英语修辞学_课件.ppt

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1、 English RhetoricEnglish Rhetoric Ma HuiMa Hui Course descriptionThis course will be oriented by the following aspects:General idea about English rhetoric a brief and interesting survey of the history of rhetoric with emphasis on several major classical rhetoricians and their theories and applicatio

2、nCommunicative rhetoric(the choice of words and sentences)Aesthetic rhetoric:figures of speech (phonetic,syntactic,semantic,logic)Assignments and Point distributionAssignments:1.Presentation(Group Work)2.some assignments by the instructor3.questions for you to think out of classPoint distribution:1.

3、class attendence:10%2.class participation and assignments:30%3.final exam:60%ApproachMainly through lectures,discussions,presentations and assignments.Presentations:In groups,you will develop a presentation on one area of rhetoric.You can provide us with a handout,plus any additional materials you t

4、hink will be useful for the goal of your presentation.The grade for this will be shared evenly.If you have questions Ask me in class E-mail me: Phone me at:18988488622Textbook&References:1.胡曙中.英语修辞学.上海外语教育出版社，20042.吕煦.实用英语修辞.清华大学出版社，2005 3.English RHETORIC(by Xiuguo Zhang,2005.Beijing:Tsinghua Unive

5、rsity Press and Beijing Jiaotong University Press)Lead-in1.I see students taking premedical courses with joyless determination.They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist.Simile 明喻 2.No X in Nixon.Palindrome 回文Rhetoric is power.Whoever does not study rhetoric will become a victim

6、of it.-Ancient Greek wall inscriptionHistories make men wise;poets,witty;the mathematics,subtle;natural philosophy,deep,moral,grave;logic and rhetoric,able to contend.-Francis BaconRhetoric in AdvertisementsSimile Breakfast without orange juice is like a day without sunshine.眉笔像花瓣一样柔和。眉笔像花瓣一样柔和。（眉笔）

7、像母亲的手一样柔软像母亲的手一样柔软。（童鞋）Phonetic rhetoricOnce tasted,always loved.（饮料）（10）Big thrills.Small bills.（出租车）Pepsi-Cola hits the spot,Twelve full ounces,thats a lot,Twice as much for a nickel,too,Pepsi-Cola is the drink for you.一册在手手，纵览全球球。（全球杂志）来也匆匆，去请冲冲。非常非常可乐，非常非常选择。（非常可乐饮料）买电视就要买金星，买金星就是买放心买金星就是买放心！Let

8、 TUGU INSURANCE keep you afloat in the face of the worst of elements.（保险公司）The whole area becomes ablaze with the whites,yellows,reds,and oranges of tulips,daffodils and other species popular in English gardens.（苏格兰旅游广告）Antithesis对偶输入千言万语，奏出一片深情输入千言万语，奏出一片深情（文字处理机）（文字处理机）皮张之厚无以复加厚无以复加；利润之薄无薄无以复减以复减。

9、（上海鹤鸣皮鞋厂广告）她工作她工作，你休息休息。（洗衣机）Pun双关语甜甜蜜蜜甜甜蜜蜜，无限爱恋尽在其中无限爱恋尽在其中。（饮料）With boundless love in it,the drink is more than sweet.第一流产品，为足下增光为足下增光。（红鸟鞋油广告标语）Metaphor隐喻 Blessed by year round good weather,Spain is a magnet for sunworshippers and holidaymakers.You can spread your wings with Open Studies.（开放型大学招生

10、广告标语）Flowers by Interflora speak from the heart.随身的随身的绿荫。（爱萝莉护肤膏）Green shadow which kisses your skin.What is rhetoric?1.What is rhetoric?rhetoric n.1.(technical term)the skill or the art of using language effectively and persuasively in speech or writing修辞;修辞学;修辞技巧2.(general word)a.A style of speaki

11、ng or writing,语言艺术 the rhetoric of fiction,body rhetoric b.The language of a particular subject:辞令，语言fiery political rhetoric,soothing rhetoric,employ stirring rhetoric 3.（derogatory）Language that is elaborate,pretentious,insincere,or empty:【贬】华丽的词藻，花言巧语,浮夸之词His offers of compromise were mere rhetor

12、ic.1.Cold war diplomacy and rhetoric2.As the clamor for basic skills continue to grow,it may be time for the fourth RRhetoricto reenter the classroom.Discuss:Identify the different meanings of“rhetoric”in the following phrases/sentences:3.Campaign promises have proved to be empty rhetoric.4.Despite

13、their tough anti-American rhetoric,the government is privately trying to maintain good relations with the U.S.5.the rhetoric of film2.rhetoric,rhetorical device and figure of speechrhetorical device-a use of language that creates a literary effect(but often without regard for literal significance)fi

14、gure of speech-Form of expression used in a figurative or nonliteral sense,including simile,metaphor,personification,hyperbole,irony,alliteration,antithesis,and puns etc.for the purpose of clarity,emphasis,or freshness of expressionExamples of figures of speechPlease identify the figures of speech u

15、sed in the following examples:Speech is silver,but silence is golden.(Alliteration)Have a nice trip,buy-buy!(A sign in front of a shop at the airport)(Pun)To err is human;to forgive divine.(Antithesis)Rhetorician1.An expert or theorist/theoretician of rhetoric.2.An orator or eloquent public speaker.

16、3.A Brief Introduction to English RhetoricOrigin of modern rhetoric:a brief historyContents of modern rhetoricThe difference between grammar and rhetoricWhat we learn in English rhetoric:definition and developmentRhetoric originated in speaking.Plato maintained that rhetoric was the expression of tr

17、uth and the art of rational discourse rather than the art of eloquent expression.(Aristotle,in the 4th c.B.C.)first defined rhetoric as the art of persuasion,equivalent to argumentation as people understand today.Arguments should include four sections:1.the introduction;2.the outline or narration of

18、 the subject;3.the proofs for and against the case;4.the summary.In Athens,the center of western civilization,great orators,by exercising their rhetoric,gained following and support,and eventually,political power.Cicero and Quintilians Five ArtsCicero(106-43B.C.):Roman statesman and philosopherRheto

19、ric is a branch of political science.To defend the political state eloquently,the orator should know a great deal about human experience and command a broad understanding of culture.Quintilian(A.D.35-95.):Roman rhetorician Further expanded Ciceros rhetoric and emphasized the idea that a good speaker

20、 must be a good man.Five arts:1.invento(invention);2.dispositio(arrangement);3.elocutio(style);4.memoria(memory);5.pronuntiatio(delivery).1.Invention is about the discovery of valid or seemingly valid arguments,mainly concerns who,what,when,where,how and why.This is the art of discovering a means fo

21、r finding arguments on any topic.2.Arrangement is about how to organize the proofs effectively.This is the method of organizing an argument.3.Style is about diction and the organization of phrase,i.e.,about effective sentences,clarity,force and beauty and using figures of speech.4.Memory is the art

22、of committing the speech to memory by mnemonic devices.A mnemonic relies not only on repetition to remember facts,but also on creating associations among easy-to-remember constructs and lists of data.5.Delivery is the art of speaking concerning the speakers pose,tone,gesture,facial expression,and so

23、 forth.John Locke,English philosopher of the late 17th c.,described rhetoric as“the science of oratory(演讲)”,or“the art of speaking with propriety,elegance,and force”.In the 19th c.,rhetoric came to be understood as the ability to write or speak well in ornate(词藻华丽的),showy language.Overuse of these f

24、igures in speech or writing gave them a bad reputation.They once became associated with“artifice”and“ornamentation”and even with verbal hypocrisy（虚伪造作）.Present tendency:There are still people who equate rhetoric with the adoption of stylistic devices or the use of figures of speech in speech or writ

25、ing.More and more people have come to regard rhetoric as the art of effective communication.Furthermore,rhetoric tends to be connected more with writing than with speech,and more with prose than with verse.Rhetoric:the art of speaking or writing to persuade or influence people.-(Longman Dictionary o

26、f Contemporary English,1995)Rhetoric:art of using words impressively in speech and writing.-(Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English,1984)two main rhetoric trends in contemporary western culture:a)Stylistics（文体论）,b)Rhetoric,a.Stylistics,which is associated with two aspects of writing:

27、First,the various registers（语域）,e.g.,scientific and technical writing,business writing and journalism.Second,the stylistic variants-literary language and style,including personal style,and styles of different times and schoolsExample：科技文章要求简明，准确，精炼，不宜使用修辞格而小说经常使用各种修辞格，语言生动难忘试比较：Mercury vapor produce

28、s a brilliant light that looks white but is really a mixture of green and violet.She looked bloated,like a body long submerged in motionless water,and of that pallid hue.Her eyes,lost in the fatty ridges of her face,looked like two small pieces of coal pressed into lump of dough as they moved from o

29、ne face to another while the visitors stated their errand.政论文章与政治演讲应具备争论的特点，主要靠事实、逻辑来征服听众，但好的政论并不排斥文学色彩。We are resolved to destroy Hitler and every vestige of the Nazi regime.From this nothing will turn us-nothing.We will never parley,we will never negotiate with Hitler or any of his gang.We shall f

30、ight him by land,we shall fight him by sea,we shall fight him in the air until,with Godsb.Rhetoric,which is chiefly concerned with techniques of how to influence the audience:the functions and effects of different language symbols in communication activities;measures to promote mutual understanding

31、and to affect the emotions of the audience;skill to handle persuasion and arguments as described in the“three aesthetic criteria”and the“three levels of rhetorical operations.”Rhetoric consists of two basic aspects:a)Communicative rhetoric,a)Communicative rhetoric,emphasizes the choice of words and

32、phrases,and selection of sentence patterns,organizing paragraphs and whole pieces of writing in such a way that ideas are expressed more clearly,more accurately and more appropriately and the best results are achieved in communication.b)Aesthetic rhetoric,b)Aesthetic rhetoric,stresses the vividness

33、and gracefulness in expressing ones ideas by artistic approaches like the use of figures of speech so as to increase the emotional appeal of ones speech or writing.The difference between grammar and rhetoric1.Grammar will tell you such things as where words can go and where they cannot;It will disti

34、nguish an acceptable sentence from an unacceptable one.It deals with matters of right or wrong,whereas rhetoric speaks in terms of better or worse.2.In the vast majority of cases,it is easy to judge whether a sentence is grammatical or not.It is far harder to say whether one version of a text is rhe

35、torically superior to another.3.Writing grammatically is of course a prerequisite,but it is only the first step.As an expert user of a language you must progress from mere grammatical competence to rhetorical competence.Read and comment upon the following 2 paragraphs1.Before I went to school,I spen

36、t my time playing with my friends.When the weather was bad,I had to stay at home and my mother used to try to teach me to read and write.When I was five years old,I started my primary education.My family lived in a small town in Scotland.I used to go home when the bell rang for lunch.After I finishe

37、d lunch,I quickly ran back to school.We used to play in the school playground before the afternoon classes began.When I was at primary school,I studied very simple subjects.The second world war started after I had been at primary school for three years.In 1942,I sat the entrance examination to junio

38、r secondary school.Comments:If looked at purely grammatically,this would score well.If rhetorically it is flat and empty.It is merely to illustrate sentence patterns.Without the details,the paragraph is repetitive,shallow and monotonous.2.However,by being so long in the lowest form I gained an immen

39、se advantage over the cleverer boys.They all went to learn Latin and Greek and splendid things like that.But I was taught English.We were considered such dunces that we could learn only English.Mr.Somervell-a most delightful man,to whom my debt was great-was charged with the duty of teaching the stu

40、pidest boys the most disregarded thing-namely,to write mere English.He knew how to do it.He taught it as no one else has ever taught it.Not only did we learn English parsing thoroughly,but we also practiced continually English analysis.Mr.Somervell had a system of his own.(to be continued)He took a

41、fairly long sentence and broke it up into its components by means of black,red,blue and green inks.Subject,Verb,Object,Relative clauses,Conditional Clauses,Conjunctive and Disjunctive Clauses!Each had its colour and its bracket.It was a kind of drill.We did it almost daily.As I remained in the Third

42、 Fourth(Beta)three times as long as anyone else,I had three times as much of it.I learned it thoroughly.Thus I got into my bones the essential structure of the ordinary British sentence-which is a noble thing.-Winston Churchill:My Early LifeComments:It is also about school life.Note the level of det

43、ail,the liveliness of the writing,and the clear enthusiasm for what was a“despised subject”.Cicero,the great Roman orator and statesman,put it well when he wrote:“People do not praise an orator for correct grammar.They only laugh at him if his grammar is bad.”So try to maintain good grammar while st

44、riving for rhetorical excellence.What we learn in English rhetoric:Rhetoric provides us with guidelines for the best choice of words,for the best choice of sentence construction,for appropriate use of various figures of speech.The importance of learning English RhetoricRhetoric is a humanistic disci

45、pline which enables us to understand those choices and the processes of communication by which we make them.Learning English is for the main purpose of effective communication,which results from a good command of language in listening,speaking,reading,writing and translation.We should note the follo

46、wing essential points:In our choice of words,we must pay attention to their meaning,sound,and context of use.When writing sentences,we must consider their structure,length,and cohesion.Figures of speech are an important part of our writing armory(宝库).Look at the following pairs of sentences:We live

47、in a small country cottage.We have two small children.In this pair,the adjective“small”merely states objectively the size of the cottage or the age of the children.There is no“color of feeling”present.Oh,what a charming little cottage!Oh,what lovely little children they are!In this pair,on the other

48、 hand,we have“color of emotion”.There is a clear indication that the speaker likes the cottage and the children.“Little”could have been used in the first pair,but“small”could not have been used in the second.The context demands the choice of the“colored”word“little”.E.g.a.China has an area of 9.6 mi

49、llion square kilometers,in striking contrast to the United Kingdom,which is one fortieth as big.b.China has an area of 9.6 million square kilometers.The United Kingdom has an area of about 250,000 square kilometers.b)is perhaps more straightforward and economical,but if our purpose were to contrast

50、the areas of the two countries,we might prefer a),with its explicit contrast and its treatment of the contrasted elements within the same sentence.However,there is no inherent problem with short sentences such as those in b).Indeed,they can be used effectively in both literature and in factual writi