复旦大学语言学导论 课件2.ppt
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1、复旦大学语言学导论复旦大学语言学导论 课件课件2形位形位(morpheme)形位形位(morpheme):最小的携带意义的语言单位最小的携带意义的语言单位 -The friends promised to inquire carefully about a schoolmaster for the fair Bianca.-compounds:jack-in-the-box looking glass girlfriend -The friend-s promis-ed to inquire care-ful-ly about a school-master for the fair Bian
2、ca.形位的形位的类类型型自由形位自由形位(free morpheme)依附形位依附形位(bound morpheme)The friend-s promis-ed to inquire care-ful-ly about a school-master for the fair Bianca.形位的形位的类类型型内容形位(内容形位(content morpheme,lexical morpheme)promise,friend,fair,Bianca school-master功能形位(功能形位(function morpheme,grmmatical morpheme)-s,-ed,-ly
3、 a,an,the,this,that to,about,for 依附形位的类型依附形位的类型-派生形位派生形位(derivational morpheme)(countable,reproduce)-屈折形位屈折形位(inflectional morpheme)(promised,friends)英语的屈折形位英语的屈折形位-s third person singular present-edpast tense-ingprogressive-en past participle-splural-spossessive-ercomparative-est superlative英语形位分类图
4、英语形位分类图 形位形位自由形位自由形位(boy)依附形位依附形位(-ish)屈折形位派生形位屈折形位派生形位 (-ed)(-ness)形位和语素形位和语素形位(morpheme)是抽象的语言单位,在语言使用过程中,可分别兑现成音素实体(phonetic substance)和文字实体(orthographic substance),形成可感知的语素(morph)。形位和语素形位和语素-s,复数 books beds bushes语音层面:语音层面:-s s,z,iz 拼写层面:拼写层面:-s -s,-es形位的界定形位的界定同一分布位置同一分布位置意义一致意义一致多次出现多次出现 -ness
5、:sadness,happiness,rudeness -re centre,cadre,reconnoitre 构词的层级结构构词的层级结构派生词构词的层级结构派生词构词的层级结构同一派生形位往往依附在特定词性的词同一派生形位往往依附在特定词性的词根上。根上。adjustable,breakable,comparable,debatable(*preexist,predawn,prehistoric)歧义歧义unlockable unlock+able un+lockableRoot(词根)(词根)basic word forms that can stand alone-cannot be
6、 analyzed into smaller parts antidisestablishmentarianismStem(词干)(词干)teachers 词缀(词缀(affix)Affix:The general term for morphemes attached to a word.四种词缀四种词缀Prefix(前缀)前缀)Infix(中缀)(中缀)Suffix(后缀)(后缀)Circumfix(环缀)(环缀)前缀前缀English:in+,dis+,un+,etc.in+abilitydis+abilityun+able in+consistentdis+member un+tang
7、le in+sufficientdis+placeun+happyZapotec:ka+zigi chinka+zigichins zike shoulder”ka+zigeshoulders diaga earka+diagaears中缀中缀Tagalog:+um+bili b+um+ili buy“to buysulat s+um+ulat writeto writekuhak+um+uha take”to take”后缀后缀English:+ment,+ly,+stance judg+ment establish+ment abandon+ment brief+ly happi+ly a
8、ngri+ly happen+stance circum+stance 环缀环缀Chickasaw:ik+ochokma ik+chokm+o he is good”he isnt goodlakna ik+lakn+o it is yellow”it isnt yellowpalli ik+pall+o it is hot”it isnt hot”tiwwi ik+tiww+o he opens(it)”he doesnt open(it)其他的构词方法其他的构词方法Eponymy(因人名、地名等得名的词)因人名、地名等得名的词):sandwich,jumboBlending(缩合词)(缩合
9、词):smog=smoke+fogCompounding(复合词)(复合词):girlfriend,paperclip 比较:比较:blckbird blck brd mkeup mke p其他的构词方法其他的构词方法Acronym(首字母缩拼词)(首字母缩拼词):UNESCO=United National Educational,Scientific and Cultural OrganizationBack-formation(逆构词)(逆构词):enthusiasm-enthuse Abbreviation(缩写词)(缩写词):doctor-Dr.语言的词素类型语言的词素类型Analy
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