高中英语一轮复习 高中定语从句详细讲解.docx

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1、高中英语定语从句专题（一）定义及相关术语1. 定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。【注意】what和how不能引导定语从句2. 先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。关系代词：that, which, who, whom, whose, as3. 关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系副词：when, where, why关系词分类4. 关系词通常有下列三个作用：A、引导定语从句；B、代替先行词；C、在定语从句中担当一个成分。例如：The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman

2、. 分析：该句中，who is shaking hands with my father 是定语从句，修饰先行词the man， “who”是引导定语从句的关系词，代替先行词the man，在定语从句中作主语。（二）关系代词引导的定语从句1who 指人，在定语从句中作主语、宾语（可省）或表语。 The boys who are playing football are from Class One. Those who want to go to the museum must be at the school gate at 7 tomorrow morning. He is the guy

3、 (who) I often play with.2whom 指人，在定语从句中只做宾语，常可省略。 Mr. Liu is the person ( whom ) you talked about on the bus. The professor ( whom ) you are waiting for has come. The girl ( whom ) the teacher often praises is our monitor. 【注意】关系代词whom 在口语或非正式文体中常可用who 来代替，也可省略。 The man ( whom / who )you met just n

4、ow is my old friend.3which 指物，在定语从句中做主语、宾语（可省）或表语。 Football is a game which is liked by most boys. The factory which makes computers is far away from here. This is the pen ( which ) he bought yesterday. The film ( which ) they went to see last night was not interesting at all. 4that 指人时，相当于who 或whom

5、；指物时，相当于which.。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。 The number of people that / who come to visit this city each year reaches one million. Where is the man that / whom I saw this morning? The person that /whom you introduced to me is very kind. The season that / which comes after spring is summer. Yesterday I rec

6、eived a letter that / which came from Australia. 5Whose 指人/物，在定语从句中做定语。 I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country. He has a friend whose father is a doctor. 【注意】指物时：whose + n. = the + n. of which或of which + the + n.指人时：whose + n. = the + n. of whom或of whom + the + n. The classro

7、om whose door is broken will soon be repaired.=The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired. Do you like the boy whose mother is a doctor?=Do you like the boy the mother of whom is a doctor? 【总结】作主语作宾语作定语人who/thatwho/that/whomwhose物that/which（三）“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常

8、常由“介词+关系代词”引出。 The school (which / that) he once studied in is very famous.=The school in which he once studied is very famous. This is the boy (whom / who / that) I played tennis with yesterday.=This is the boy with whom I played tennis with yesterday. Well go to hear the famous singer (whom / who

9、/ that) we have often talked about.=Well go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked. The manager whose company I work in pays much attention to improving our working conditions.=The manager in whose company I work pays much attention to improving our working conditions.【注意】1. 含有介词的

10、短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如：look for, look after, take care of 等。 This is the watch (which / that) I am looking for. () This is the watch for which I am looking. () The babies (whom / who / that) the nurse is looking after are very healthy. () The babies after whom the nurse is looking are very healthy

11、. (). 若介词放在关系代词前关系代词指人时只可用whom，不可用who, that；关系代词指物时只可用which，不可用that。关系代词是所有格时用whose。 The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour. () The man with that / who you talked just now is my neighbour. () The plane in which we flew to Canada was really comfortable. () The plane in that we flew to

12、Canada was really comfortable. ()3. 关系代词前介词的确定(1). 依据定语从句中动词或形容词的习惯搭配来确定 The fellow to whom I spoke made no answer at first. (speak to) The West Lake, for which Hangzhou is famous, is a beautiful place. (be famous for)(2). 根据先行词来确定Ill never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the co

13、untry. (during the time)(3). 根据所表达的意思来确定Air, without which man cant live, is really important. (live without)4. “介词+关系代词”前还可有some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few等代词或者数词。 He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. In the basket there are quite many apples, s

14、ome of which have gone bad. There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities. Up to now, he has written ten stories, three of which are about country life. 5. “复合介词短语关系代词which”引导的定语从句，其从句部分常与先行词用逗号隔开，且从句部分常用倒装语序。He lived in a big house, in front of which stood a big tre

15、e.6. “介词which/whom不定式”结构The poor man has no house in which to live.The poor man has no house to live in.The poor man has no house in which he can live.（四）关系副词引导的定语从句1. when 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。 I still remember the day when I first came to this school. The time when we got together finally arrived. Octo

16、ber 1, 1949 was the day when the Peoples Republic of China was founded. Do you remember the years when he lived in the countryside with his grandparents? 2. where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。 Shanghai is the city where I was born. The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down. I visited the farm wh

17、ere a lot of cows were raised. Is this the place where they fought the enemy? 【注意】一些抽象地点名词后，如：situation, position, point, case, activity, stage, level, degree, relationship等，常用where引导定语从句。 He got into a situation where it is hard to decide what is right and what is wrong. we have reached a point whe

18、re a change is needed. Those deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity where sight matters more than hearing. Remember that the best relationship is one where your love for each other is greater than your need for each other.3. why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。 Please tell me the reason why you missed the p

19、lane. The reason why he was punished is unknown to us. I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today. 【注意】关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。如：when表时间的介词(in, on, at, during等)which。where表地点的介词(如in, at, on, under等)which；why表原因的介词(如for)which。 From the years when / in which he was going to primary

20、school in the country he had known what he wanted to be when he grew up. 自从他在农村读小学时，他就已经知道长大后要做什么。 Great changes are taking place in the city where / in which they live. 他们生活的城市正发生巨大的变化。 The reason why / for which he refused the invitation is quite clear. 他为什么拒绝接受邀请的原因是十分明了的。（五）限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定从

21、非限制性定从形式上不用“,”与主句隔开用“，”与主句隔开意义上是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删除，主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整只是对先行词的补充说明，如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思翻译上的通常译成主句的并列句关系词的使用上A作宾语时可省略 B可用that C可用who 代替whomA不可省略 B不用that C不可用who 代替whom限制性定语从句： The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on. China is a country which has a long history. In th

22、e street I saw a man who was from Africa. 非限制性定语从句： His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him. 他妈妈十分地爱他，对他要求很严格。 China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful. 中国是1949年成立的， 现在正变得越来越强大。 Last summer I visited the Peoples Great Hall, in which many important meetings

23、 are held every year. 去年夏天，我参观了人民大会堂，在那儿每年都要举行许多重要会议。（六）定语从句难点解析（1）限制性定语从句中只能用that, 不能用which的情况1. 当先行词是everything, anything, nothing, something, all, none, few, little, some等不定代词时，或当先行词受every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等代词修饰时 Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li said? There seems to

24、 be nothing that is impossible to him in the world. All that can be done has been done. There is little that I can do for you. He stayed in the library and looked up any information that they needed. 【注意】当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who Any man that / who has a sense of duty wont do such a thing. All the guests

25、 that / who were invited to her wedding were important people. 2当先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时 The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. This is the best film that I have ever seen. 3当先行词被the very, the only, the just修饰时 This is the very dictionary that I want to buy. After the fire in his hou

26、se, the old car is the only thing that he owns. 注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词whoWang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting. 4当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时 Who is the man that is standing by the gate? Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 5当先行词既有人又有物时 They talked about the persons and t

27、hings that they remembered at school Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street. 6. 关系代词在从句中作表语时China is not the country that she is used to be.【注意】在以下情况中，只能用which，不能用that。(1) 在非限制性定语从句中，如从句中缺少主语或宾语指物，只能用which。Our football team won the final, which made us excited.(2) 关系代词充当介词的宾语，

28、且介词位于关系代词之前时，只能用which。The house in which I used to live has become a shoe shop.（2）关系代词as和which 引导的定语从句的区别1. as 和which 引导非限制性定语从句时A. as 和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语，代表前面整个句子。如： He married her, as / which was natural. 他跟她结婚了，这是很自然的事。 He is honest, as / which we can see. 他很诚实， 这一点我们看得出来。B. 位置不同as 引导的非限制性定语从句可

29、以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至还可以分割主句which 引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后 As is known to all, China is a developing country. He is from the south, as we can know from his accent. John, as you know, is a famous writer. Zhang Hua has been to Paris more than ten times, which I dont believe. C. 意义不同as常译作“正如，像”，多用于下列习惯用语中：as anyb

30、ody can see正如人人都能看到的那样；as is well knownas is known to all众所周知；as we had expected 正如我们所预料的那样；as (it) often happens正如经常发生的那样；as is often the case正如经常发生的那样；as has been said before如上所述；as is mentioned above正如上面提到的；as I remember (it)正如我所记得的那样。which常译作“这一点，这件事”，此时指前面主句所提到的那件事。如： He opposed the idea, as co

31、uld be expected. 不出所料，他反对这个意见。 Tom has made great progress, which makes his parents very happy. 汤姆进步很大，这使他父母很高兴。D. 用法不同 当非限制性定语从句是否定句或表示否定时只能用which。如：He came here very late, which was unexpected (not expected) 当as在句中作主语时，后常接动词的被动语态。如：be known, be said, be reported等。如果从句中动词是主动语态，一般用which作主语。如：She has

32、 been absent again, as is expected.2. 在限制性定语从句中，当先行词受so, such, the same 修饰时，关系词常用as Ive never heard such stories as he tells. 我从未听过象他讲的这样的故事。 He is not such a fool as he looks. 他可不象他看上去的那样傻。 This is the same dictionary as I lost last week. 这部词典跟我上星期丢失的一样。【注意1】当先行词受the same 修饰时，偶尔也用 that引导定语从句，但与as引导

33、的定语从句意思有区别。如： She wore the same dress that she wore at Marys wedding. 她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的同一条连衣裙。 She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore. 她穿着跟她妹妹所穿的一样的连衣裙。【注意2】such.as.中的as引导的是定语从句，而such.that.中的that引导的是结果状语从句。当as引导定语从句时，as在从句中一般作主语或宾语，而that引导结果状语从句时，that在从句中不作任何成分。 This is such a difficult prob

34、lem as all of us cant work out. This is such a difficult problem that all of us cant work it out.（3）way和time后接定语从句的情况。1. 当先行词是way(意为“方式、方法”，且关系词在定语从句中作状语)时，引导定语从句的关系词可以是that, in which或省略。如： The way (that / in which ) he answered the questions was surprising. I dont like the way (that / in which) you

35、 laugh at her. 2. 先行词是time时，若time作“次数”讲，应用关系代词that引导定语从句，that可省略；若time作“一段时间，时代”讲，应用关系副词when或“介词at/duringwhich”引导定语从句。如： This is the first time (that) I have talked with a foreigner face to face. There was a time when I hated going to school.（4）关系代词与关系副词的选择 用关系代词还是关系副词引导定语从句主要看关系词在定语从句中的作用（即所担当的成分）。

36、试比较： I know a place where we can have a picnic. I know a place which / that is famous for its beautiful natural scenery. I will never forget the days when we spent our holidays together. I will never forget the days that / which we spent together. This is the reason why he was dismissed. This is the

37、 reason that / which he explained to me for his not attending the meeting. （5）定语从句中的主谓一致1. 关系代词在从句中作主语是，其谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致 The student who is from JXFLS was admitted into Peking University. Do you know the students who are dancing over there?2. 先行词为 the only (one) of + 名词复数，关系词在定从中作主语时，从句谓语用单数先行词为

38、one of + 名词复数，关系词在定从中作主语时，从句谓语用复数 He is the only one of students that likes playing soccer. She is one of the students who are late.3. one of which在从句中作主语时，从句谓语用单数There are many kinds of energy, one of which is nuclear energy.（6）定语从句与同位语从句的区别1定语从句修饰限定先行词，它与先行词是修饰关系；同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，它与先行词是同位关系。 The pl

39、ane that has just taken off is for Paris. （定语从句） The fact that he has already died is quite clear. （同位语从句）2定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导，关系词在从句中担当相应的句子成分，关系代词在从句中作宾语时经常可省略。同位语从句主要由连词that引导，在从句中一般不担当成分；有时也由where, when, how, who, whether, what 等连词引导，这些连词则在从句中担当成分。试比较： The news that he told me is true. （定语从句） The n

40、ews that he has just died is true. （同位语从句） The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money. (定语从句) The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve. （同位语从句） The question that he raised puzzled all of us.（定语从句） The question whether he is sure to win the game i

41、s hard to answer. （同位语从句） 3同位语从句与先行词一般可以用动词be发展成一个完整的句子, 而定语从句则不能。如： The fact that the earth moves around the sun is known to all. （同位语从句） The fact is that the earth moves around the sun. () Pay attention to the problem how we can protect the wild animals. （同位语从句） The problem is how we can protect t

42、he wild animals. () Pay attention to the problem that I told you yesterday. （定语从句） The problem is that I told you yesterday. () The plane that has just taken off is for Paris. （定语从句） The plane is that has just taken off. ()一基础过关1. This is the best factory _we visited last year.A. whereB. whichC. in

43、whichD. that2. Is this the factory _ computers are built? A. that B. which C. in which D. in that3. Is this the factory _ we visited last year? A. which B. around that C. whom D. the one4. Is this factory _ we visited last year? A. which B. around that C. whom D. the one5. Please pass me the diction

44、ary _cover is red.A. of which the B. its C. which D. which of6. The man _ has arrived.A. whom I told you B. that I told youC. whom I told you about him D. I told you about7. They visited the house _ the great writer was born. A. from where B. in which C. which D. in where8. He asked us to carefully

45、watch everything _ he did in class. A. who B. that C. what D. where9. Ill visit the professor tomorrow, _ he will be back from Shanghai. A. who B. that C. when D. which10. English is a fixed-word-order language _ each phrase has a fixed position. A. where B. at where C. for which D. at which11. China has many islands, _ the largest is Taiwan. A. in which B. at which C. which