、otheIndies.ItisastheresultofColumbuss“discovery”thattheNewWorldbecamepartoftheEuropeanworld.humangeneticmap:Ourbodiesarecomprisedoftrillionsofmicroscopicunitscalledcells.Cellsinturnarebuiltupfrommanyspecifictypesofmolecules,bothlargeandsmall.Thelargemoleculesormacromoleculesincludepolysaccharides,nu

9、cleicacidsandproteins.Proteinsaretheworkhorsesofourcells.Thereareabout40,000differenttypesofproteinsinourbodies.Eachproteinispresentinmany,manycopies.Anadult,forexample,carriesabout1021(abilliontrillion)hemoglobinmolecules.TheflowofgeneticinformationisfromDNAtoRNAtoProtein.Eachproteinisalinearpolyme

10、rofaspecificsequenceof20differentaminoacids.DNAisalsoalinearpolymercomprisedof4typesofnucleotides.ThesequenceofaminoacidsineachproteinisencodedbyasegmentofDNAcalledagene.Threeconsecutivenucleotidesinageneencodeasingleaminoacidinthecorrespondingprotein.Thegeneticcodeisuniversalamongalllivingthings.Kh

11、oisan:KhoisanisthenamebywhichthelighterskinnedindigenouspeoplesofsouthernAfrica,theKhoi(Hottentots)andtheSan(Bushmen)areknown.ThesepeopleweretheearliestinhabitantsofAfricaanddominatedthesub-continentformillenniabeforetheappearanceoftheNguniandotherblackpeoples.Therewereprobablyabout120,000livinginSo

12、uthAfricaaround1500.Basques:TheBasquesareapeoplewholiveinasmallregion(aboutthesizeofRhodeIslandintheUnitedStates)thatstraddlestheborderofSpainandFrancefromtheseainthewestintothePyreneesintheeast.ThisareaiscalledEuskalHerria(comprisingsevenprovinces,historically:Araba,Bizkaia,Gipuzkoa,andNavarraonthe

13、Spanishside;Laburdi,Zuberoa,andBehe-NafarroaontheFrenchside).Thereareabout660,000,accordingtothe1991census.Fewerthan80,000oftheseareontheFrenchsideofthefrontierwhichrunsthroughtheBasqueCountry,therestontheSpanishside.Basquesspeakalanguagecalledeuskara,buttodayonlyabout25%ofthepopulationisfluentintha

14、ttongue.Evenso,thewordforaBasqueperson,euskaldun,means“possessoroftheBasquelanguage”.TheBasquepopulationisdistinguishedphysicallybyahighincidenceofRhNegativefactorintheblood.NooneknowsexactlywheretheBasquescamefrom.SomesaytheyhavelivedinthatareasinceCro-MagnonmanfirstroamedEurope.Estimatesofhowlongt

15、heyhavelivedtherevaryfrom10,000to75,000years.SomesaytheyaredescendedfromtheoriginalIberians.Morefancifultheoriesexist,aswell.OneisthattheBasquesarethedescendentsofthesurvivorsofAtlantis.EnrichingyourvocabularyReadthesentencescarefullyandguessthemeaningoftheitalicizedtermineachsentenceaccordingtothec

16、ontextandyourownexperiences.Thereisafeelingofourownsuperiorityandourpridethatlieattherootofourresponsetothem.Wehavearguedthatthebroadcastingwas biased towardstherightwingandthegovernmentoftoday.To date,researchontheapplicationofthegeneticmapisverylimited.优越性优越性对对有偏见有偏见至今至今Itwasnotpossibletochangedir

17、ectionsuddenly,yetthedamagetoeducationwasobviousascampusessometimesresembledmarket-placesratherthaninstitutionsofhigherlearning.Whatshesawwasthefaceofastrangerwhoresembledher:mouthpulledoutofshape,skinwhite,hairwithoutcolor.Paulsfeaturesboreastrongresemblancetohisfathers.TheLondonofthe1990sbearslitt

18、leresemblancetotheLondonofmyyouth.Whatwasneededwas nothing less thananewindustrialrevolutionandathrivingmarket.Yourenothinglessthanamurderer!Thesettingupofthisplantinthreemonthsisnothinglessthanamiracle.Thepresenttrendisnothinglessthanalarming.就是就是简直是简直是简直就是简直就是确实确实Hisremarksshouldhaveserved asanenc

19、ouragementtotheauthoritiestodevelopthisimportantaspectofcommunitycare.Criticismanddebatearetobewelcomedandshouldnotbe confined to academiccircles.As of today,wedonotbelievethatthedeclarationofanemergencystatewouldincreasetheflowofsupplies.视作视作局限于局限于从今天起从今天起In effect,theinfluenceofthisgovernmentwasgo

20、ingdowngradually.Onlywhenyourapproachtogoodhealthcanbe adapted toallyourownrequirements,willyoureallysucceedinobtainingyourgoalsofhealthcare.Thenewtreatmentcanbeusedeitheraloneor in combination withthetraditionalone.事实上事实上适应适应与与结合结合Inaddition,theresearchisexpectedtoshed more light on thesocialconseq

21、uencesofcitieschangingeconomicroles.Wherevertheyarenow,blackpeopleare descended fromAfricans.更为清楚地说明更为清楚地说明是是的后裔的后裔HomeworkHomework Learnthenewwordsandexpressionsofthetextbyheart.Gooverthetextandtrytogetthemainideaofthetext.Analyzethestructureofthetext.Reading-CentredActivities 1.GlobalReadingTaskReadingSkills:Textstructureanalysis:2.DetailedReadingTask LanguagepointsSimulatedwritingSummaryofthetextAfter-ReadingActivitiesVocabularyExercises TranslatingandWriting Listeningandspeakingactivities Talkingaboutthetopicorretellingthetext ListeningandspeakingpracticeinXPcenter