2022年考研英语真题及答案2.pdf

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1、2022年-2023年最新2022年考研英语真题及答案2022年-2023年最新2022年考研英语真题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose thebestword(s)foreach numbered blankandmark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10points)Read the following text.Choose thebestword(s)foreach numbered blankandmark A,B,C or D on ANSWER S

2、HEET 1.(10points)The ethical judgments of the SupremeCourt justices have become an importantissue recently.The court cannot _1_ itslegitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_justices behave like politicians.Yet inseveral instances,justices acted in waysthat _3_ the courfs reputation for beingindep

3、endent and impartial.2022年-2023年最新Justice Antonin Scalia,for example,appeared at political events.That kind ofactivity makes it less likely that the courfsdecisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments.Part of the problem is that the justices arenot _5_by an ethics code.At the very least,the court sho

4、uld make itself_6_to the code of conduct that _7_to therest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_thequestion of whether there is still a_9_between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitutionenvisioned law_10_having authority apartfrom politics.They gave justices perman

5、entpositions _1 IJhey would be free to _12_those in power and have no need to _13_political support.Our legal system wasdesigned to set law apart from politicsprecisely because they are so closely _14_.2022年-2023年最新Constitutional law is political becauseit results from choices rooted infundamental s

6、ocial _15_ like liberty andproperty.When the court deals with socialpolicy decisions,the law it _16_ isinescapably political-which is whydecisions split along ideological lines areso easily _17_ as unjust.The justices must _18_ doubts aboutthe courfs legitimacy by makingthemselves _19_ to the code o

7、f conduct.That would make rulings more likely to beseen as separate from politics and,_20_,convincing as law.1.Aemphasize Bmaintain CmodifyD recognize2.Awhen Blest Cbefore D unless3.Arestored BweakenedCestablished D eliminated2022年-2023年最新4.AJchallenged BcompromisedC suspected D accepted5.Aadvanced

8、BJcaught CJboundDfounded6.Aresistant Bsubject CjimmuneDprone7.Aresorts Bsticks CJIoadsDapplies8.Aevade BJraise Cdeny DJsettle9.AJIine BJbarrier CJsimilarityDconflict10.Aby Bas Cthough DJtowards11.Aso BJsince CprovidedDthough12.闻serve Bsatisfy CupsetDreplace13.Aconfirm BJexpress CcultivateDoffer2022年

9、-2023年最新14.AJguarded BJfollowed CJstudiedDtied15.Aconcepts BtheoriesCJdivisions Dconceptions16.Aexcludes BJquestions CJshapesDcontrols17.AJdismissed Breleased CrankedDdistorted18.AJsuppress Bexploit CJaddressDJignore19.Aaccessible BamiableCJagreeable Daccountable20.Aby all mesns BJatall costs Cina w

10、ord DJas a resultSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:2022年-2023年最新Read the following four texts.Answerthe questions below each text by choosingA,B,C or D.Mark your answers onANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text 1Come on-Everybodys doing itThatwhispered message,half invitation and halfforcing,

11、is what most of us think of when wehear the words peer pressure.It usuallyleads to no good-drinking,drugs andcasual sex.But in her new book Join theClubz Tina Rosenberg contends that peerpressure can also be a positive forcethrough what she calls the social cure,inwhich organizations and officials u

12、se thepower of group dynamics to helpindividuals improve their lives and possiblythe word.Rosenberg,the recipient of a PulitzerPrize,offers host of example of the socialcure in action:In South Carolina,a2022年-2023年最新state-sponsored antismoking programcalled Rage Against the Haze sets out tomake ciga

13、rettes uncool.In South Africa,anHIV-prevention initiative known as Love Liferecruits young people to promote safe sexamong their peers.The idea seems promising,andRosenberg is a perceptive observer.Hercritique of the lameness of manypubic-health campaigns is spot-on:they failto mobilize peer pressur

14、e for healthy habitszand they demonstrate a seriously flawedunderstanding of psychology.Dare to bedifferent,please don t smoke!pleadsone billboard campaign aimed at reducingsmoking among teenagers-teenagers,whodesire nothing more than fitting in.Rosenberg argues convincingly thatpublic-health advoca

15、tes oughtto take apage from advertisers,so skilled atapplying peer pressure.2022年-2023年最新But on the general effectiveness of thesocial cure,Rosenberg is less persuasive.Join the Club is filled with too muchirrelevant detail and not enough explorationof the social and biological factors thatmake peer

16、 pressure so powerful.The mostglaring flaw of the social cure as itspresented here is that it doesnt work verywell for very long.Rage Against the Hazefailed once state funding was cut.Evidencethat the Love Life program produces lastingchanges is limited and mixed.Theres no doubt that our peer groups

17、exert enormous influence on our behavior.An emerging body of research shows thatpositive health habits-as well as negativeones-spread through networks of friendsvia social communication.This is a subtleform of peer pressure:we unconsciouslyimitate the behavior we see every day.2022年-2023年最新Far less

18、certain,however,is howsuccessfully experts and bureaucrats canselect our peer groups and steer theiractivities in virtuous directions.Ifs like theteacher who breaks up the troublemakersin the back row by pairing them withbetter-behaved classmates.The tacticnever really works.And thafs the problemwit

19、h a social cure engineered from theoutside:in the real world,as in school weinsist on choosing our own friends.21.According to the first paragraph,peer pressure often emerges asA a supplement to the social cureB a stimulus to group dynamicsC an obstacle to school progressD a cause of undesirable beh

20、aviors22.Rosenberg holds that publicadvocates should2022年-2023年最新A recruit professional advertisersB learn from advertisers experienceC stay away from commercialadvertisersD recognize the limitations ofadvertisements23.In the authors view,Rosenbergsbook fails toA adequately probe social andbiologica

21、l factorsB effectively evade the flaws of thesocial cureC illustrate the functions of statefundingD produce a long-lasting social effect24.Paragraph 5shows that ourimitation of behaviors2022年-2023年最新A is harmful to our networks offriendsB will mislead behavioral studiesC occurs without our realizing

22、 itD can produce negative health habits25.The author suggests in the lastparagraph that the effect of peer pressure isA harmfulB desirableC profoundD questionableText 2A deal is a deal-exceptapparently,when Entergy is involved.Thecompany,a major energy supplier in NewEngland,provoked justified outra

23、ge inVermont last week when it announced itwas reneging on a longstanding2022年-2023年最新commitment to abide by the strict nuclearregulations.Instead,the company has doneprecisely what it had long promised itwould not challenge the constitutionality ofVermonfs rules in the federal court,as partof a des

24、perate effort to keep its VermontYankee nuclear power plant running.If s astunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since2022,when the corporation boughtVermonfs only nuclear power plant,anaging reactor in Vernon.As a condition ofreceiving state approval for the sale,thecompany agreed to seek pe

25、rmission fromstate regulators to operate past 2022.In2022,the state went a step further,requiring that any extension of the plantslicense be subject to Vermont legislatureapproval.Then,too,the company wentlong.2022年-2023年最新Either Entergy never really intended tolive by those commitments,or it simply

26、didnt foresee what would happen next.Astring of accidents,including the partialcollapse of a cooling tower in 207 and thediscovery of an underground pipe systemleakage,raised serious questions aboutboth Vermont Yankees safety andEntergys management-especially after thecompany made misleading stateme

27、ntsabout the pipe.Enraged by Entergysbehavior,the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claimingthat the 2022 agreement is invalid becauseof the 2022 legislation,and that only thefederal government has regulatory powerover nuclear issues.The

28、legal issues in thecase are obscure:whereas the SupremeCourt has ruled that states do have someregulatory authority over nuclear power,legal scholars say that Vermont case will2022年-2023年最新offer a precedent-setting test of how farthose powers extend.Certainly,there arevalid concerns about the patchw

29、orkregulations that could result if every statesets its own rules.But had Entergy kept itsword,that debate would be beside thepoint.The company seems to haveconcluded that itsreputation in Vermont isalready so damaged that it has noting left tolose by going to war with the state.Butthere should be c

30、onsequences.Permissionto run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust.Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the UnitedStates,including Pilgrim Nuclear station inPlymouth.Pledging to run Pilgrim safely,the company has applied for federalpermission to keep it open for another 20years.But as the Nuclear Regulator

31、yCommission(NRC)reviews the companysapplication,it should keep it mind whatpromises from Entergy are worth.2022年-2023年最新26.The phrase areneging on(Line3.para.1)is closestin meaning toA condemning.B reaffirming.C dishonoring.D securing.27.By entering into the 2022 agreementEntergy intended toA obtain

32、 protection from Vermontregulators.B seek favor from the federallegislature.C acquire an extension of its businesslicense.D get permission to purchase a powerplant28.According to Paragraph 4,Entergyseems to have problems with its2022年-2023年最新A managerial practices.B technical innovativeness.C financ

33、ial goals.D business vision29.In the authors view,the Vermontcase will testA Entergys opacity to fulfill all itspromises.B the mature of states patchworkregulations.C the federal authority over nuclearissues.D the limits of states1 power overnuclear issues.30.It can be inferred from the lastparagrap

34、h thatA Entergys business elsewheremight be affected.2022年-2023年最新B the authority of the NRC will bedefied.C Entergy will withdraw its Plymouthapplication.D Vermonfs reputation might bedamaged.Text 3In the idealized version of how scienceis done,facts about the world are waiting tobe observed and co

35、llected by objectiveresearchers who use the scientific methodto carry out their work.But in the everydaypractice of science,discovery frequentlyfollows an ambiguous and complicatedroute.We aim to be objective,but wecannot escape the context of our unique lifeexperience.Prior knowledge and interestin

36、fluence what we experience,what wethink our experiences mean,and thesubsequent actions we take.Opportunities2022年-2023年最新for misinterpretation,error,andself-deception abound.Consequently,discovery claims shouldbe thought of as protoscience.Similar tonewly staked mining claims,they are full ofpotenti

37、al.But it takes collective scrutinyand acceptance to transform a discoveryclaim into a mature discovery.This is thecredibility process,through which theindividual researchers me,here,nowbecomes the communitys anyone,anywhere,anytime.Objective knowledge isthe goal,not the starting pointOnce a discove

38、ry claim becomespublicz the discoverer receives intellectualcredit.But unlike with mining claims,thecommunity takes control of what happensnext.Within the complex social structure ofthe scientific community,researchers makediscoveries;editors and reviewers act asgatekeepers by controlling the public

39、ation2022年-2023年最新process;other scientists use the newfinding to suit their own purposes;andfinally,the public(including other scientists)receives the new discovery and possiblyaccompanying technology.As a discoveryclaim works it through the community,theinteraction and confrontation betweenshared a

40、nd competing beliefs about thescience and the technology involvedtransforms an individuaPs discovery claiminto the communitys credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout thiscredibility process.First,scientific worktends to focus on some aspect of prevailingKnowledge that is viewed as incomple

41、te orincorrect.Little reward accompaniesduplication and confirmation of what isalready known and believed.The goal isnew-search,not re-search.Not surprisingly,newly published discovery claims andcredible discoveries that appear to beimportant and convincing will always be2022年-2023年最新open to challen

42、ge and potentialmodification or refutation by futureresearchers.Second,novelty itselffrequently provokes disbelief.NobelLaureate and physiologist AlbertAzent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as“seeing what everybody has seen andthinking what nobody has thought.Butthinking what nobody else has though

43、t andtelling others what they have missed maynot change their views.Sometimes yearsare required for truly novel discoveryclaims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end,credibility happens to adiscovery claim-a process thatcorresponds to what philosopher AnnetteBaier has described as the commons of

44、 themind.We reason together,challenge,revise,and complete each othersreasoning and each others conceptions ofreason.2022年-2023年最新31.According to the first paragraph,the process of discovery is characterizedby itsA uncertainty and complexity.B misconception and deceptiveness.C logicality and objectiv

45、ity.D systematicness and regularity.32.It can be inferred from Paragraph 2that credibility process requiresA strict inspection.Bshared efforts.C individual wisdom.Dpersistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discoveryclaim becomes credible after itA has attracted the attention of thegeneral pu

46、blic.2022年-2023年最新B has been examined by the scientificcommunity.C has received recognition fromeditors and reviewers.D has been frequently quoted by peerscientists.34.Albert Szent-Gyorgyi would mostlikely agree thatA scientific claims will survivechallenges.B discoveries today inspire futureresearc

47、h.C efforts to make discoveries arejustified.D scientific work calls for a criticalmind.35.Which of the following would be thebest title of the test?2022年-2023年最新A Novelty as an Engine of ScientificDevelopment.B Collective Scrutiny in ScientificDiscovery.C Evolution of Credibility in DoingScience.D

48、Challenge to Credibility at the Gateto Science.Text 4If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa werealive today,he would probably representcivil servant.When Hoffas Teamsters werein their prime in I960,only one in tenAmerican government workers belonged toa union;now 36%do.In 2022 the numberofunionists in Am

49、ericas public sector passedthat of their fellow members in the privatesector.In Britain,more than half ofpublic-sector workers but only about 15%of private-sector ones are unionized.2022年-2023年最新There are three reasons for thepublic-sector unions1 thriving.First,theycan shut things down without suff

50、eringmuch in the way of consequences.Second,they are mostly bright and well-educated.Aquarter of Americas public-sector workershave university degree.Third,they nowdominate left-of-centre politics.Some oftheir ties go back a long way.BritainsLabor Party,as its name implies,has longbeen associated wi