简明语法系列名词性从句讲义.doc

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1、名词性从句如果一个句子充当另一个句子的组成部分，如主语、宾语、补语、状语、同位语等，具有这样结构的句子称为主从复合句(Complex Sentence)。充当某一成分的句子称为从句，带有从句的句子称为主句。从句对主句的关系是从属关系，之间有一定的连接词加以连接。名词性从句(Noun Clause)能在主从复合句中作主语、表语、宾语、同位语等。主语从句如果一个句子充当句子的主语，称为主语从句(Subject Clause)。1. that引导的主语从句通常以it作先行主语，将that引导的从句置于句末。这类结构一般有以下几类：(1) It+be+形容词+that从句。这类形容词常有clear,

2、obvious, likely, true, probable, possible等，也可以把that从句置于句首。(2) 例如：It is obvious that he misunderstood me.That he misunderstood me is obvious.他显然误解了我。It is true that the college will take in more new students this year.That the college will take in more new students this year is true. 今年这所大学将招收更多的新生是真

3、的。(2) It + be + said/believed/reported/hoped/announced/knownthat从句It is believed that Indians were the first settlers in the Americas.一般认为印第安人是美洲大陆最早的居民。It is well known that the earliest people used sticks and stone tools in hunting animals.众所周知，最早期的人类在捕猎动物时使用棍棒和石制工具。(3)It + seems/happens/appears+t

4、hat从句It appears that the picture has been hung upside down.这幅画好像挂倒了。It happened that this type of air-conditioner had been sold out.这种空调机恰好售完。(4)It+be+名词+that从句It is accepted belief that wind is air in movement.普遍认为风是流动的空气。It is a pity that he failed to get full marks because of a mistake in calcula

5、tion.可惜他由于一个计算错误没有得满分。2. wh-疑问词引导的主语从句wh-疑问词如whether,what、who、where.when，why等引导的主语从句可以位于句首，也可以用it作先行词的结构。注意这类主语从句采用陈述句语序。例如：Who will be our new director hasnt been decided.It hasnt been decided who will be our new director.谁当我们的新厂长尚未决定。What causes this strange phenomenon remains unknown. It remains

6、unknown what causes this strange phenomenon.什么引起了这个奇怪的现象仍不为人知。Whether a new product sells well depends on its quality. It depends on its quality whether a new product sells well.新产品销路好不好取决于它的质量。表语从句名词性从句在be动词后作表语，称为表语从句(Predicative Clause)1.that引导的表语从句(1)名词主语+be+that从句常用作主语的名词有表示事实、真理的名词fact, truth或

7、表示看法、观点的名词idea， opinion，belief，view,feeling,suggestion，plan。例如：The fact is that I was in the garden when the robbery happened.事实是抢劫发生时我在花园里。One advantage of living in the country is that one can get close to nature.居住在乡村的优点之一是人能接近自然。(2)wh-引导的主语从句+be+that从句What surprised me most was that all the pupi

8、ls were unusually quiet.使我十分惊讶的是所有的学生异乎寻常地安静。What delighted us was that we had succeeded in defending our championship.令我们高兴的是我们卫冕成功。2. wh-疑问词引导的表语从句wh-疑问词引导的表语从句采用陈述句语序。(1)This/That + be + wh-疑问词引导的从句This is how you make the Italian pizza.这是如何做意大利馅饼的方法。Thats why she stopped her own research and joi

9、ned in ours.那是她为什么停止自己的研究而参加我们的研究的原因。(2)名词主语+be + wh-疑问词引导的从句The trouble is where we can get the things we need.麻烦是我们从何处弄到我们需要的东西。The problem is how scientists can keep in touch with the divers under the sea.问题是科学家怎样才能保持和海下潜水员的联系。同位语从句与先行词同位或同等的从句称为同位语从句(Appositive Clause)。先行词通常为名词如news，fact, conclu

10、sion,hope,decision, belief,promise,truth, report,idea等。同位语从句一般有两类：1. 名词+that引导的从句The fact that his health is failing is not true.他健康状况不佳的情况不是真的。I doubt the report that the ship sank on its first voyage.我怀疑船首航沉没的报道的真实性。2.名词+wh-疑问词引导的从句I have no idea how they were able to get it done in so short a tim

11、e.我不知道他们怎么能在如此短的时间内做完这件事。Have you any idea where they are having a rehearsal?你知道他们在哪里排练？She didnt leave any message where she had gone.她没留下口信去哪儿了。It isnt the question (of) whether we can afford for a holiday. We are too busy at the moment.不是我们有没有钱度假的问题。眼下我们实在太忙。3.同位语从句与定语从句的区别从结构上看，同位语从句的连接词that只起连接

12、作用，在从句中不充当任何成分，而定语从句中的关系代词除连接主句与从句外，还在从句中充当某一成分。试比较：I believed the fact that he was honest.我相信他为人诚实这一事实。(that为同位语从句连接词)I believed the fact that he thought to be true.我相信他认为真实的事实。(that为定语从句关系代词)宾语从句宾语从句(Object Clause)在主从复合句中充当宾语。1. that引导的宾语从句(1)动词+that从句常用动词有hope,hear, see, know, think, suppose, bel

13、ieve, agree, expect, feel, find, guess, mean,promise,learn等。例如：We all agreed that it would be a mistake not to take his advice.我们都认为不听他的意见将是个错误。I hope that you will enjoy your stay here.我希望你在这儿住得愉快。若宾语从句较短，在think，believe， see,know，hear等动词后常可省去that，尤其在口语中。注意动词doubt(怀疑)的否定结构才可后接that从句。例如：(I dont doubt

14、 that he will be against the idea.我毫不怀疑他会反对这一想法。I doubt whether he will be against the idea.我怀疑他是否会反对这一想法。(2)动词+间接宾语+that从句这类动词有tell,inform, explain, remind,warn。例如：He explained to us that he didnt mean any harm to us.他向我们解释他对我们没有任何恶意。She reminded us that the last bus would be at 11:30.她提醒我们最后一班车是十一

15、点三十分。(3)动词+先行词it+形容词或惯用搭配+that从句这类动词有think, consider, find, take for granted, see to, makeknown, makeclear等。例如：He took it for granted that the expenses would be low.他想当然地认为花费将会很低。We think it important that every citizen should have goodmanners.我们认为每个市民有礼貌很重要。2. wh-疑问词引导的宾语从句(1)动词+(间接宾语)+wh-疑问词引导的宾语从

16、这类动词see, know, wonder, show, ask, tell, decide, find out, imagine。例如：She asked what second language I was studying then.她问我在学什么第二语言。I wonder whether/if there is any need to spend so much money on the party.我不知道是否有必要花那么多钱开这个聚会。(2)介词+wh-疑问词引导的宾语从句She will write a book on how young mothers should raise

17、 their babies.她将写一本年轻妈妈如何抚养婴儿的书。The article gives us some idea of why smoking is harmful to health.文章告诉我们为什么抽烟有害于健康。注意that从句作介词宾语只用于except that结构：I know nothing about the man except that he is an Italian.除了他是个意大利人之外，我对此人的情况一无所知。形容词+名词性从句这种结构用于be动词后作主语补语。也有语法学家将that从句作状语从句。本书将它作为一种结构加以讨论。这类形容词为表示情感心理

18、或确信意义的形容词如certain，afraid,sure, anxious, worried, surprised, happy, disappointed等。句子主语为表示人的名词或代词，有两种句型：1.be+形容词+that引导的从句We are certain (that) we will do well in English writing.我们确信我们能学好英语写作。He was disappointed that Carol was in love with another boy.他很失望卡罗尔和另一个男孩谈恋爱。2. be+not+形容词+ wh-疑问词引导的从句We wer

19、e not certain who would be left in charge of the class.我们不能确定谁负责我们班级。He is not sure whether all these girls will become air hostesses.他不能肯定这些女孩子是否都能成为空中乘务员。名词性从句中what与that的使用在名词性从句(主语、表语、宾语、同位语从句)中，what除作连接词外，同时在从句中充当某一成分，如作主语、宾语或定语，而that仅作连接词，在从句中不充当任何成分。例如：That Philip starred in the movie delighte

20、d his parents.菲利浦在影片中演主角使他的父母很高兴。What role the movie star played in the movie interested the news reporters. 明星在影片中演什么角色使记者很感兴趣。My idea is that everybody must do something to improve the environment.我的看法是人人必须为改善环境做点什么。That is what we can do to improve the environment.那是我们能为改善环境所做的事。I can imagine tha

21、t the photo show will be a great success. 我能想象摄影展将会很成功。I cant imagine what movies will be shown during the movie festival.我不能想象电影展会放什么片子。His promise that the flight would be safe calmed the passengers. 他的飞行将会很安全的承诺使乘客安定下来。I have no idea what he will say in his presentation.我不知道他在发言中会说些什么。注意当what在名词性

22、从句中充当主语的情况。例如：The fishing village ten years ago has now developed into what is known as a university city.十年前的渔村现在已发展成著名的大学城。High-rises have been put up in what was once a wasteland.在曾经是一片荒地上建起了高层。After what seemed a long wait, it was my turn to get interviewed.经过似乎是漫长的等待，轮到我接受面试。What is important t

23、o him is not necessarily important to me.对他重要的不一定对我重要。whoever, whatever,whichever引导的名词性从句这些词引导的名词性从句相当于带有后置定语从句的名词词组，如whoever=anyone who“任何的人”，whatever = anything that“任何的事或物”, whichever =any one which“的一个，随便哪一个”。它们引导的名词性从句可以作主语和宾语。例如：Whatever he had (= Anything that he had) was lost in the earthqua

24、ke.他所有的一切在地震中失去了。Whoever wants a ticket for the art exhibition (= Anyone who wants a ticket) may have one.谁想要艺术展览会的票子可以得到一张。Ill just say whatever comes to my mind (= anything that comes to my mind).我想到什么就说什么。The information will be useful to whoever takes over the job (=anyone who takes over the job

25、).这一信息将对任何接任这项工作的人有用。The prize will go to whichever of them (= any of them who) writes the best composition.他们中谁作文写得最好就把奖品发给谁。Take whichever (= any) seat you like.你想坐哪个座位就坐哪个座位。注意whomever为whoever的宾格，但实际使用时(尤在口语中)多用whoever代替whomever。例如：She can employ whoever /whomever she chooses as her secretary.她能雇

26、用她选中的人做秘书。whoever, whatever，whichever引导让步状语从句时相当于no matter who/what/which，但no matter who/what/which不能引导名词性从句。要注意下面的错误：(误)No matter who gives us help is welcome.(正)Whoever gives us help is welcome.任何帮助我们的人会受到欢迎。(误) Ill believe no matter what he says.(正)Ill believe whatever he says.我相信他说的一切。这一用法详见第直接引

27、语与间接引语交际中我们常常需要引述别人说的话，一种是一字不差地直接引用别人的话，放在引号内，称为直接引语(The Direct Speech)，另一种是间接地引述别人的话，称为间接引语(The Indirect Speech)。直接引语转换成间接引语时，句子结构会产生一些变化。1. 句子结构的变化直接引语 间接引语陈述句 say + that从句tell +间接宾语 +that从句ask一般疑问句 wonder whether/if选择疑问句 ask wonder whether.or./or not特殊疑问句 ask wh-疑问词+陈述句语序wonder祈使句 ask/tell/order

28、+ 宾语+(not) to do例如：He said, My father has just returned from abroad.”他说：“我父亲刚从国外回来。”He said that his father had just returned from abroad.他说他父亲刚从国外回来。，He said, “Are you a maths teacher, Mrs. Frost?”他说：“福洛斯特太太，你是数学教师吗？”He asked Mrs. Frost whether/if she was a maths teacher.他问福洛斯特太太她是不是数学教师。She asked,

29、 “Is he leaving today or tomorrow?”她问：“他今天动身还是明天动身？”She wondered whether he was leaving that day or the next day.她不知道他是那天动身还是第二天动身。He asked, How many students are there in this school?”他问：“这个学校有多少学生？”He asked how many students there were in that school.他问那所学校有多少学生。The teacher said, “Stop writing, ch

30、ildren.”老师说：“孩子们，停止书写。”The teacher told the children to stop writing.老师吩咐孩子们停止书写。2.某些特殊句型的结构变化当直接引语为请求、劝告或建议的问句，并非询问某一事实是否属实，那么应用适当的结构把原意准确地转述。例如：He said, Would you do me a favour?”他说：“帮我个忙好吗？”He asked me to do him a favour.他要求我帮他个忙。He said, Why dont you ask him for help?”他说：“为什么不找他帮忙？”He advised me

31、 to ask him for help.他劝我找他帮忙。(He said, “Lets go to see him after school.”他说：“让我们放学后去看他。”He suggested going to see him after school.他建议放学后去看他。He said, “Shall I carry the plates for you?”他说：“我为你搬盘子好吗？”He offered to carry the plates for me.他提出为我搬盘子。感叹句转换为间接引语时可以改为say/remark+ how/what引导的句子或that引导的句子。例如：

32、He said, How happy I am today!”He remarked how happy he was that day!他说他那天很幸福。that he was happy that day.也可以用词组表示。例如：Gook luck!” he said to me.“祝你好运！”他对我说。He wished me good luck.他祝我好运。“Help!”he shouted.“救命！”他大声喊。He called for help.他喊救命。“Fire！” he cried.“着火了！”他高喊。He warned us of the fire.他警告我们着火了。3.人

33、称和代词的变化直接引语 间接引语第一、二人称 第三人称第二人称 第一人称this that, thethese those, the例如：Mary asked, Cathy, have you finished your homework?”玛丽问：“凯茜，你作业做完了吗？”Mary asked Cathy whether she had finished her homework.玛丽问凯茜是否做完了作业。She said to me, “Keep your eyes shut for a while.”她对我说：“闭上眼睛一会儿。”She told me to keep my eyes s

34、hut for a while.她叫我闭上眼睛一会儿。She said, “I will borrow this book.”她说：“我将借这本书。”She said that she would borrow that book.她说她将借那本书。4.谓语动词时态的变化直接引语 间接引语一般现在时 一般过去时现在进行时 过去进行时现在完成时 过去完成时一般将来时 过去将来时例如：He said, “We are playing volleyball on the beach.”他说：“我们在沙滩上打排球。”He said they were playing volleyball on the

35、 beach.他说他们在沙滩上打排球。He said, I have served in the army for two years.”他说：“我在部队服役两年了。”He said that he had served in the army for two years. 他说他在部队服役两年了。She said, “We will settle in Australia.”她说：“我们将在澳大利亚定居”She said that they would settle in Australia.她说他们将在澳大利亚定居。但时态变化并不是绝对的，下列情况可以不变：He said,“Water f

36、reezes at O.”(直接引语为自然真理、谚语等)He said that water freezes at 0.他说水在零摄氏度结冰。,He said, “Columbus discovered America in 1492.”(直接引语有确定的表示过去时间的状语)He said that Columbus discovered America in 1492. 他说哥伦布1492年发现美洲。5.情态动词的变化直接引语 间接引语can couldmay mightmust must 表示推测意义must must/had to 或 would have todare not dare

37、 not/didnt dare toneed not need not/didnt have todidnt need towouldnt have toought to ought to或 should例如：He said, You may keep this book for two weeks.”他说：“这本书你可以借两周。”He said that I might keep that book for two weeks.他说那本书我可以借两周。He said, “Jack must be busy.”他说：“杰克一定很忙。”He said that Jack must be busy

38、.他说杰克一定很忙。She said, “I dare not stay in the room alone.”她说：“我不敢一个人待在房间里。”She said that she dare not/didnt dare to stay in the room alone.她说她不敢一个人待在房间里。，He said,“We must check the car engine.”他说：“我们必须把汽车发动机检查一下。”He said that they must/had to check the car engine. 他说他们必须把汽车发动机检查一下。He said, You ought t

39、o take notes in class.”他说：“上课时你应该记笔记。”He said that I ought to/should take notes in class. 他说上课时我应该记笔记。6.状语的变化直接引语 间接引语today that daythis morning that morningyesterday the day before 或 the previous dayyesterday morning the previous morning或 the morning beforethe day before yesterday two days beforeto

40、morrow the next day 或 the following daythe day after tomorrow in two days time 或two days afternext month the next month 或 the following monthlast week the week beforetwo years ago two years beforenow thenhere there但这也不是绝对的。比较下列各组句子：He said, “I am leaving this morning.”他说：“我今天上午动身。”He said that he was leaving that morning （引述与说话为同一天上午）this morningHe said, “School will begin tomorrow.”他说：“学校明天开学。”He said that school would begin the next day （引述与说话为同一天)tomorrowHe said, “The manager is here.”他说：“经理在这儿。”He said that the manager was there here (引述与说话为同一地点)11学科网（北京）股份有限公司