简明语法系列---倒装 强调 替代 省略高三英语二轮专题.doc

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1、倒装与强调人们在交际过程中常常需要突出某些重要信息使交际另一方接受和理解，称为强调(Emphasis)。为了达到强调效果，人们常常借用语法手段，如变换句子的正常语序，将某个成分置于句首或句末，或者通过词汇手段突出句子的某个成分。倒装将某些句子成分移至句首而引起主语和谓语词序的颠倒，称为倒装(Inversion)。倒装分为完全倒装和部分倒装两种。1. 完全倒装结构：提前成分+谓语动词+主语(1)将状语here，there前移，谓语动词一般为be，come, go。例如：There goes the bell.Lets begin out class.铃响了。让我们开始上课。Here comes

2、the bus.公共汽车来了。Here are some examples.这儿是几个例子。但当主语为人称代词时不引起倒装。例如：Here he comes.他来了。Arent you looking for your bag? Look, here it is.你不是在找包吗？瞧，在这儿。(2)表示位置转移的副词如up, down,in, out, away, ahead移至句首。例如：The driver couldnt control his car and down came the car.司机控制不了汽车，汽车向下滑。Up went the rocket.火箭上升。Lower fl

3、ew the eagle till it caught the rabbit.鹰低飞直到抓住兔子。但当主语为人称代词时不引起倒装。例如：Away they went.他们走开了。Higher and higher it flew.它越飞越高。(3)句首状语为表示地点的介词词组In the centre of the square stands a high monument.广场中央矗立着很高的纪念碑。On either side of the road were rows of houses.路的两边是一排排房子。On the back wall hung a huge oil painti

4、ng.后面墙上挂着一幅巨大的油画。(4)分词结构位于句首Seated on the grass are a group of students. 草地上坐着一群学生。Lying about on the floor are books and magazines.地板上全是书和杂志。2. 部分倒装结 构：提前成分+ 情态动词+主语+(主要动词)助动词(1)句首为含有否定意义的副词如never，little，seldom, rarely,not,hardly。例如：Little does he care for clothes.他对服装不感兴趣。Rarely do I eat in restau

5、rants.我很少在饭店吃饭。Hardly could we follow his argument.我们几乎不明白他的论点。Not a single mistake did he make in the test.测验中他一个错误也没犯。Not until then did he know his mother had done it for his good.直到那时他才明白母亲做那事是为他好。(2)在sothat的结果状语从句中，so位于句首。例如：So hot was the weather that we couldnt sleep indoors.天那么热我们不能在室内睡觉。So

6、loudly did he shout that all the people in the room got a fright.他叫的声音那么响，房间里所有的人吓了一大跳。(3)so作替代词表示与上文提到的情况一样。例如：Her son has gone to Britain for further studies. So has my son.她的儿子去英国留学了。我儿子也去了。Jim bought an apartment. So did Louis.吉姆买了套房子。刘易斯也买了一套。注意有时为了表示对上文情况的肯定，确实如此，须用正常语序，无须倒装。例如：He often takes

7、his daughter out for a drive. 他常带女儿出去兜风。So he does.他常这样。如果表示与上文一样“也不”时，可以将neither或nor置于句首。例如：-I have no money on me.我身上没带钱。Nor/Neither have I (any money).我也没带。也可以否定两个并列的成分。例如：It is impossible to take down every word I say. Neither is it necessary to do so.不可能记下我说的每个字，也没有必要那么做。(4)only+状语置于句首Only in m

8、y house do they feel at home.只有在我家里他们才感到无拘无束。Only when he came back did she go to bed.直到他回来，她才上床睡觉。但only修饰其他成分不引起倒装。例如：Only Miller has got the invitation.只有米勒收到请帖。(5) not onlybut also结构中当not only位于句首时not only部分引起部分倒装。注意but also部分不引起倒装。例如：Not only could he drive but also he could ride a horse.他不但会开车而

9、且会骑马。Not only did he praise the students but also he gave them a big reward.他不但表扬那些学生，而且给了他们很多酬劳。但not onlybut also连接的并列主语不引起倒装。例如：Not only the children but also the grown-ups took interest in the cartoon.不但孩子们而且大人们也对这部动画片感兴趣。3.虚拟条件句的倒装结构(见虚拟语气部分)4.让步状语从句中的as倒装结构(见状从部分)强调1.it作先行词的强调结构(1)结构与连接词it用于“It

10、+be+被强调成分+that/who”的强调结构中，强调陈述句中除谓语动词以外的大多数句子成分。例如：Bob went to the theatre with Jane last Sunday.(不强调任何成分)鲍勃上星期日和简去看戏。It was Bob that/who went to the theatre with Jane last Sunday.(强调主语)It was with Jane that Bob went to the theatre last Sunday.(强调状语)It was to the theatre that Bob went with Jane last

11、 Sunday.(强调地点状语)It was last Sunday that Bob went to the theatre with Jane. (强调时间状语)如果强调句中的地点或时间状语，连接词仍为that不能用where或when。例如：It was last night that (不是when) I went to see him off at the airport.我是昨晚去机场为他送行的。It was in the Shanghai Stadium that (不是where) I first met the tennis player.我是在上海体育场初次认识这位网球运动

12、员的。(2)状语从句的强调it强调结构可以用来强调时间和原因状语从句，但不能强调让步状语从句或是since，as引导的原因状语从句。例如：It was only when I got his letter that I knew what had happened to him.只是在收到了他的信我才知道他发生了什么事。It was not until Mother satisfied his needs that Joe went to bed.直到母亲满足了裘的要求，他才上床睡觉。It was because the weather was too bad that we failed t

13、o get into touch with them.正因为天气太坏，我们才没有和他们联系上。(3)it强调结构用于特殊疑问句强调结构也可以用于特殊疑问句。例如：What caused the forest fire?What was it that caused the forest fire?是什么引起了森林大火？Where did he find the rare coin?Where was it that he found the rare coin?他究竟在什么地方发现了这枚罕见的钱币？When did you get a doctors degree?When was it th

14、at you got a doctors degree?你是什么时候取得博士学位的？2.助动词do的强调作用在行为动词作谓语的句子中，常用“助动词do/did+谓语动词原形”表示强调语气，这个结构也可以用于祈使句。例如：We do have a school bus of our own.我们确实有自己的校车。He did find that all the reports were not true to the facts.他的确发现不是所有的报道都符合事实。Do be careful with your spelling in writing.写作时务必注意拼写。3. 强调的词汇手段(1

15、) ever, on earth, in the world用于特殊疑问句Who ever got involved in the case?究竟谁卷入了此案？What on earth did he say to you?他到底对你说了什么？How in the world did he get the information?他究竟是怎么得到这情报的？(2）口 语中 whatever, whichever, wherever,whenever等词作疑问词也具有强调语气，表示“究竟，到底”。例如：Whatever (=What ever) did you mean by that?你说这个究

16、竟是什么意思？Whichever (=Which ever) do you want?你到底是要哪一个？Wherever (=Where ever) did he find his lost suitcase?他究竟是在哪儿找到遗失的手提箱的？However(= How ever)did he escape?他到底是如何逃脱的？(3)某些形容词、副词或词组用于加强语气下列为常用加强语气的词或词组：Here is the very reference book I am looking for.这正是我要找的参考书。Put it right in the middle.就把它放在中间。This

17、is just the word the author uses in his article.这正是作者在文章中使用的词。He is absolutely right in doing this.他做这件事完全正确。替代与省略 替代替代(Substitution)是一种使用替代词替代上下文中特定的词语、避免重复、连接上下文的语法手段。英语中的替代有三种：名词性替代、动词性替代和分句性替代。1.名词性替代one常用于替代上文中的名词，以避免重复，相当于“a(n)+名词”，相应的复数形式为ones。例如：Im afraid there arent enough cups for each chi

18、ld to have one (=acup).恐怕没有足够的杯子让每个孩子都有一个。A legal document should be written in a formal style rather than in an informal one (=an informal style).法律文件应该用正式文体写而不是非正式文体写。Weve got only blue scarfs left. All the red ones (=scarfs) have been sold out.我们只剩下蓝色围巾了。红的都卖完了。that/those也用于替代上文中的名词，以避免重复，相当于“the

19、+名词”，具有特指意义。例如：Few pleasures can equal that (=the pleasure) of a cold drink on a hot day.什么也比不上大热天喝冷饮料更惬意的了。He gave tickets for the concert to all the students except those (=the students) who had already got them.他把音乐会票子发给所有的学生，除了已拿到票的。2.动词性替代do常用作替代词替代上文中的主动词。(1)do so常用于替代上文中的谓语或非谓语动词。例如：The docto

20、r advised drinking a cup of water after getting up, and I did so (=drank a cup of water).医生建议起床后喝杯水，我这样做了。Mrs. Fox asked us to speak English only in her class,and we had to do so (= to speak English).福克斯太太要求我们在她的课上只能说英语，我们只得说英语。(2)动词性替代常用于比较结构中。例如：as，than比较结构中do常用于替代主句中的谓语动词。例如：We have produced more

21、 air-conditioners this yeat than we did (=produced air-conditioners) last year.我们今年生产的空调机比去年多。He can sing as well as a pop singer does(=sings).他唱歌和流行歌手一样好。有时as，than比较结构从句中如主语是名词常用倒装结构。例如：In summer the south normally has hotter days than does the north (=the north does).夏季，南方的高温日通常比北方多。3.分句性替代so和if通常

22、用来分别替代上文中肯定或否定的陈述性分句。(1)so和not常用于表示个人看法的动词后，如think, believe, fear, guess,expect, hope, imagine, suppose, be afraid等，以避免重复，so和not替代一个分句。例如：Could it be true that Jeff has left for South Africa?杰夫去南非是真的吗？Im afraid so (= he has left for South Africa).恐怕是的。 Is Anns old house for sale?安的旧房子要出售？I believe n

23、ot (= Anns house is not for sale).我想不会。某些动词在否定回答中可以表达为I dontso，如：I dont believe/expect/imagine/suppose/think so.例如：Many people thought the performance was poor.很多人认为演出很差。I didnt find it so (= poor).我认为不差。(2) not常用于possibly,probably, absolutely,certainly，definitely等副词后，表示替代。例如：Will he sign the contra

24、ct?他会签合同吗？Possibly not(= Possibly he wont sign the contract).可能不会。The coach will substitute Jim for Mike, wont he?教练会让吉姆替换麦克，是吗？Definitely not (= Definitely the coach wont substitute Jim for Mike).绝对不会。(3) so,not用于if条件句中表示替代。例如：No one is allowed to drive after drinking. If so (=If a driver is caught

25、 driving after drinking), the driver will be punished.不允许任何人酒后驾车。如酒后驾车，司机将被处罚。Everyone must observe traffic rules. If not (=If people fail to observe traffic rules),traffic accidents are likely to occur.人人必须遵守交通规则。如不遵守，容易发生交通事故。省略省略(Ellipsis)是避免重复，突出新的信息，并使上下文紧密连接的语法手段。省略有两类，下面将分别加以讨论。1.依靠上下文的省略这是指在

26、有一定上下文的前提下，在与上文属于同一层次结构的下文中，省略上文中已出现的相同的结构。2.比较结构中的省略在as，than引导的比较结构中可以省略谓语一部分或全部，或在有上下文的前提下省略as，than结构。例如：He is not as busy as he was (busy) last year.他不如去年那么忙。He is stronger than any other boy (is strong) in his class.他比班上任何一个孩子身体强壮。Travelling by ship takes more time than travelling by land, but i

27、t is more comfortable (than travelling by land).坐船旅游比走陆路多花时间，但要舒服些。在最高级中也可以根据上下文省略比较范围。例如：Now you have read all the five stories.Which do you think is the most interesting one (of all the five stories)?这五篇短篇小说你都读了。你觉得哪一篇最有趣？3.并列结构中的省略并列结构中可省略谓语动词、主动词或整个谓语部分。例如：In the air crash, all the passengers di

28、ed, but the five-month-old baby(was)unhurt.空难事件中，所有的旅客都罹难，但这个五个月的婴儿一点未伤。We have entered for the relay race, and they have (entered for the relay race),too.我们报名参加接力赛，他们也报名了。Joyce is a well-known violinist, and his brother Samuel (is a well- known violinist),too.乔伊斯是个著名的小提琴家，而且他的兄弟塞缪尔也是。4.主从复合句中的省略1)状

29、语从句如果状语从句中主句和从句为同一主语，常常可以省略从句中的主谓部分，或主语和助动词，成为状语从句连接词+非谓语动词或其他词类的结构。例如：Put in the where(it is) necessary.在必要的地方填入“the”。He looked me in the eye and listened as if (he was) greatly interested.他盯着我看，倾听着，仿佛很有兴趣。While (I was) waiting, I examined the office.我边等待，边打量着办公室。If (he had been) given more time, h

30、e could have written a better essay.如果多给些时间，他能写出更好的文章。He could be very helpful when (he was) asked.当请求他时，他有时很肯帮助人。Though (it is) small,the room is clean and tidy.房间虽小，但清洁整齐。The valley is more beautiful than (it is) commonly supposed.这山谷比一般认为的更美丽。The river,as (it is) seen from the hill stop, looks li

31、ke a ribbon.从山顶上看，河流看上去像丝带。2)宾语从句省略从句谓语部分改用助动词或省略主谓部分保留wh-疑问词。例如：Simon doesnt do any reading, but I know Evans does (does reading).西蒙从不看书，但我知道埃文斯常阅读。The Browns have moved to a small town, but I dont know which town (they have moved to).布朗一家已搬到一个小镇，但我不知道是哪个镇。3)定语从句当定语从句关系代词作主语，且谓语动词用于进行时，或者过去和完成被动语态常

32、可省略关系代词+助动词，保留主动词的分词形式。例如：Do you know the man (who is) speaking to the students?你认识给学生讲话的那个人吗？The war story is perhaps the best of its kind (that has) ever(been) written. 这部战争小说也许是迄今为止写过的最好的一部。5. 不定式的省略1)在and或or连接的不定式并列结构中，第二个不定式的to通常省去。例如：Ill ask them to come over and (to) talk the matter over.我将请他

33、们来把问题好好讨论一下。I dont know whether to stay or (to) leave.我不知道留还是走。2)在有上下文的情况下，省略下文中不定式的动词部分，只保留不定式记号to。例如：My mother doesnt want me to have a swim in the sea,but Id love to (have a swim in the sea).我母亲不让我到海里游泳，但我很想去。He would leave the university, and his parents wanted him to (leave the university).他将离开

34、大学，他父母希望他离开。He comes to the tea house as often as he used to (come).他和以前一样常来茶馆。6. 名词的省略在有上下文的前提下，数词、限定词或形容词最高级可省略后接的名词。例如：I have had an ice cream, and he has had two (ice creams).我已吃了一客冰淇淋，而他已吃了两客。All the programmes have been given out. I dont have any more(programmes).所有的节目单都发完了。我再也没有了。I havent got any eggs left.Have you got any (eggs left)?我没剩什么鸡蛋。你还有剩吗？There are several restaurants in the street. This is the cheapest(one).街上有好几家餐馆。这是最便宜的一家。18