the-cultural-differences-in-business-activities【商英】本科学位论文.doc

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1、中国某某某某学校学生毕业设计(论文)题 目：The Cultural Differences in Business Activities姓 名 ： 00000000 班级、学号 ： 0000000000000 系 (部) ： 经济管理系 专 业 ： 商务英语 指导教师 ： 00000000 开题时间： 2009-4-10 完成时间： 2009-11-1 2009 年 11 月 1 日19目 录毕业设计任务书1毕业设计成绩评定表2答辩申请书3-5正文6-21答辩委员会表决意见22答辩过程记录表23课 题 The Cultural Differences In Business Activiti

2、es 一、 课题(论文)提纲0.引言：1.文化的差异 1.1非语言交际1.1.1握手1.1.2眼神1.1.3手势语1.2语言交际1.2.1词汇的差异1.2.2句法的差异1.2.3语域的差异2.谈判的差异 2.1谈判的过程2.1.1寒暄2.1.2交换信息2.1.3说服2.1.4妥协与成交 3.价值观的差异3.1群体意识3.2集体观念3.3时间观念 结束语:二、内容摘要 随着经济全球化的发展, 国际商务合作与交易等跨国经济活动与日俱增, 由文化差异引起的商务活动中的冲突日益被越来越多的学者与商务人士所重视。本文从语言谈判、价值观三个方面分析了商务活动过程中中西文化的主要差异。这对于我们有效地进行商

3、务活动，促进跨文化交际的进行，有着十分重要的意义。三、 参考文献1、毕继万.跨文化非语言交际M.外语教学与研究出版社1999 2、金惠康.跨文化交际翻译续篇M.中国对外翻译出版公司2004 3、庄恩平.跨文化商务沟通案例教程 M.上海外语教育出版社2004The Cultural Differences in Business Activities000000000Abstract: With the development of economic globalization, international business cooperation and transactions, cross

4、-border cooperation is increasing day by day. More and more scholars and business people are aware of conflict which have caused by cultural differences during the business. This article analyzes the main cultural differences between china and western countries in business activities from three aspe

5、cts: language, culture, values. It is of significance for us to effectively carry out business activities and promote cross-cultural communication. Keywords：business activities；cultures differences；Conflict 0Introduction With our country join in WTO，foreign trade are frequently increasing, business

6、activity is not only a way of communication and cooperation in economic sector, but also a kind of collision and a means of cultural exchange between every country. Business activity was influenced by nationality politics, economy. Culture various factors from each country. However, cultural factor

7、is the most difficult to grasp. So far, people with difference backgrounds gave plenty of definitions to cultural. But in common meaning, culture refers to the integration of knowledge，belief，art，law，ethic，custom，habit ,such integration determines peoples values and psychological quality and living

8、in specific environment. It has sanction and effect on behavior of people with the same cultural background. Every country has their particular culture, history, custom etc, these differences in culture result in the culture collision even conflict during the international business activity. Quite a

9、 part of business activities failed out of the misunderstanding of culture，which directly affects international business activity going on smoothly. International business activities are performed across the borders, which means that we have to realize that it is essential for us to recognize differ

10、 national cultural background and consider different cultures during the business activity. And to avoid weaknesses basis, it would be more likely to perform a successful business negotiation.1. Culture differences 1.1Non-language expressive differenceDuring the international business activity, for

11、example：Negotiations, each side of negotiate express self opinion and feel also through gesture and facial expression body language, besides use oral language communion. Because of cultural difference, the method of body language expression and its meaning have different. Here I will compare their d

12、ifferent from three of aspects. 1.1.1 Handshake Handshake has become a common etiquette habit in many countries. Handshake ceremony is the most vulgate in China. In a sense it is actually the most common etiquette in the social occasion of international community. In china, shake hands by two people

13、, as in greeting or leave take or even half-way conversation also hand shake since their have high degree of consensus of opinion, this hand shake means the between of relation what make more narrower further. Of course, different countries shake hand differently. for example: when American the firs

14、t meeting, they introduce each other very simple, only the formal occasion they shake hand each other, handshake should be short and powerful after introduction, they think a powerful handshake representative cordiality and straightforwardness. In public occasion American Ladies will holds out her h

15、and initiatively. Then men could shake womens hands, but handshake can not be too tight. Man should take off gloves before handshake, if women have no intention of shaking hand, men should nod or bow in salutation. and also American are usually not handshake in farewell，Chinese always say hello befo

16、re they have a meet or handshake after they leave the party. 1.1.2 Eyesight Eyes are the windows of the soul, whichever country can not be separated from eye contact with others when communicative activities, but different culture lead to the meaning of eye exchange. If you fix eye on other sides, C

17、hinese have an uneasy, especially ladys, they look away from avoiding meet others gaze, it show Chinese womens a kind of cowardly cultural practices habit. Westerners fix eyes on partner when they participate in conversation, it express mutual respect for each other, absorption, interest, In United

18、States, eye contact during the conversation, It express self-confident, cordiality, it should be noted that if a men stare at another man for a long time he might be a homosexuality. In Britain, it is polite behaviors to look directly into others eyes while you talking with him. But if you doing thi

19、s in Japan, people will think you are rude and dangerous. Even if today, most of Japanese would avoid the kind of embarrassing and will not look at the other partner directly. Because they think too much direct eye-contact with other side would makes them uncomfortable. Therefore, because of Japanes

20、e do not look directly at other side eyes, Chinese negotiators might thinks “what was happen,” because we always believe that eye contact is a common way of communication. 1.1.3 Gesture language There are lots exchanges of movements, head movements and gestures are quite obvious. In China, we often

21、to show our appreciation to others held up thumbs-up, Thumbs-down meaning bad, worse” in American, while in Japan, the little finger is the meaning of” lover. So far as Ok gesture: Chinese may express meaning of three; Americans think good”, they said no or zero in France; Japan say I see; India say

22、 right”. Moreover, Americans often bent and shake his index finger to hail to other people arrive at front of themselves, Chinese people use this gesture not asking people but animals such as: dogs, So, when the Americans make this gesture to the Chinese, Chinese will feel humiliated. For Another ex

23、ample, the way of greeting that could be nod, bow, shake hands, hug, kiss or prick up eyebrows, during different cultural environments, it express different emotions and significance. If you mismanagement, There is either make a jokes or bring more trouble. Such as: the way of greeting, American usu

24、ally shake hands energetically and warmly; French hold hand fondly; Japanese usually bow; anthropologists do not think that a gesture express the same meanings in the around the world or under different circumstances of one region. 1.2. Language expressive difference 1.2.1 Vocabulary differences Voc

25、abulary differences are the basic principles of language, it is the crutch for large-scale systems language existence, so cultural differences reflected the most stand out above the level of vocabulary, it covered the most extensively. The particularity of the national culture has lead to the lexica

26、l gap in language system, such as privacy means “Privacy, secret or personal matters and so on. But its deeper implications refer to the right of independent space. Even if it expressed of the rational concept is same, it will produce different associative meaning due to cultural differences. For ex

27、ample, one of company in China sells white elephant brand of batteries to foreigners, they talk up how is the white elephant good performing in the ad trumpets. But they do not know that it could produce the meaning under the Western culture background, another example, when you write eye-catching R

28、est room for Foreign Teachers on the foreign teachers lounge door to show your care, you may do not know that the rest room means is another name for toilet, thus a ridiculous to foreign experts. It is result that these equate the letter to among of cultures results. 1.2.2 Syntax differences The mos

29、t typical of Syntactic differences no more than between Chinese and Western, India, Europe language control. English is hypotactic language, Chinese is the Parataxis language. English define meaning under form, through rigorous modality changes to showing grammatical categories and semantic informat

30、ion. Particularly, English carry on the finite verb as the core, so as to control all kinds of components relationship within sentence, the complex of subject-predicate sentence structure can be achieved only through enlargement of the parts within sentence language expanding fullness within it. All

31、 of predication is sentences, However, Chinese define form under meanings, there are not complex deformations, variant lattices grid, form or any associate cross correlation, and we can hold it together form a sentences only if the semantic match in line with common sense. So both semantic and pragm

32、atic factors are larger than the sense of words syntactic factors” meaning in English, it could load the great of information content, that make Chinese with a strong expressive force. Spatial configuration of English and Chinese run-on sentence” time mode are reflected in syntactic level. Take the

33、Sino-British trade correspondence for example, trying to compare expression between the Chinese and English ,offers as following : 我们须申明, 丝绒的需求殷切, 而现货有限, 该盘有效期仅限一周。”We must stress that this offer is firm for one week only because of the eagerly demand for the limited supply of this velvet in stock.”

34、 Chinese use four phrases, while English express with a long sentence. Language and cultural relativity rely on each other which interaction plays a vital role to form characteristic thinking habits and language models, such as: Chinese people tend to imagine thinking and integrated thinking；Europe

35、and United States people tend to abstract thinking and incorporation in the languages, the other hand Chinese tend to expression from the whole to part; English do it on the contrary. For example:“中国上海古北路620 号”, translate in English No. 620 GuBei Road, Shanghai, China; “1998 年9 月10 日8 点” is“at 8oclo

36、ck, on Sep timber 10 th, 1998 . 1.2.3 Register differencesCultural differences reflected not only vocabulary and syntax levels of language system, but also the language register and pragmatics levels, such as salutation, greeting, introduction, farewell, request, inquiry, suggestions and apology ver

37、bal behavior and so on. Take the greeting for example: Chinese people say Good morning” Hello, but not Good afternoon” and Good evening. In Chinese cultures, when the acquaintances meet each other in the street, they will ask “where are you going?” as a courtesy greeting formulae or when meet the me

38、altime, they will ask “Have you lunch or supper?. Here are the topics of chat: they usually asked other side age, marital status, family, income and so on. But for Westerners, It is rude to explore peoples private. In Similar way, the hand of give a gift compliment or praise, Chinese people regard m

39、odesty as the traditional virtues, they often say: heres a little something from me a dine a dozen, please accept it” when they present a gift to someone. But Westerners will wonder that we send unlike things to others in business negotiation, if Westerners say Please stop in at anytime, we can have

40、 a dinner sometime, I will call you.” Do not think that is an invitation to you, in fact, its only that they knitted up their talking signal. It is more indirectness and decency than utter direct peroration. The true invitation of Westerners usually include definite content, location and time in no

41、uncertain terms, In the economic and trade intercourse, it is difficult to avoid the grammar errors if we ignore characteristics of the register and national culture.2. Negotiations differences With the influence of international trade growth and globalization of economic, business activities from d

42、ifferent cultural backgrounds increasingly frequent and therefore cross-cultural negotiation problems of cultural barriers has aroused widely concern. Here I will analyze negotiators different intention from each country based on the four parts process of negotiation. 2.1 Negotiation process 2.1.1 M

43、ake small talkPeople usually greeting each other at the beginning of negotiations, they talk about something no connections with the topic. Westerners greeting only for the needs of etiquette, so they will talking about something like weather, sports. 2.1.2 Exchange messageIt is the substantial matt

44、er of negotiations is exchange information. The exchanges of information usually make misunderstand because of culture differences in Cross-cultural negotiations. The mainly misunderstand reflected communication mode and non-verbal communication aspects, for example, long-time silence. European and

45、American would fill up the time when Japanese keep a period of silence, thus misunderstandings occurred among of them. Japanese say they are thinking in earnest during the period of silence. They need talking with others more times then give the response. The negotiations will show the deadlock if E

46、uropean and Americans didnt realize it. On the other hand, the price differs from each country because of culture-specific. Americans offer closer to the current price, while Easterners have large gap between offer and floor price. If Easterners didnt realize charge rules of American, but bargain wi

47、th each other with them, the results of negotiation often lose their opportunity and failure. 2.1.3 Persuade Persuade, namely to dealing with different opinions” and change others mind. The persuade stage, cultural conflict particularly notable. Because both sides try their best persuade other side for the interests. Europe and the United States people are good at contention and express frankness, but Easterner focus on face and interpersonal relationship and express connotation. This different kind of persuasion way wil