INFECTIONS+OF+THE+CENTRAL+NERVOUS+SYSTEM+.ppt
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1、INFECTIONS+OF+THE+CENTRAL+NERVOUS+SYSTEM+Still waters run deep.流静水深流静水深,人静心深人静心深 Where there is life,there is hope。有生命必有希望。有生命必有希望第一节第一节 概述概述 nTerm:Infections of CNS All kinds of pathogen (bacteia,viruses,spirochete,parasites,fungi,rickettsia and prion prottein)invade cerebral parenchyma,meninges an
2、d blood vessel lead to acute and subacute infections.第一节第一节 概述概述n分类分类:感染的部位感染的部位;发病情况及病程;发病情况及病程;特异性致病因子;特异性致病因子 nCNS感染途径感染途径(pathway of infection)nhematogenous spread;ndirect infection;nPeripheral nerves pathwaynCNS病毒感染性疾病新的认识病毒感染性疾病新的认识 第二节第二节 病毒感染性疾病病毒感染性疾病 Viral infections of CNSn单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎单纯疱疹病毒
3、性脑炎Herpes Simplex Encephalitis nCreutzfeldt-Jakob DiseaseHerpes Simplex Encephalitis n病因及发病机制病因及发病机制(Causes and Mechanisms)n病理(病理(pathology)n临床表现临床表现(Clinical features)n辅助检查辅助检查(laboratory finding)n诊断及鉴别诊断诊断及鉴别诊断(Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis)n治疗(治疗(treatment)HSE-Causes and MechanismsnHSV-嗜神经
4、嗜神经(neurotropic)DNA病毒病毒 n90%的人类的人类HSE是由是由I型型引起引起 n70%HSE起因于内源性病毒的活化起因于内源性病毒的活化(复发性疱疹感染复发性疱疹感染)n25%的病例是原发感染的病例是原发感染(口腔和呼吸道口腔和呼吸道)n6%15%系由系由II型型所致所致(产妇产妇生殖道生殖道HSV-II原发感染原发感染)n绝大多数新生儿的绝大多数新生儿的HSE系系HSV-II引起引起 HSE-Pathologyn颞颞叶、叶、额额叶等部位叶等部位出血性坏死出血性坏死|、渗渗出出n急性期后可见小胶质细胞增生急性期后可见小胶质细胞增生 Intense hemorrhagic n
5、ecrosis of the inferior and medial parts of the temporal lobes and the medial-orbital parts of the frontal lobes.HSE-PathologynCowdry A型包涵体型包涵体(A type inclusion body)存在于病灶边缘的部存在于病灶边缘的部分神经细胞核内分神经细胞核内 及星型细胞和少突及星型细胞和少突胶质细胞核内。胶质细胞核内。HSE-Clinical featuren1任何任何年龄、季节年龄、季节均可发病原发感染的潜伏均可发病原发感染的潜伏期为期为221天,平均天,
6、平均6天;前驱期症状天;前驱期症状n2病程病程 多急性起病多急性起病,口唇疱疹史口唇疱疹史(1/4),),高热高热,首发症状首发症状:头痛、轻微的意识和人格:头痛、轻微的意识和人格改变改变 或全身性或部分性运动性发作或全身性或部分性运动性发作;病情缓;病情缓慢进展慢进展精神症状精神症状表现突出智能障碍也较明显表现突出智能障碍也较明显 n3 神经症状神经症状 局灶性脑损害局灶性脑损害;脑膜刺激征;脑膜刺激征;意识障碍意识障碍;全身性或部分性;全身性或部分性癫痫癫痫。重症脑疝。重症脑疝形成而死亡形成而死亡(死亡率高达(死亡率高达40%70%)。)。HSE-Clinical featuren1.It
7、 occurs sporadically throughout the year and in patients of all ages.During prodromal stage:fever,headache,muscular ache etc.n2.The onset is acute,patients may had herpes labialis(1/4)and fever.The early manifestations:headach,personality change,slight concious disorder and seizures.Psychotic behavi
8、or,memory loss become evident later.HSE-Clinical featuren3.Neurologic symptom and sign hemiparesis,aphasia,meningeal rritatioin,disorder of conciousness,focal or generalized seizures.It may result in coma or death in some cases.HSE-Laboratory Diagnosisn1脑电图脑电图 弥漫性高波幅慢波弥漫性高波幅慢波 n2头颅头颅CT可正常,也可见一侧或双侧颞叶
9、、可正常,也可见一侧或双侧颞叶、海马及边缘系统局灶性低密度区海马及边缘系统局灶性低密度区 n3脑脊液检查脑脊液检查压力及细胞数正常或轻度增压力及细胞数正常或轻度增高,重症者可明显增高。高,重症者可明显增高。n4脑脊液病原学检查脑脊液病原学检查对诊断颇有意义对诊断颇有意义 检检测测HSV抗原抗原 检测检测HSV特异性特异性lgM、lgG抗抗体体 CSF中中HSV-DNA(PCR快速诊断)快速诊断)n脑组织病理学及病原学检查脑组织病理学及病原学检查 HSE-Laboratory DiagnosisnEEG:lateralized high-voltage slow-waves.nCT scans
10、show hypodensity of the affected areas.MRI shows signal changes in almost all.图1 图2 图3nCSF:increased pressure,lymphocytic pleocytosis,mild protein elevation and normal glucose.HSE-Laboratory DiagnosisnTests for the detection of HSV antigen in the CSF by the application of PCR are useful.nThe absolut
11、e way for dianosis:fluorecent antibody study and viral cultrue of cerebral tissue obtained by brain biopsy.HSE-diagnosis1临床临床诊断依据:诊断依据:口唇或生殖道口唇或生殖道疱疹疱疹史;史;高热、脑炎、精神症状高热、脑炎、精神症状三主征及局灶性神三主征及局灶性神经系统损害体经系统损害体征征;脑脊液脑脊液红、白细胞数增红、白细胞数增多多,糖和氯化物正常;糖和氯化物正常;脑电图脑电图以颞、额区以颞、额区损害为主的脑弥漫性异常;损害为主的脑弥漫性异常;头颅头颅CT或或MRI发现颞叶
12、局灶性出血性脑软化灶;发现颞叶局灶性出血性脑软化灶;特特异性抗病毒药物治疗有效。异性抗病毒药物治疗有效。2.实验室实验室检查检查:CSF病原体病原体检查及检查及病理病理检查检查HSEDifferential diagnosisn急性播散性脑脊髓炎急性播散性脑脊髓炎:多在感染或疫苗接种:多在感染或疫苗接种后急性发病后急性发病 n结核性脑膜脑炎结核性脑膜脑炎:结核病病史或接触史结核病病史或接触史,慢慢性过程,性过程,脑膜刺激征脑膜刺激征是是TBM早早期表现期表现,可,可有有脑神经损害脑神经损害,CSF检查提示诊断检查提示诊断。n 肠道病毒性脑炎肠道病毒性脑炎:也是病毒性脑炎的常见:也是病毒性脑炎的
13、常见病因之一,多见于夏秋季,可为流行性或散病因之一,多见于夏秋季,可为流行性或散发性发性 n带状疱疹病毒性脑炎带状疱疹病毒性脑炎 HSE-treatmentnAntiviral agentsnThere was no specific treatment for HVE untill the late 1970s acyclovir was introduced.nAcyclovir and ganciclovir are most effective drugs.They significantly reduce both the mortality and morbidity.HSE-tr
14、eatmentn1抗病毒化学药物治疗抗病毒化学药物治疗 n(1)无环鸟苷无环鸟苷(阿昔洛韦阿昔洛韦,acyclovir)n(2)更昔洛韦更昔洛韦(ganciclovir)n2免疫治疗免疫治疗n干扰素及其诱生剂干扰素及其诱生剂 转移因子转移因子 肾上腺肾上腺皮质激素皮质激素n3全身支持治疗全身支持治疗 n4对症治疗对症治疗 Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease nCreutzfeldt-Jakob病病(CJD)是最常见的人类是最常见的人类朊蛋朊蛋白病白病(具传染性的朊蛋白所致的散发性中枢神具传染性的朊蛋白所致的散发性中枢神经系统变性疾病)经系统变性疾病)n CJD is also
15、called Subacute Spongiform Encephalopathy.(SSE)nIt belongs to the category called the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies(prion diseases)PrP and prion Protein deasen朊蛋白朊蛋白(prion protein,PrP)一种既一种既具有传具有传染性染性又又缺乏核酸缺乏核酸的非病毒性致病因子的非病毒性致病因子 nPrion is neither a virus nor a viroid(nucleic acid alone,w
16、ithout a capsid structure)but the conversion of a normal cellular protein.PrP and prion Protein deasen人类朊蛋白病还有人类朊蛋白病还有 Kuru病病、Gerstmann-Straussler综合征综合征(GSS)、致死性家族性失眠症致死性家族性失眠症(FFI)、缺乏特缺乏特征性病理改变的征性病理改变的朊蛋白痴呆朊蛋白痴呆和伴痉和伴痉挛性截瘫的朊蛋白痴呆挛性截瘫的朊蛋白痴呆。What is CJD?nRefer to a distinctive cerebral disease in which
17、 a rapidly progressive and profound dementia associated with cerebellar ataxia,diffuse myoclonic jerks and a variety of other visual and neurologic abnormalities.n The outstanding features of the neuropathologic changes are widespread neuronal loss and gliosis accompanied by a striking vacuolation o
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