高中英语写作系列---按结构分的句子.doc

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1、按结构分的句子如果按结构分，英语句子可以分为四类：简单句、并列句、复合句和并列复合句。1. 简单句(Simple Sentence)只含有一个主谓结构并且句子各成分都只由单词或短语构成的独立句子或分句叫做简单句。在简单句中主语和谓语是句子的主干，是句子的核心。除了主语和谓语外，简单句中还可以有宾语、表语、补语、状语、定语等。因这些附加成分存在情况的不同，简单句衍生出六大基本句型。分别是：主语+谓语、主语+系动词+表语、主语+谓语+宾语、主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语、主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语和there be句型：这部分内容将在本章第二节详细讲解。简单句虽然简单，却是英语最重要的句型。简单

2、句分为陈述句、疑问句、感叹句和祈使句四种，这些内容在前文已经讲过，就不重复讲解。下面列举简单句的几个例子：Time flies.时光飞逝。We like English.我们喜欢英语。The film is interesting.这部电影很有趣。I bought my wife a book.我给妻子买了一本书。We named our baby Bush.我们给孩子取名叫布什。There are some students in the dormitory.宿舍里有一些学生。2.并列句(Compound Sentence)并列句是由两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词连在一起构成的句子。并列句

3、中的各简单句意义同等重要，相互之间没有从属关系，是平行并列的关系。其基本结构是“简单句+并列连词+简单句”。常用的并列连词有：and，but,or，so等。并列句中简单句的关系可分为四种：联合关系、选择关系、转折关系和因果关系。(1)联合关系联合关系并列句常用的连词有：and,when, not onlybut(also)neithernor等。例：Gasoline price will rise by RMB 300 per ton and diesel price will rise by RMB 290 per ton.汽油价格每吨将上调300元，柴油价格每吨将上调290元。Not on

4、ly is this young man clever but also he is hardworking.这个年轻人不仅聪明，还很勤奋。(2)选择关系选择关系并列句常用的连词有or,otherwise,orHurry up, or (else) youll miss the class.快点，否则就耽误课了。Will he still be there or will he have gone away?他还在那里还是可能已经走了？cold.otherwise you will catch穿上雨衣，否则就感冒了。Either I would consult him or he could

5、ask me for advice.不是我询问他，就是他向我征求意见。(3)转折关系转折关系并列句常用的连词有 but, yet,rather than, nevertheless,while,whereas等。例：The method seems good,but it needs to be tried out.这个方法似乎不错，但需要试验一下。Shes vain and foolish, and yet people like her.她自负又缺少智慧，然而人们喜欢她。I like tea, while (whereas) she likes coffee.我喜欢喝茶而她喜欢喝咖啡。We

6、 are leaving, nevertheless we shall return.我们要走了，不过我们还要回来。在搭配上还应注意but,while不与although连用，但yet,still可与although连用。例：Although she was not herself,she still went to room for individual study.虽然她今天感觉不舒服，可她还是去了自习室。此外，副词still，however也可以表示转折关系。例：He is well-educated, still I dont like him.他受过良好教育，可是我还是不喜欢他。I

7、feel a bit tired, however, I can hold on.我有点累了，但我能坚持下去。(4)因果关系因果关系并列句常用的连词有for，so等。例：Sorry, Im late today, for I have to send my child to the school first.抱歉，今天来晚了，因为要先把孩子送到学校。There is heavy smog today, so we cannot see the building across the street clearly.今天雾霾很重，所以看不清街对面的楼。3. 复合句(Complex Sentence

8、)复合句指的是含有两个或更多的主谓结构的句子。复合句中的主谓结构之间的关系不是并列、对等的。其中一个主谓结构是主要的，叫做句子的主句(main clause)，另一个(或更多)主谓结构充当句子的某一(些)成分，如主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、同位语等。主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、定语从句、状语从句和同位语从句都属于复合句中的从句(subordinate clause)。(1)主语从句在复合句中用作主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句有两个特征：一、为了强调主语从句的内容，可将从句置于句首；二、大部分主语从句都可以用it作形式主语。主语从句主要有四类由连词that引导的主语从句。例：That you

9、 will win the medal seems unlikely.你想获得奖牌看来是不可能的。That you are so indifferent bothers me.你如此冷淡使我很烦恼。That she survived the accident is a miracle.她在事故中幸免于难简直是奇迹。用连接代词who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whomever, whichever,whatever或连接副词when,why,where,how和疑问连接词whether等引导的主语从句。例：Which of them escaped from t

10、he prison is still a mystery.他们哪一个是从监狱里逃跑的，仍然是个谜。When they will come hasnt been made public.他们什么时候来还不知道。Whether she is coming or not doesnt matter too much.她来不来都无关紧要。为了保持句子平衡，主语从句常用it作形式主语，将主语从句后置。用it作形式主语的主语从句结构如下：It is+名词/形容词/过去分词+ that从句用形式主语it引导的主语从句相当多，有些已形成固定的语法和译法。常见的有：It is said/reported/wel

11、l known/announced/ believed/thought that和 It must be pointed out/ admitted that例：It is an understandable fact that many employers may prefer to use the services of children simply to save money by paying them less than adults.不少老板喜欢雇佣童工，通过付出比给成人少的工资来省钱，这是可以理解的事实。(2)宾语从句宾语从句，在复合句中作主句的宾语，它属于名词性从句。它可以作

12、主句谓语动词的宾语，也可以作介词的宾语。宾语从句以从句的句式来决定连接词。连接词的引导词包括：从属连词that, if，whether；连接代词who, whom, whose, which,what和连接副词when，where，how，why。具体操作方法是：如果陈述句作从句，连接词用that，在口语和非正式语体中常可省略that。2特殊疑问句作从句，就用原来的特殊疑问词。一般疑问句作从句，连词用if或whether，选择疑问句只用whether。例：He told me (that) he would go to postgraduate school the next year.他告诉

13、我他明年上研究生。Could you please tell me how you use the new mechanical arms?你能告诉我怎么用这个新的机械臂吗？(3)表语从句表语从句放在连系动词之后，充当复合句中的表语。可接表语从句的连系动词包括be，look,seem，sound, appear, prove, turn out等。表语从句可以由连接词whether，that，asif/though，连接代词who, whom, whose, which,what或连接副词when, where, how, because, why等引导。(if不能引导表语从句。)例：It s

14、ounds as if somebody is knocking at the door.听起来好像有人在敲门。2 what引导的主语从句表示结果或名词reason作主语时，后面的表语从句表示原因时要用that引导，不宜用because。例：What makes the average marriage age for women in Shanghai climb to over 30 years is that people give greater priority to careers than to families.导致上海女性结婚平均结婚年龄推迟到30来岁的原因是人们相对家庭更重

15、视事业。(此句中that不能由because代替)The reason for her not believing him anymore is that he once cheated on her.她不再相信他的原因是他曾经欺骗过她。(此句中uhos不集出年议1成？命今舍义的名词后的表语从句，谓语动词需用“should+动词原形”表示，should可省略。常见的词有：advice, suggestion, order, proposal, plan,idea等。例：My suggestion is that our country (should) monitorPM10 in the f

16、uture.我的建议是国家应该在未来监测PM10.(4)定语从句定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语，修饰主句的某个成分，定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。关系代词有：who,whom,whose,that,which等。关系副词有：when，where，why等。关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。I who,whom that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在

17、从句中所起作用如下：Is he the man who/that means what he says?他就是那个说话算数的人吗？(who/that在从句中作主语)The man whom/ that you saw in the corridor was our manager.你在走廊见到的那个人是我们的经理。(whom/that在从句中作宾语)ii whose用来指人或物。(只用作定语，若指物，它还可以同of which互换)。例：They run over to help the man whose car was on fire.那人车着火了，大家都跑过去帮忙。(whose用来指人)

18、He bought a golden watch, whose (of which) hands was also made of gold.他买了一支金表，表的指针也是金质的。(whose用来指物)ii which that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。例：A prosperity which/ that had never been seen before appeared in the New China.新中国出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which/that在句中作宾语)The package (which/ that)my uncle carrying

19、 is about to become unwrapped.我叔叔拿的包快散了。(which/that在句中作宾语)2关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。i关系副词when,where,why的含义相当于“介词+ which”结构，因此常常和“介词+which”结构交替使用。例：There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。Xian is the city where (in which) I was born.西安是我的出生地。The only reason

20、why (for which) Im fat is that a tiny body couldnt store all this personality.我胖的唯一原因，是太小的身体容纳不了我饱满的性格。ii that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when，where，why和“介词+which”引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略。例：His mother died the year (that/when/ in which) he was born.他母亲在他出生那年逝世了。Can he find the place (that / where/ in which)

21、he lived thirty years ago?他能找到他三十年前居住过的地方吗？(5)状语从句用作状语的从句称为状语从句，根据用途状语从句可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、方式、让步、结果、目的等状语从句。时间状语从句时间状语从句表示时间，常用的关联词有when，while, until, as,after, before, once, since, as long as,as soon as,whenever等。例：I was paging through a magazine when he came in.他进来时我在翻阅一本杂志。They all continued their re

22、gard for me as long as they lived.他们毕生都在关心着我。很多关联词可以兼有多种功能，例如：while还可以作为转折关系的并列连词，when还可以引导让步状语从句，相当于although，aslong as在更多情况下引导的是条件状语从句，as还可以引导时间状语从句，在理解时需要鉴别这些词的功能。此外，一些连词词组也可以引导时间状语从句，其中包括：no soonerthan,hardly/scarcely.when/before。这几个词组表示主句和从句相继发生的动作，意为“一就”。例：I had no sooner lain down than the tel

23、ephone rang.我刚躺下，电话铃就响了。Hardly had the football game begun when it started raining.足球比赛才刚刚开始就下起雨来。另外，一些副词和名词也可以引导时间状语从句，其中包括：immediately,presently,themoment, the instant等。它们表示从句动作一发生，主句动作立即发生。地点状语从句地点状语从句表示地点，常用的关联词有where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere等。例：Jack should have put the document where it

24、was.杰克应该把文件放在原来的地方。Nowadays electricity can go wherever it is needed.现在，电可以输送到任何有需要的地方去。where还可以引导条件状语从句和让步状语从句，使用时注意有所区别。where引导条件状语从句：例：where there is a will,there is a way.有志者事竟成。where引导让步状语从句：例：Where we expect to be appreciated,we get the opposite.虽然我们本该被感激，却常被怨恨。原因状语从句原因状语从句表示原因或理由，常用的关联词有becau

25、se, for,as, since,in case等。because表示原因语气坚定。而for主要用于表示推测出的原因，语气较弱。since表达附带的原因，显然的、已知的理由，而as表达的理由力度最弱。例：I eat ice-cream so much because I have a sweet tooth.我爱吃冰激凌因为我很爱吃甜食。As I didnt know the way, I asked a policeman.我不识路，所以问警察。Since you wont help me,Ill turn to someone else.既然你不帮我，我就请别人帮忙了。Ill take

26、my raincoat in case it rains.我会带上雨衣，以防下雨。条件状语从句条件状语从句表示真实的或现实的条件，引导从句所用的关联词有if,unless,suppose(that),supposing,in case (that), in the event (that)(如果，在情况下),as (so) long as, on condition that, providing, provided (that), assuming that, only if,if only等。supposing，providing和assuming都是连词而非现在分词，意为“如果”。例：S

27、uppose / Supposing(that)we are late, what will he say?我们如果迟到了，他会说什么？In the event that An Lee wins the Oscar Award for the Best Director,there will be a big celebration.如果李安赢得了奥斯卡最佳导演奖,将举行盛大的庆祝活动.The other banks are going to be very eager to help, provided that they see that he has a specific plan.如果

28、看到他有具体的计划，其他银行会很愿意提供帮助。Assuming that Xu Sanduo leaves the army,what is he going to do?如果许三多离开军队，他会去做什么？I told him he would succeed only if he tried hard.我告诉他，只有努力才能成功。If only they were here now, we would be able to celebrate their wedding anniversary.如果他们现在在这里，我们就能庆祝他们的结婚纪念日了。If only she could have

29、lived a little longer.要是她能活得再长一些，那该多好啊！Only if you have a receipt will we change the goods.只有当你有收据的时候才能换货。If only和only if这两个短语都可以用来引导条件状语从句，但是两者的差异主要表现在说话人的语义意图方面。ifonly这个短语，中心词是从属连接词if，而副词only只是加强if的语气的，因此ifonly仅是if的一种强化形式，不仅能表达说话人的愿望，而且能表达条件，主要用在虚拟语气中，用以表达强烈的愿望或非真实条件。常被译为“但愿”，“要是该多好啊”。only if 引起的条

30、件状语从句条件限制更为严格，常被译为“只有(才)”，“唯一的条件是”。方式状语从句方式状语从句表示动作的方式，回答how的问题，常用关联词as,like,as if,as though,the way (that), in the way(that)等引导，一般置于主语之后。例：All was as it had been.一切都同原先一样。He acts as if/as though he is the master.他行为举止好像是这儿的主人似的。asif和as though引导的从句中如果用陈述语气，表示符合事实的情况，也可以用虚拟语气表示不符合事实或者与事实相反的情况。I was n

31、ever allowed to sing the way I wanted to.我从未被允许用自己想用的方式唱歌。另外，还有一些结构可以引出方式状语，如：how从句，介词短语according to，in accordance with等。让步状语从句让步状语从句表示“虽然、尽管、即使”等概念，使句子具有对比的因素。常用的关联词有as，although, though, even if, even though, not but that (=althoughnot), admitting (that)(即使)，assuming(that)(即使，就算)，notwithstanding (t

32、hat)(虽然), despite the fact that,in spite of the fact that,when(虽然)等，置于主语之前或之后。例：Expensive as a house is,we still need a place to live as our home.虽然房子很贵，但是我们还是需要一个能当家住的地方。Try though/as he would, he couldnt take me in.他想尽办法，还是骗不了我。Child as he is, he has starred in many movies.虽然他只是个孩子，却已经主演了好几部电影了。He

33、 is not contended notwithstanding that he has his loving parents.有了爱他的父母，他还是不满足。Admitting that fruits are good, you cant live with fruits only when losing weight.就算水果很好，你减肥的时候也不能只吃水果。Im OK now, not but that I caught a cold last night.虽然昨晚有些感冒，我现在已经好了。结果状语从句结果状语从句表示结果，常由连词sothat，such(a/an)that,so tha

34、t(结果)，such that(结果)，tosuch a degree/extent that(如此以至于)，so much so that等引导，置于主语之后。例：It was very cold, so that the river froze.天气寒冷，河水都结冰了。His kindness was such that we will never forget him.他如此善良，以至于我们永远不会忘记他。The weather was such that I couldnt go out.天气如此恶劣，我无法外出。He is poor so much so that he has ha

35、rdly enough to live.他穷困得难以维持生活。so that既可以引导目的状语，又可以引导结果状语。鉴别二者的方法是：目的状语从句中的动词要用may/might，can/could，should和would等情态动词，表示某种可能性，是主观的；但是结果状语从句则不用，表示的是客观事实。引导结果状语从句的sothat前常有逗号，而引导目的状语从句的so that前一般不用逗号；结果状语从句都放在主句后，而目的状语可以放在主句前。目的状语从句目的状语从句表示目的，回答what for或forwhat purpose的问题，常用关联词so that,in order that, le

36、st, for fear that, in case (that)等引导，一般置于主语之后。目的状语从句中的谓语动词常由“情态动词+动词原形”构成。例：Ships carry lifeboats so that people can escape if the ship sinks.船上载有救生艇，这样人们就可以在沉船的时候逃生了。I have warned him of the necessity of fireprevention lest the house (should) be on fire.我已经警告过他防火的必要性了，以防房子着火。He told us to keep quie

37、t for fear that we might disturb others.他让我们保持安静，以免打扰别人。比较状语从句比较状语从句由as或than引导。这类从句和大多数状语从句不同，它们不修饰动词，而是修饰as，so， less,more等副词或其他比较级的词，如taller,harder。有时也可用as(或so)as,than， according as, in proportion as等引导。例：She is as tall as I(or me).她比我高。No other men work as(or so) hard as my brother (does).没人比我哥哥工作

38、努力。The youth of today are better off than we used to be.今天的年轻人比我们过去的境况要好。You may go or stay,according as you decide.由你自己决定是去是留。Men are happy in proportion as they are virtuous.人的幸福与德行成正比。(6)同位语从句同位语从句用于对前面的名词做进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容。引导同位语从句的词除连词that, whether外，还有关系代词what,which,who，以及关系副词how,when,where,why等。在

39、抽象名词的后面同位语从句一般跟在抽象名词fact，hope，idea, report, news, doubt, suggestion,information, opinion, decision, discovery, truth, promise, statement, problem,rule等后面，对这些名词的内容进行说明和解释。引导同位语的that一般不能省略。例：The report that he was elected the president of the country was true.他当选该国总统的消息是真的。The possibility that the maj

40、ority of the labor force will work at home is often discussed.人们经常讨论大多数劳动力将会在家里工作的可能性。The decision whether it is right or wrong depends on the result.此事正确与否取决于其结果。The question who should be the first has not been settled.谁应该是第一名的问题还没有定下来。I have no idea when he will be back.我不知道他什么时候回来。使用虚拟语气的同位语从句在一

41、些表示“建议、命令、要求”的名词demand， resolution,suggestion，wish等后的同位语从句中，谓语动词用“should+动词原形”，should可省略。例：Mo Yan expressed his wish that he (should) accept the Nobel Prize.莫言表达了他接受诺贝尔奖的愿望。4. 并列复合句(Compound-complex Sentence)在一个并列句中，如果有一个或者一个以上的分句是复合句，这个并列句就是并列复合句。例：I sucked my finger, but the finger I put into my mouth was not the one I had dipped into the cup.我吮吸了手指，但我放进嘴里的手指不是我之前在杯子里蘸过的那个。I dislike the way he speaks to me,though what he said sounds good.虽然他说的听起来不错，但我不喜欢他对我说话的方式。23