高中英语词汇辨析系列I部讲义.docx

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1、l355 Ihave a lot to say这种句型中的不定式作定语，修饰前面的名词，该名词与不定式通常有动宾关系。I have a lot to say.我有很多话要说。I have some good news to tell you.我有些好消息要告诉你。You have nothing to worry about.你没有什么可担心的。She has no pen to write with.她没有钢笔写字。Here are some reference books (for you) to choose from.这里有些参考书(供你)选择。比较I have a lot of cl

2、othes to wash.我有许多衣服要洗。I have a lot of clothes to be washed.我有许多衣服要别人洗。356Ithink/feel it+形容词/名词+不定式本句型中的it作形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面的不定式。这种结构的形容词或名词作宾语补足语。I think it easy to build a bridge over the river.我认为在这条河上建一座桥是很容易的。I feel it difficult to translate the novel intoChinese.我感到把这本书译成汉语很困难。I dont think it poss

3、ible to finish the work ahead of schedule.我认为提前完成工作是不可能的I feel it my duty to help those in trouble.我认为自己有责任帮助那些处于困境的人们。Do you find it easy to please all the people all thetime？你认为让所有的人永远满意是可能的吗？357 idea, conception和thought1idea意为“主意，念头，思想”，常用词，可用来指各种思维活动，并有understanding(理解)，knowledge(了解)等含义。作“主意”解时，

4、idea为可数名词。Thats a good idea.那是一个好主意。I have got a wonderful idea.我有一个好主意。He is a man full of ideas.他这个人满脑子主意。2 have the idea of sth./doing sth.表示“有想法，产生的念头，知道”，后跟动名词时，of可省。She has the idea (of) becoming a singer. 她有当歌唱家的想法。She has the idea to become a singer.误I have some idea of what happened then.当时

5、发生的情况我知道一些。Have you any idea (of) travelling abroad?你有去国外旅行的想法吗？ have no idea of sth.表示“不知道”，后可跟名词、代词或what从句等。跟what从句时of可省。have no idea (不知道)后可跟that从句。I have no idea of it.我不知道这件事。He has no idea (of)what she said at themeeting.他不知道她在会上说了什么。提示idea构成的常用短语：form an idea of 产生的想法not have any/slightest id

6、ea不知道 conception指理性的概括能力，表示“概念的形成，思想的构成，观念，看法”。The plan is very imaginative in conception.这个计划的构想极具想象力。 thought指应用知识，经过推理或思考而形成的思想，这种思想是比较系统的，且比较抽象。His book contains great and lofty thoughts.他的书中有着伟大崇高的思想。358identical,similar, true和duplicate1identical侧重在全同，无异；similar则有小差异，相似，如相似三角形(角度相等，边长却不一样)。Thes

7、e are identical triangles.这些是全等的三角形。The two pictures are similar in some ways.这两幅画在某些方面相似。2true意为“真实的，准确的”，有所有的共同特点，内容一样，形式不一定一样。I got a true version of the novel.我弄到了那部小说的复制本。 duplicate表示复制过程之后的完全一样的东西。She gave me a duplicate key to her front door.她给了我一把开她家前门所配的钥匙。359 ignorant,be ignorant of,illite

8、rate和uneducated ignorant指缺乏或不了解一般或某方面的知识，有愚昧的含义。be ignorant of/about表示“对无知”。He was ignorant of the traffic rules here.他不懂这儿的交通规则。She was very young, and ignorant of what life really is.她很年轻，不懂得什么是真正的人生。The woman was ignorant about those people round her husband.这位妇女对她丈夫周围的那些人全然不了解。2illiterate指“文盲的”，

9、即不具备学习书本知识所需的读写能力。He was an illiterate man.他目不识丁。(他是文盲。)3 uneducated指未受过学校的系统教育或未学过书本中的系统知识，有“文化素质差”的含义。Many people who have been to school areuneducated.许多进过学校的人并没有受过良好的教育。360 ignore, neglect和shrug off以壮是lanore指主要明知有那么回事，却故意不了ignore personal danger 不顾个人安危neglect表示因粗心而注意不够或不加关心。He neglected the traf

10、fic light and almost had anaccident.他忽视了红绿灯，差点酿成车祸。3shrug off表示“不予理会”，是指对别人的建议、评论和行为的反应，不以为然，拒绝接受，耸耸肩膀，但不一定说什么。His mother reminded him again and again of the traffic light but he shrugged it off.他母亲反复提醒他注意红绿灯，但他就是听不进去。361 ill,sick，sickly和diseased1 ill表示“生病的”，多用于fall/become/betaken ill(生病)，beill(病了)中

11、。2sick在美式英语中表示“生病的”，也表示“欲呕吐的”。He has been ill for a year.(英式英语)=He has been sick for a year.(美式英语)他病了已有一年之久。The smell made me ill.误The smell made me sick. 这味道令我作呕。3 sick可表示“厌恶的”，用于be sick of，相当于be tired of,be fed up with, be bored with。I am sick of his arrogance.他的傲慢令我厌恶。Im sick of listening to her

12、complaints.我对她的抱怨都听厌了。提示 sick表示“生病的”时，可作定语。The sick man is lying in bed.病人躺在床上。2作定语表示“坏的，丑的”等。Ill news spread far.恶事传千里。He has an ill temper.他脾气坏。前有副词修饰时，表示“病的”，l可作定语。They are mentally ill people.他们是精神病患者。 sickly是指“老病号的，常病的”，作表语、定语都可以。a sickly child一个久病的孩子 diseased是因感染或机能失调而得病，作定语和表语都可以。The doctor r

13、emoved the patients diseased leftlung.医生摘除了病人病变的左肺。362 imaginable，imaginary和imaginativeimaginable可以想象得到的。This is the best means imaginable.这是能想象到的最好的办法。You can create anything imaginable by usingcomputers.使用计算机能够创造出任何能想象出的东西。2 imaginary虚构的，假想的。All the characters in this book are imaginary. 本书中的所有人物都

14、是虚构的。3 imaginative富有想象力的，运用想象力的。He is an imaginative child.他是一个富有想象力的孩子。The examinerwas looking for imaginativeanswers.主考人希望找到具有想象力的答卷。363 imagine, guess和suppose imagine是及物动词，意为“想象，设想，料想”，结构为：imagine (sb.) doing sth.imagine sb./oneself+补足语(名词，分词，不定式)imagine sb./oneself asimaqine+that从句imagine+what从句

15、We can hardly imagine life without electricity.我们很难想象没有电生活会怎么样。I cant imagine living such a life.我无法设想过这样的生活。Can you imagine her becoming a driver?你能想象她当了汽车司机吗？He likes to imagine himself a writer.他喜欢想象自己是个作家。Imagine yourself to be on a lonely island.想象一下你自己在一个荒岛上。He imagined himself as manager of t

16、he company.他把自己想象为公司的经理。I imagine that he wont be able to come.我料想他不能来了。I cant imagine who the man is.我想象不出这人是谁。 imagine,guess和suppose都可表示“猜想”，但有区别。imagine指没有事实根据，凭主观想象或主观料想；guess指未作认真思考而猜想或猜测；suppose指根据某些事实进行推测。比较I used to imagine that he was a tall and thin man.我以前猜想他是个又高又瘦的人。I guess the stone wei

17、ghs about 150 jin.我猜那块石头大约重150斤。I suppose he is right.我想他是对的。364 immediately, instantly和presently1immediately指中间没有明显可察的时间间隔。Please close your books immediately and answer the questions.请立即合上书，回答问题。2 instantly恰在此刻，一秒钟也没有耽搁。The driver was killed instantly.司机当即就死了。3 presently不久，即将。Iwill do the dishes p

18、resently,but I want to finish (reading)the story first.我马上就洗盘子，不过我得先把这个故事读完。immediately还可用作连词，意思上相当于assoon as, the moment。We left the bar immediately the clock struckeleven.时钟敲11点的时候我们离开了酒吧。The children ran off immediately they saw the owner of the garden.孩子们一看见花园的主人就跑开了。365 improve用法难点improve可以用作及物

19、动词和不及物动词。1 improve用作及物动词，意为“改善，改进，提高”，结构为：improve sth.be improvedIt greatly improved the working conditions.这大大地改善了工作环境。The machine is not good enough; I want to improve it.这部机器还不够好，我要加以改进。His reading ability has been improved.他的阅读能力已经提高。2 improve用作不及物动词，表示“好转，提高”。Ihope her health is improving.我希望她的

20、健康状况在好转。Their life is improving every day.他们的生活在日益提高。Your ability will improve with practice.你的能力将随着实践而提高。3improve on/upon不同于improve。improveon/upon表示创造出新的东西，比原来的东西更好；而improve则表示在原有的基础上加以改进。比较He improved the book.他修改了那本书。(一本书)He improved on the book.他写了一本比那本书更好的书。(两本书)366 in a way和in the way1.0in a w

21、ay在某方面，一定程度上，从某种观点来看。In away I agree with you.我在一定程度上同意你的看法。 be/get/stand in the way妨碍，影响。I couldnt get through the gate because your car was in the way.我无法从这里过去，因为你的汽车挡住了路。Her social activities got in the way of her studies.她的社会活动影响了她的学习。367 in case of 和in the case of in case of如果发生；如遇到时候(ifshould

22、happen, ifshould occur)。In case of my absence he will take my place.如果我不在，他会代替我的。You must be calm in case of danger.遇到危险，你必须镇静。2 in the case of关于，就而言(as far asconcerned)。These regulations do not apply in the case of non-members.至于非会员，这些章程不适用。In the case of my family, friendship is considered more va

23、luable than anything else.在我全家人看来，友谊比什么都珍贵。368 in course,in course of和inthe course of in course表示“依次，按正规顺序”。You will receive the other numbers of themagazine in course.别期的杂志你会逐期收到的。The next meeting is in course to be held in Nanjing next spring.按顺序下次会议定于明年春天在南京举行。in course of表示“正在之中，在的过程中”，作表语。The m

24、useum is now in course of construction.博物馆正在建造之中。in/during the course of表示“在之际，在期间，在过程中”，强调时间，作状语。In the course of my tour through Europe, I saw many strange sights. 我在欧洲旅行时，看到许多奇异的景色。They met with a lot of difficulties in the course of their investigations.在调查的过程中，他们遇到了许多困难。369 in doing和on doing1in

25、 doing意为“在做某事时”，in相当于when或while。In walking past the library, I met ProfessorWang.我路过图书馆时，碰见了王教授。(=When I was walking)In reading a collection of poems in my study,I heard a bird twittering outside the window.我在书房里读一本诗集时，听到窗外有一只鸟在叫。(=WhileI was reading)2 on doing意为“一就”，on相当于assoon as,immediately。On ar

26、riving there,we all set to enthusiastically.我们一到那里马上就干劲十足地干了起来。(=Assoon as we arrived there)On hearing “help”, he rushed out.他一听到呼救声就冲了出去。提示on doing 也可表示“在的时候”。On turning the corner,she saw a skyscraper.拐过街角，她看见了一幢摩天大楼。370in drink, in the drink和on the drink1 in drink表示“喝醉”。He was in drink last night

27、.他昨晚喝醉了。 in the drink表示“在河里，在湖里，在海里”，用于口语。They threw him in the drink.他们把他扔进了水里。on the drink表示“酗酒，嗜酒”。He was dismissed, for he was on the drink everyday.由于每天酗酒，他被开除了。371 in extremes和in the extreme in extremes表示“陷入绝境，极端贫困，濒于死亡”，相当于in extremities，常作表语。Many people there are still in extremes.那里的许多人依然极度

28、贫困。The emperor was in extremes.皇帝即将驾崩。2 in the/an extreme表示“非常地，极度地”，常作状语。The news is annoying in the extreme.这消息十分令人不快。Your proposal is wonderful in the extreme.你的建议好极了。提示to the/an extreme也可表示“非常地，极度地”。372 in fashion和in a fashion1 in (the)fashion表示“时髦的，合时尚的，流行的”，作表语，指时尚、服装等。This sort of shirt is ve

29、ry much in fashion thissummer.这种衬衫今夏非常时兴。The custom is no longer in fashion.这个风俗不流行了。作我器tnlater a feshion表示“勉强，马马虎虎，She speaks English in a fashion.她马马虎虎能说点英语。She plays the violin after afashion.她勉强会拉一点小提琴。373in front, in front of, in the front of和at the front of1 in front是副词短语，意为“在前面”，用作状语，和go，run，

30、walk等连用。He walked in front.他走在前面。Who ran in front in the match?比赛中谁跑在前面？ in front of+名词/代词是介词短语，表示“在前面”，指在某一范围外的前面，往往要有一个对照物，反义词是behind。There is a tall tree in front of the classroom.教室前面有一棵大树。She ran in front of me.她跑在我的前面。提示before也可表示“在的前面”，有时可同infront of换用。She sat in front of me.她坐在我前面。=She sat b

31、efore me. in/at the front of+名词/代词是介词短语，表示“在的前部，在的最突出部位”，指在某一范围内的前部，反义词是at the back of。The driver sat in the front of the bus.司机坐在汽车的前部。There is a picture in the front of the book.书前面有一幅画。(书内)比较The teacher is standing in front of theclassroom.老师站在教室前面。(教室的外面，门口)The teacher is standing in the front o

32、f theclassroom.老师站在教室前面。(教室内的前面，讲台上)4at the front of表示“在的前端，在的前面近处”。There is a pond at the front of the house.房屋前面附近有一个池塘。374 in future, in the future和forthe future in future意为“从今以后”，相当于from nowon，是与过去相对照。Try to be more careful in future.今后要更细心。In future, say less and do more.今后要少说多做。 in the future意

33、为“将来，今后时期”，不一定从今天开始，相当于in time yet to come，指全部的将来。Things will be better in the future.将来一切都会好起来的。No one can know what will happen in the future.没有人会知道将来会发生什么事。 for the future意为“今后，就未来而论，为了将来”，表示“今后”时，可同in the future换用。They are studying hard for the future.他们在为将来而勤奋学习。Try to be more careful with your

34、 pronunciation for the future.今后要更加注意你的发音。For the future,you should do more reading andwriting.今后，你应该多读多写。375 in number和in (great/large) numbers1 in number在数量上。They exceed us in number.他们人数比我们多。Applicants are few in number.申请者寥寥无几。in(great/large)numbers数目多，大量地。Elephants are here in numbers.这里的大象非常多。

35、Visitors came in great numbers.游客大量涌来。376 in ones best, at (the) best和at ones best1.0in ones best穿着最好的衣服(in ones finestclothes)。On Childrens Day, all the bovs and qirls are in their best.在儿童节，所有的男孩和女孩都穿着最好的衣服。2 at (the) best至多，充其量(taking thehopeful view, in the most favorable case)。At best we can do

36、 only half as much as last year.我们至多只能完成去年的一半任务。I can donate one hundred dollars at best.我充其量只能捐100美元。 at ones best最佳状态，极盛时期(in onesprime)。Most athletes are at their best during their earlymanhood.大多数运动员在成人初期时达到巅峰状态。The days when she was at her best were gone.她的极盛时期已成为过去。377in order to,so as to和inor

37、der that 都可表示目的，意为“为了，以便” in order to+动词原形和so as to+动词原形都可以放在句中。She got up early in order to/so as to/catch the firstbus.她早早起了床，以便赶上头班车。The doctors gave her a general checkup so as to/in order to find out the cause of her illness.医生给她做了全身检查，以便找出她的病因。2 in order to可放在句首，而so as to则不可。In order to win th

38、e watch,they practised hard.为了赢得比赛，他们刻苦训练。In order to get good results,we ought to do our best to study the lessons.为了获得好成绩，我们应尽最大努力学好课程。3so as to可分开用，而in order to则不可。The teacher spoke so slowly as to be understood by the students.老师说得很慢，以便学生能听得懂。The policeman ran so fast as to catch the robber.那位警察

39、跑得很快，以便能抓住抢劫犯。 so as to有否定形式 so as not to，而in orderto则没有。She went in quietly so as not to wake the baby.她轻轻地进去，以免把婴儿吵醒。He started early so as not to be bate.他早早动了身，以免迟到。 in order that后跟从句，引导目的状语从句，相当于so that，句中谓语常含有can，may,might，could等情态动词。I lent her some money in order that she could go for a holid

40、ay.我借给了她一些钱，以便她能去度假。He saved much money in order that he might buyacar.他存了许多钱，以便能买辆车。提示如果 in order that所引导的从句主语同主句主语一致，可以转换为inorder to+动词原形结构。我们学习知识，这样，我们就能变得聪明起来。We learn in order that we can become wise. =We learn in order to become wise.提示soas to可引导结果状语从句，相当于enoughto。The explosion was so loud as

41、to be heard twenty miles away.爆炸声很大，20英里外都听得见。(=loud enough to be heard)He studied so hard as to catch up with his cdhono tos他，赶上了同学。(=hard378 in place,in ones place和outof place in place表示“在适当的地方，在本来应该在的地方”，常作表语。The books are all in place on the shelves.书架上的书都放在应放的地方。 in ones place表示“代替某人”，相当于inplac

42、e of sb.。(还可以表示在适当位置上。)The manager is away and Ill attend the meeting in his place.经理不在，我将代替他出席会议。(=inplace of the manager)Everything in the room is in its place.房间里的一切都井然有序。(相当于in place) out of place表示“不合适，不协调”，常作表语。Your suggestion is quite out of place.你的建议很不妥当。He felt out of place among the guest

43、s.他在客人中间感到不自在。提示place构成的短语还有：take place 发生，举行take ones place 入座take the place of sb.代替/接替某人379 in principle和on principle in principle表示“原则上，大体上”。Iagree to the proposal in principle.我原则上同意这个建议。They are agreed in principle,but not in detail. 他们大体上意见是一致的，但细节上不一致。2on principle表示“依据原则”。He stands firm on

44、principle.他坚持原则。She always acts on principle.她总是按原则办事。380 in the air, on/over the air, in the open air和by air1 in the air表示“在空中，在传播，(计划等)悬而未决”。He saw some balloons in the air.他看见空中有些气球。Some birds are flying in the air.一些鸟在空中飞行。The news is in the air.这消息在四处传播。His plan is still in the air.他的计划还没确定。2 o

45、n the air或over the air表示“在广播”。The presidents speech has been on the air for twodays.总统的讲话已经广播两天了。The song is often over the air.这首歌曲经常播放。3 in the open air表示“在户外，在露天”。He stayed in the open air last night.他昨晚是在户外度过的。Lets go for a walk in the open air.我们去户外散散步吧。by air表示“乘飞机”，等于by plane。They came by air

46、.他们乘飞机来的。提示in the air表示在距地球较近的天空中，in thesky表示在距地球较远的天空中，一般不可换用。Smoke is rising up in the air.炊烟升上天空。There is no cloud in the sky.天上没有一丝云彩。381 in the charge of,in charge of, on the charge of和under the charge of in the charge of表示“由负责，由照料，受约束于”。The girl was left in the charge of her uncle.那女孩由她叔叔照料。Th

47、e plant is in the charge of Mr.Zhang.这家工厂由张先生经营。 in charge of意为“负责，管理”，含主动义，常与be动词搭配，句中主语可以是人或人构成的单位。An experienced engineer is in charge of theproject.一位有经验的工程师负责这项工程。She was placed in charge of the department 她受命管理这个部门。Their class is in charge of the flowers and trees.他们班负责照管这些花和树木。 on the charge of表示“以罪名判刑”。The man was sentenced on the charge of takingbribes.那人以受贿罪被判了刑。under the charge of表示“在指导下，被管理”，可用in the charge of替换。They did the ex