新编英汉翻译教程课件lect.3.ppt
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1、新编英汉翻译教程课新编英汉翻译教程课件件lect.3参考文献:连淑能:英汉对比研究Z北京:高等教育出版社,1993连淑能:英译汉教程Z北京:高等教育出版社,2006潘文国:汉英语对比纲要Z北京:北京语言文化大学出版社,1997刘宓庆:新编汉英对比与翻译M北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2006冯庆华:实用翻译教程Z上海外语教育出版社,2000陆国强:英汉和汉英语义结构对比M上海:复旦大学出版社,1999王福祥:对比语言学论文集C北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1992周志培:英汉对比与翻译中的转换M上海:华东理工大学出版社,2003I.Lexical Comparison of Chinese and
2、 English1、Comparisonofscript(文字对比):English(alphabeticscript)(只有词)Chinese(ideographic-orientedsyllabicscript):(有字又有词)象形字(pictograph),指事字(indicativecharacter),会意字(associativecharacter),形声字(morpheme-phoneticcharacter)2、ComparisonofpronunciationChinese(tonallanguage)English(intonationlanguage)3、Comparis
3、onofwordformation4、DifferenceofmorphologyEnglish有屈折变化(inflections):性、数、格、时、体、态、语气、人称、比较级等;Chinese没有形态变化,但有量词(动量词)、语气词、形态助词;从整个语言特征对比1、综合语与分析语(syntheticvs.analytic)2、集聚与流散(compactvs.diffusive)3、形合与意合(hypotacticvs.paratactic)4、繁复与简洁(complexvs.simplex)5、物称与人称(impersonalvs.personal)6、被动与主动(passivevs.act
4、ive)7、静态与动态(stativevs.dynamic)8、抽象与具体(abstractvs.concrete)9、间接与直接(indirectvs.direct)10、替换与重复(substitutivevs.reiterative)English vs.Chinese:Ten Pairs of Features(一)Syntheticvs.Analytic1.Introduction1)SyntheticLanguage2)Asyntheticlanguageis“characterizedbyfrequentandsystematicuseofinflectedformstoexpr
5、essgrammaticalrelationships”.3)e.gOldEnglish,Latin,German2)AnalyticLanguageAnanalyticlanguageis“characterizedbyrelativelyfrequentuseoffunctionwords,auxiliaryverbs,andchangesinwordordertoexpresssyntacticrelationships,ratherthanofinflectedforms”.e.gChinese3)ModernEnglish?现代英语是从古英语发展而来的,仍然保留着综合语的某些特征,但
6、也具有分析语的特点。现代英语运用遗留下来的形态变化形式、相对固定的词序及丰富的虚词来表达语法关系,因此属于综合-分析语(SyntheticanalyticLanguage)2.表达语法意义的三大手段形态变化(inflection)词序(wordorder)虚词(functionword)英汉表达方式的差异与这些因素有着密切关系。1)Inflectionalvs.Non-inflectionalInEnglish,nouns,pronouns,andverbsareinflected(theendings-er,-est,denotingdegreesofcomparison,arebetter
7、regardedasnon-inflectionalsuffixes).Suchgrammaticalmeaningsaspartsofspeech,gender,number,case,person,tense,aspect,voice,mood,andnon-finiteverbs,canbeexpressedbytheuseofinflectedformswithorwithoutthehelpoffunctionwordsandwordorder,whereasinChinesethisisgenerallynottrue:theabovegrammaticalmeaningsarem
8、ostlyimpliedincontextsorbetweenthelines,thoughoftenwiththehelpofwordorderandfunction(orother)words,e.g.1)Inflectionalvs.Non-inflectional汉语没有词形变化,就难以用这么多的句式来表达同样的意思。构形形态即表达语法意义的词形变化。如:我给他一本书。Igavehimabook.他已给我两本书。Hehasgivenmetwobooks.他爸爸常常给他一些书。Hisfatheroftengiveshimbooks.严格说来,汉语没有形态变化,一般要通过添加词语、安排词序
9、、上下文来表达语法意义。安排词序&上下文Thebookissaidtohavebeentranslatedintomanylanguages.据说此书已译成多种语言。Thusencouraged,theymadeastillbolderplanforthenextyear.(由于)受到了这样的威胁,他们为第二年制定了一个更大胆的计划。2)WordOrder:Flexiblevs.InflexibleTheinflectionofalanguagehasmuchtodowiththepositionofwordsinthesentence.Thelessinflectivealanguage,t
10、hemorerigidthewordorder.HencewordorderinEnglishisnotsorigidasinChinese.Morewaysofinversion,grammaticalorrhetorical,areoftenseeninEnglish(Fowler1965:297):英语的词序倒置英汉句子的主要成分如主语、谓语动词、宾语或表语的词序基本上相同,排列顺序都是:主-动-宾(表)但与汉语相比,英语词序位置的现象比较多。H.Fowler将英语词序的倒装现象归为九类:1.InterrogativeinversionWhatintheworlddoyoumean?你的
11、意思究竟是什么呀?2.ImperativeinversionComeyou,everybody!大家都来吧!3.ExclamatoryinversionWhatabeautifulvoiceyouhave!你有多么好的嗓音啊!4.LinkinversionSucharetherewardsthatalwayscrownvirtue.这样的报酬常常是美德所应得到的。5.HypotheticalinversionApairofblackeyesmighthavedonesomeexecutionhadtheybeenplacedinasmootherface.一对乌溜溜的眼睛如果长在再细净些的面庞
12、上,就足以迷人的了。6.NegativeinversionNotafingerdidIlayonhim.我从没有指责过他。7.BalanceinversionInexpressiblewastheastonishmentofthelittlepartywhentheyreturnedtofindthatMr.Pickwickhaddisappeared.当这一伙人回来发现皮克威先生不见了的时候,那惊愕之态简直无法形容。8.SignpostinversionBynegationismeantthedenialorabsenceoffacts.否定是指否认事实或不存在事实。9.Matricalin
13、versionGoodfriendforJesussake,forebearTodigthedustenclosedhere,BlessedbehethatsparesthesestonesAndcurstbehethatmovesmybones.好朋友呀,看耶稣的份上,请你住手别来挖掘这块土丘。那肯保存这几块石头的,但愿他添福添寿,那要来打扰我的骸骨的,但愿他挨骂挨咒。(莎士比亚自撰墓志铭)TheflexiblewordorderinEnglishismainlytheresultofthegrammaticalconcordofwordsinthesentencewhichisachiev
14、edbyinflection,Whenexpressingtemporalorlogicalsequences,Englishmaymakefulluseofinflectionsandfunctionwordstomakeitswordorderflexible,whileChinese,withthehelpoffunctionwords,arrangesitswordorderaccordingtocertainrulesoftemporalorlogicalsequences:2)Wordorder:Flexiblevs.Inflexible汉语的定语一般在名词的前面,而英语的定语在许
15、多情况下可以通过形态变化或借助连接词语置于名词的前后,位置比较灵活。英汉的定语一般都紧挨着名词,但英语的定语有时可以远离名词,借助语法关系前后一致的原则,中间插入一些别的词语。翻译英语定语时,必须根据原文的意思和汉语的习惯灵活处理。AttributivemodifiersExamples:1)somethingimportant重要的事2)theancientChinesepoet中国古代诗人3)alittle,yellow,ragged,lame,unshavenbeggar一个身材瘦小的叫化子,面黄肌瘦,衣衫褴褛,胡子拉渣的,还瘸着腿4)acandidatewithlittlechance
16、ofsuccess一个当选希望极微的候选人AdverbialmodifiersExamples:1)todeveloprapidly迅速发展;extremelyfast快极了/极快2)Withabagofbookswewalkedacrossthegardeninthegraylightofthedawn.我们提着一袋书,在晨曦中穿过了花园。3)Hewasquicktouseself-deprecatinghumortothrowanyoneoffthescent.为了迷惑别人,他机灵地说些自我挖苦的笑话。4)HewasborninRomeonMay27,1980.他是1980年5月27日在罗
17、马出生的。/他于1980年5月27日出生于罗马。3)TheUseofFunctionWordsEnglishandChineseMakeUseofDifferentTypesofFunctionWords.Englishfunctionwordsincludethearticles,prepositions,auxiliaryverbs,coordinators(并列连接词)andsubordinators(从属连接词),whileChinesefunctionwordsincludeparticles(助词),connectives,andprepositions.Eachhasitsown
18、featuresintheuseofthesewords.TheextensiveuseofEnglisharticlesposesabigproblemforourEnglishlearners:Whatarticletouse?Wheretouseit?andWherenottouseit?etc.Alltheseinvolvetheirusagesormeanings:Shewaswithachild.她带着一个孩子。Shewaswithchild.她怀着孕。Theyarestudentsofourschool.他们是本校的部分学生。Theyarethestudentsofourscho
19、ol.他们是本校的全体学生。Ihavelivedhereformorethanayear.我住在这里已一年多了。(一年又几个月)Ihavelivedhereformorethanoneyear.我住在这里已不止一年了。(两年以上)Pleasetakeachair.请坐。Hetookthechairtoday.今天他主持会议。今天他拿走了那张椅子。Hetookthechairofthecommittee.他接受担任委员会主席的职务。Chineseisrichinparticles(助词),whichcanbeclassifiedintoaspectparticles(动态助词,如:着、了、过),
20、structuralparticles(结构助词,如:的、地、得),andemotionalparticles(语气助词,如:吗、呢、吧).ThefrequentuseofChineseparticlesisahardnutforforeignlearnersofChinese.1.这回我可亲眼看见啦!(感叹语气)ThistimeIveactuallyseenitformyself.2.打吧,打不下去;跑吧,跑不了,敌人只好投降。(假设语气)Unabletofightonortoescape,theenemywasforcedtosurrender.3.你啊,老这样下去可不行!(加重语气)Lo
21、ok!Youcantgoonlikethis.4.这也不能怪他,头一回嘛。(答辩语气)Hesnottoblame.Afterall,itwasthefirsttimeheddoneit.Englishhasalargenumberofprepositionsandprepositionalphraseswhichareofteninuse,whileChinesehasafewprepositionswhicharemostlyborrowedfromtheircorrespondingverbs.AconversionofEnglishprepositionsintoChineseverbs
22、isoftennecessary.1.Peterdrewhisknifeontherobber.彼得拔刀向那个强盗砍去。2.Ifamancouldntwalkintoaroomandtellwhowasforhimandwhowasagainsthim,thenhewasntmuchofapolitician.(D.Halberstam:TheBestandtheBrightest).要是一个人不能一上任就看出谁支持他,谁反对他,那他就不配搞政治。Englishfrequentlyusesitsvariousconnectives,coordinatingorsubordinating,inc
23、ludingconjunctiveandrelativepronounsoradverbs,suchaswho,whom,whose,that,what,which,when,where,why,andhow.Chinesehasnosuchkindofconjunctivesandrelatives,andotherconnectivesarenotoftenused,exceptinformalwritings.1.Thiswastheperiodwhen Einsteinbegantheresearchwhich resultedinthecreationofhisfamousTheor
24、yofRelativity.就在这期间,爱因斯坦开始进行了一项研究。经过这项研究,他创立了著名的相对论。2.Practicallyallsubstancesexpandwhen heatedandcontractwhen cooled.几乎所有的物质都是热胀冷缩的。(二)Compactvs.Diffusive1.Compactness(聚集型)Englishsentencestructureiscomposedofnounphrase(s)andverbphrase(s).Ithasbecomeaninvariablecustomtohaveasubjectbeforeaverb,andthe
25、reforeasentencethatdoesnotcontainasubjectandaverbisfelttobeincomplete.Thesubject(S)mustagreewiththepredicateverb(V)inpersonandnumber,etc.Thisrigids-Vconcord(主谓协调一致)formsthekernelofasentence,withthepredicateverbcontrollingothermainmembers.英语句子有严谨的主谓结构。这个结构通常由名词性短语和动词性短语构成。主语不可或缺,谓语动词是句子的中心,两者协调一致,聚集各
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