高中英语语法系列--数词讲义.doc
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1、数词1 基数词数词是表示数目和顺序的词,分为基数词和序数词两种。基数词表示数量,序数词表示顺序。1-1 最基本的基数词下表是英语中最基本的基数词,其他的基数词均由这些词组合成。1 one, 2 two, 3 three,4 four,5第一组 five,6 six,7 seven,8 eight,9nine, 10 ten,11 eleven,12 twelve13 thirteen,14 fourteen,15第二组 fifteen,16 sixteen, 17 seventeen,18 eighteen, 19 nineteen20 twenty,21 twenty-one,30第三组 t
2、hirty, 40 forty,50 fifty,60 sixty,70 seventy,80 eighty,90 ninety100 a/one hundred (百),1, 000 athousand (千),10,000 tenthousand (万),100, 000 one第四组 hundred thousand(十万),1,000,000 one million(百万),10,000,000 ten million(千万),100,000,000 one hundred million(亿),1,000,000, 000 one billion(美、法:千亿;英、德:方花,近年来英
3、国日趋把billion作十亿用),one milliard(十亿)1-2 基数词的构成方法及注意要点1)-teen从13到19的基数词加-teen构成(参见上表第二组)。但要注意,13是thirteen,要把three改为thir+teen, 15是fifteen,要把five改为fif+teen,18是eighteen,省去原来的字母t。2)-ty从20到90的整十位数加-ty构成(参见上表中第三组)。但要注意,40是forty,不是fourty,50是fifty,80是eighty。3)两位数词两位数词的构成方式为:“十位数-个位数”,中间用连字号连接。21twenty-one 33thi
4、rty-three 46forty-six98ninety-eight4)三位数词三位数词的构成方式为:百位+and+十位和个位,百位+and+(无十位)个位。这时,数词“百”一概用单数形式。101one hundred and one355three hundred and fifty-five789seven hundred and eighty-nine提示在美国用法中,这种用法的and往往省略。5)四位数词四位和四位以上的数词依次为:thousand(千),million(百万),billion(十亿)。四位以上的数字每三位数为一段,用逗号分开,从后向前数,用 and连接最后的十位数或
5、个位数,构成方式为:“x thousand, x hundred and 十位和个位”或“x thousand x hundred and个位”。另外,英语中没有“万”一词,表示“万”要用 thousand,如“两万人”要说成twenty thousand people。1, 003a/one thousand and three8, 672 eight thousand six hundred and seventy-two75,795 seventy-five thousand seven hundred and ninety-five577, 826five hundred and se
6、venty-seven thousand eight hundred and twenty-six22, 535, 614 twenty-two million five hundred and thirty-five thousand six hundred and fourteen提示表示具体的确切数目时,hundred, thousand,million后不可加-s。例 如:900名 学 生:nine hundred students (正)nine hundreds students(误)。但如果是表示概指,意为“数百,成千”等,要加-s。例如:成百上千的工人hundreds and
7、thousands of workers,数以万计的图书tens of thousands of books,百万大军thousands of thousands of soldiers2 序数词1)-th个位数的序数词个位数的序数词是在原基数词后加-th。第4fourth第6sixth第7seventh第10tenth但要注意,有六个个位序数词是不规则的,或是有特殊形式,或是字母有变动,它们是:第1fitst第2second第3third第5fifth第8eighth第9ninth2)-th从11到19的序数词从11到19的序数词是在原基数词后加-th。第11eleventh第15fifte
8、enth但有一个例外,“第12”是twelfth,词中字母有变化。3)十位整数序数词十位整数序数词(如第20,第30)的构成方法是:把相应基数词词尾的y变为i,再加-eth,没有例外。第20twentieth(twenty)第50fiftieth(fifty)4)两位序数词两位或两位以上的基数词变为序数词时,只需把末位数词变为序数词,前面的其他数词仍用基数词。第21twenty-first(21st)第53fifty-third(53rd)第99ninety-ninth(99th)第152a hundred and fifty-second (152nd)第1,906one thousand
9、nine hundred and sixth (1906th)第3, 888three thousand eight hundred and eighty-eighth(3888th)提示序数词的缩写形式为:阿拉伯数字+序数词的最后两个字母。例如:first1st, second2nd,third3rd, fifty-fifth55th。3 分数词1)分子基数词,分母序数词分数词是由基数词和序数词共同构成的,分子用基数词,分母用序数词。分子是1时,作分母的序数词用单数,如果分子大于1,作分母的序数词要用复数形式。1/3a/one third1/6a/one sixth 2/3two third
10、s6/100six hundredths2) half和quarter有些分数词也可用half和quarter表示。1/2a/one half(不说one second)1/4a/one quarter3/4three quarters/three fourths提示口语中用a half/third/fourth比用 one half/third/fourth普遍。3)带分数带分数中的整数用基数词表示,加and同分数词隔开。31 three and a half3-2 /4 three and two quarters52 five and two thirds29万 1twenty-nine
11、 and one fifth提示用分数词作定语修饰名词时,基数词和序数词之间要加连字号“-”,分数词单独使用或相当于名词时,用不用连字号都可以。三分之一英里a one-third mile三分之二的多数a two-thirds majority四分之三的钱 three-quarters(three quarters) of the money表示“几分之几”的具体东西时,要用“分数词+of+名词”结构。5/8 inchfive eighths of an inch八分之五英3/5 footthree fifths of a foot 五分之三英尺表示“几次方,乘方”时,指数用序数词,底数用基数
12、词。10the fifth power of ten (=ten to the fifth power)61the tenth power of six (=six to the tenth power)10the ninth power of ten (=ten to the ninth power)x*=y(x的4次方是y。)The fourth power of x is y.4 小数的表示法小数中的数词只用基数词,小数点“.”读作point,前后的数字应一一读出。0读作nought(美)或zero,或读作o u。0.7nought point seven/zero point seve
13、n/o point seven0.008nought point nought nought eight8.35eight point three five5 百分数的表示法百分数的表达结构为:基数词+percent。百分数常同by连用,作状语。The grain output has increased by 20% this year.今年粮食产量增加了20%。The price was reduced by 5%.物价下降了5%。Inflation is up by 2%.通货膨胀上涨了2%。6 数学算式的表示法表示加、减、乘、除的数学算式均用基数词,分别 为:plus(加),minus
14、 (减),times(乘),divided by(除)。7 币制表示法1C(1美分)one cent/one penny1p (1便士)one penny/onep5p(5便士)five pence/five p3.75 (3英镑75便士)three pounds seventy-five pence$1.25(1美元25美分)one dollar twenty- five/one twenty-five半美元half-dollar/fifty cents25便士半twenty-five and a half pence提示penny有两种复数形式:pennies,pence。1在英国,pen
15、nies指一个一个的值一便士的硬币,pence指数额。twelve pennies 12个1便士的硬币twelve pence 12便士(的数额)Please give me six pennies for this six pence.请给我把这个6便士换成6个1便士的硬币。2在美国,通常用pennies指数额,不用pence。He gave the beggar twenty pennies.他给了那个乞丐20便士。8 倍数表示法表示“2倍”,用 double,twice,twofold,但不可用 two times;表示“3倍”或“3倍以上”,用“数词+times”,也可用“数词+fol
16、d”。You are twice her age.你比她的年龄大1倍。She is double my age.她的年龄是我的2倍。The price has doubled in the past few years.价格在过去几年里上涨了1倍。(作动词)This river is twice as wide as that one.这条河比那条河宽1倍。(是的2倍宽)This dictionary is three times as thick as that one.这部词典是那部词典的3倍厚。(比厚2倍)The value of the house has increased four
17、 times/ four fold since 2001.房价自2001年以来增加了3倍。(是原来的4倍)Output of cotton is five times as great as that of last year.棉花产量比去年增加了4倍。(是去年的5倍)9 温度表示法英语中表示温度,用zero 表示“零度”,zero point 表示“零点”,point 表示“小数点”,degree 表示“度”,centigrade 表示“摄氏”,minus 表示“负”。5(5摄氏度)five degrees centigrade 35 (35摄氏度) thirty-five degrees
18、centigrade25.5(25.5摄氏度)twenty-five point five degrees centigrade28以上twenty-eight degrees over/above zero-5(零下5摄氏度)five degrees below zero (minus five degrees centigrade)-42(零下42摄氏度)forty-two below zero (minus forty-two degrees centigrade)零度 zero degrees/zero degree零下5摄氏度five degrees below zerobelow
19、freezing 零度以下 above freezing零度以上10 度量表示法pound磅(略作lb.)ton吨kilogram千克kilometer千米foot英尺inch 英寸 meter米centimeter 厘米yard码ounce盎司一间长6米宽5米的房间a room 6m by 5m一间宽40英尺长80英尺的教室a classroom 40 feet by 80 (feet)这头猪重150磅。This pig weighs 150 pounds.This pig is 150 pounds in weight.这口井深达50米。This well is fifty meters
20、deep.This well is fifty meters in depth.他身高5英尺6英寸。He is five foot /feet six inches.He is a five-foot six-inch man.He is five feet six inches in height.11 时刻、时间、编号等的表示法英语中表示时刻均用基数词。1)表示“整点”现在8点钟。It is eight(oclock).他上午10点钟离开的。He left at ten (oclock)in the morning.2)分钟+past/after+小时表示“几点几分”,不超过30分钟,包括
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