2022年GRE考试真题卷八1测.pdf

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1、2022年 GRE考试真题卷八（本卷共分为1 大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总 分 100分，60分及格。）单 位：姓 名：考 号：题号单选题多项选择判断题综合题总分分值得分一、单项选择题（共5 0题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意）1.BSet 2 Geo Iogy plate Tectonics/BWhy does the professor talk about Tuzo WiIsonA.Wilson developed a warning system for earthquakes.B.Wilson wrote an article that contradict

2、ed scientific law.C.Wilson first proposed the theory of plate tectonics.D.Wilson discovered sea floor spreading in the North Atlantic.2.READ I NG SECTION DI RECTIONSThe Reading section measures your ability to read and understandpassages in English.You wiI I read five passages and answer questionsab

3、out them.Answer al I questions based on what is stated or implied inthe passages.Most questions are worth one point.The last question in each set isworth more than one point.For this question,the d i rect ions will i nd i catehow many points you can receive.Some passages have one or more words in bo

4、ld type.For these boldedwords,you wi I I see a definition in a glossary at the end of the passage.AI I ow 20 minutes to read each passage and answer the questions aboutit.You may now begin the f i rst passage.BHSet 1/BNORTH AMERICAN GRASSLANDS1 In North America,nat i ve grasslands occur pr imar i ly

5、 in the GreatPlains in the middle of the cont i nent.The North American prai r ie biomeis one of the most extensi ve grasslands in the wor Id,extending from theedge of the Rocky Mountains in the west to the deciduous forest in theeast,and from northern Mexico in the south to Canada in the north.Aver

6、ageannual ra in fa lI ranges from about 40 cm(16 inches)in the west to 80cm(31 inches)in the east.Average annual temperatures range between10 degrees and 20 degrees Celsius(50 to 68 degrees Fahrenheit).In themoist regions of the North American grasslands,especially in thenorthern Great Plains,rai nf

7、a 1 1 is d i st i net I y seasona lt and temperaturescan vary widely from very hot in summer to b itte r cold in winter.2 One hundred years ago,the Great Plains grasslands were one vast,unbroken prai r ie.Much of the prai r ie is now farmland,the most product i veagrcultural region in the world,domi

8、nated by (B)monocuItures/Bof cereal grains.Wheat,barley,soybeans,corn,and sunflowers occupythe land that was once prai r ie.In areas given over to grazing lands forcattIe and sheep,v irtu a lly al I the major native grasses have beenrep Iaced by Ua Ii en/U speci es.3 An important feature of the nort

9、hern Great Plains grasslands is thepresence of m i I I i ons of g I ac i a I depress i ons that are now sma I I ponds knownas prairie potholes.They were formed during the most recent Ice Age,when streams fI owed in tunnels beneath g la cia lly formed sandy ridges.When the Ice Age ended around 12,000

10、 years agot the retreating glacierscreated about 25 million depressions across a 300,000-square-miIelandscape-about 83 potholes per square mi Ie.As the ice blocks melted,much of the water was left behind,forming wet I ands ranging in size froma tenth of an acre to several acres.The wet I ands were s

11、oon surroundedby fluttering waves of grasses:shortgrass,mixed grass,and tai I grass.4 11 Today these sma I I wet I ands still cover the pra i r ies,al thoughmuch of the Iandscape-including both native grasses and pothoIeshas been transformed to cropland and grassland for grazing./U Whatdoes remain o

12、f the wetlands,however,still serves as an importantbreeding area for more than 300 bi rd species,including large numbersof migrating shorebi rds and waterfowl.The potholes fill up with waterdur ing spring rains and usually dry out by late summer.Every spring,bi rds arr ive in great numbers northern

13、pintai Is,ma I lards,coots,andp i ed-b i I I ed grebes-4 to 6 million strong,to mate in the seasona Iwetlands that dot portions of Minnesota,Iowa,North and South Dakota,Montana,Alberta,Saskatchewan,and Manitoba.Prai r ie pothole countryproduces half of North America5 s 35 to 40 mi I I ion ducks and

14、is renownedwor Idwide as a 1 1 U duck factory/U.n5 Recent Iy b i oIogi sts have d i scovered that the prai r ie pothoI e regi oni s potent ia I Iy a vast carbon sink:a natural sponge that absorbs carbondioxide emissions from cars,factories,and power plants.Carbon dioxideis the most common of al I th

15、e pol lutants acting as greenhouse gases thatheat up the atmosphere.Fortunately,however,carbon dioxide is capturednatural ly and stored in trees,soil,and plants.Sc i ent i sts have termedUthis/U Mcarbon sequestration.They have determined thatprai r ie pothoIes hold an average of 2.5 tons of carbon p

16、er acre per yearwhen not being farmed.This means that if the enti re pothoIe region inthe United States and Canada were to stop being farmed,the region wouldstore about 400 million tons of carbon over 10 years-the equivalent oftaking a I most 4 mi I I ion cars o ff the road.Thus,preserving the potho

17、lescould be a way to U o ffs e t/U greenhouse gas emissions that arewarming the planet.Glossary:biome:one of the world5 s major natural communities,classified bypredominant vegetationmonoculture:cultivation of large land areas with a single plantvariety POLITICAL SYSTEMS OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY1 Mo

18、narchy is a form of government in which authority is held by asingle person,a monarch,whose r ight to rule is generally hereditaryand I ifeIong.At the sta rt of the twentieth century,monarchs ruled overmost of the world,but by the middle of the century,only a handfulrema i ned.A ser i es of revo I u

19、t i ons i n the preced i ng centur i es had weakenedthe European monarchies,and while monarchs rema i ned symbo I s of nat i ona Iunity,real power had passed to constitutional assembIies.Monarchysurvived as a form in Europe only where the king or queen functioned asthe symboI ic head of a pari iamen

20、tary state,as in Britain,the LowCountries,and Scandinavia.It lasted longer in the few smal I states ofAsia and Africa that had never come under di rect colonial rule.By the1960s,autocratic monarchy had become an outdated form of government.Throughout most of the world,peopIe were considered citizens

21、,notsubjects,and the total ity of the peopIe were seen as constituting thestate.2 In most states where monarchical authority was removed,some formof I iberal democracy took its place.A I iberal democracy is a state wherepoIi t i caI authority rests in the peopIe act i ng through eIectedrepresentat i

22、 ves and where an e Iected execut i ve i s respons ibIe to the wi I Iof the peopIe as a who Ie.UThe term/U applies to a broad groupof states with a par Iiamentary or representative p o litic a l tradition.Liberal democracies differ from the communist states known as Upeople5s democracies/U,in which

23、the Communist party holds the u11imateauthor ity.Genera I Iy,IiberaI democracies fol low the par Iiamentary(Ulpattern/U,with the executive power vested in a cabinetresponsible to the par Iiament and drawn from the major ity party orcombination of parties.In the United States,an independentIy eIected

24、executive,the president,functions separately from the legislativeauthority,the congress.3 The doctrine that al I of the peopIe had effective authority,orsovereignty,became the basis for the functioning of democratic states.Th i s doctr i ne of popu I ar severe i gnty became al(-inclusive as ci ti ze

25、nsh i prights were extended to classes formerly excIuded and to women.TheIiberal democratic state claimed the right to control every aspect ofhuman I ife according to the wi I I of the people,except where I imits onstate control were directly stated in a b ill of rights in a democraticconstitution a

26、nd recognized in practice.4 Al I democratic states,both par I i amentary and pres i dent i a I,changedin form dur ing the twent ieth century.To meet the needs of an urbanindustrial society,states generally enlarged their scope of activityto control economic power and to provide common services to th

27、e peopIe.The expansion of state activity and extension of state services invoIveda new view of legislation and its role in society.The passing of lawscame to be seen as a way to promote the we I I being of the people.Withthis new concept of legislation,the number of new laws increasedimmensely,part

28、i cu I ar I y in the areas of soc i a I we I fare,education,healthand safety,and economic development.5 The trend toward I iberal democracy continued throughout the century,but at various times there was also a tendency toward a revival ofauthoritarian rule.In a number of states,democratic governmen

29、ts couldnot cope with the crises of the time.U In these cases,some form ofto ta lita r ian dictatorship emerged,replacing popular sovereignty withthe total power of the state./II In some instances,monarchy gave waydire ctly to dictatorship.In others,d i ctator i a I regimes took overdemocratical ly

30、organized states,notab I y in Eastern Europe in the yearsbetween the two wor Id wars,in new states of Asia and Afr ica in the 1950s,and sporadically in Central and South America.6 Authoritarian governments showed three principle character i sties.Fi rst,there was a head of state or leader with excep

31、tionaI powers,witha party to support him.Second,the legislative body was eIected by asystem that prohibited parties opposed to the regime,and thi rd,therewas a bureaucratic administration that was in no way subject to popularcontrol.The most extreme position on these points was taken by H itle r5s t

32、o ta lita r ian Nat i onaI Soc i a Ii st State in the 1930s.Glossary:autocratic:characterized by uniimi ted powerautocrat i c:character i zed by comp I ete obed i ence to author i ty,I ack i ngindividual freedomThe word Usurvived/U in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning toA.remainedB.developedC.change

33、dD.returned4.BSet 5/BTHE DOMESTICATION OF ANIMALS1 The domest icat ion of wi Id species led di rectly to denser humanpopulations by yielding more food than the hunter-gatherer I ifestylecould provide.In societies that possessed domestic animals,Iivestockhe I ped to feed more peop I e by providing me

34、at,mi lkf and fert i I izer,andby pulling plows.Large domestic animals became the societies mainsource of animal protein,replacing wiId game,and they alsoUfurnished/U woolr leather,and land transport.Humans havedomesticated only a few species of large animals,with large“definedas those weighing over

35、 100 pounds(45 ki lograms).Fourteen such specieswere domest icated before the twent ieth century,al I of them terrestr ialm am m a I s and herb i vores.The f i ve most i mportant of these are sheep,goats,pigs,horses,and cattIe or oxen.2 Smal I animals such as ducks,geese,rabbits,dogs,cats,mink,bees,

36、and si Ikworms have also been domesticated.Many of these smalI animalsprovided food,cIothing,or warmth.However,none of them pul led plowsor wagons,none carried riders,and none except dogs pul led sleds.Furthermore,no smalI domestic animals have been as important for foodas have large domestic animal

37、s.3 Early herding societies quickly domesticated al I large mammalspecies that were suitable for domestication.There is archaeologicalevidence that these species were domest icated between 10r 000 and 4,500years agor within the f i rst few thousand years of the origins offarming-herding societies af

38、ter the last Ice Age.The continent ofEurasia has been the primary site of large mammal domestication.Havingthe most species of wiId m am m a Is to begin with,and losing the fewestto extinetion in the last 40,000 years,Eurasia has generated the mostcandidates for domestication.4 Domestication involve

39、s transforming wiId animals into somethingmore useful to humans.Truly domesticated animals differ in many waysfrom thei r wi Id ancestors.These differences result from two processes:human seIection of indi viduaI animals that are more usefuI to humans thanother individuals of the same species,and ev

40、olutionary responses ofanimals to the forces of natural seIect i on operating in humanenvi ronments rather than in wild envi ronments.5 To be domesticated,a wi Id species must possess severaIcharacteristics,UA candidate for domestication must be primarilya herbivore because it takes less plant bioma

41、ss to feed a plant eaterthan it does to feed a carnivore that consumes plant eaters/U.Nocarnivorous mamma I has ever been domest i cated for food simply becauseit would be too costly.A candidate must not only weigh an average ofover 100 pounds but a I so grow quick I y.That el imi nates U gor i I la

42、s andelephants/U,even though they are herbivores.Moreover,candidatesfor domestication must be able to breed successfuI Iy in captivity.6 Since a I most any suff i c i ent Iy large mammal species i s capable ofkilling a human,certain qua I ities Ud i squaIi fy/U a wild animalfor domestication.The ani

43、mal cannot have a disposition that is nasty,dangerous,or unpredictable character istics that eliminate bears,Afr ican buffaloes,and some species of wiId horses.The animal cannotbe so nervous that it Upanics/U around humans.Large herbivorousmammal species react to danger from predators or humans in d

44、ifferent ways.Some species are nervous,fast,and programmed for instant fIight whenthey perceive danger.Others are less nervous,seek protection in herds,and do not run untiI necessary.Most spec i es of deer and ante I ope areof the former type,while sheep and goats are of the latter.7 AI most al I do

45、mest i cated large mamma Is are species whose wi Idancestors share three soc i a I characteristics:Iiving in a herd,maintaining a dominance hierarchy in the herd,and having herds thatoccupy over I app i ng home ranges i nstead of mutua I I y exc lusi ve ter r i tor i es.Humans have taken advantage o

46、f these characteristics in keeping domesticanimals together with others of their species and in close proximity toother species of domestic animals.Glossary:terrestrial:living on land rather than in waterherbivores:animals that feed mainly on plantsAccording to the passage,what benefit of large dome

47、stic animals is notalso provided by smalI animalsA.A source of foodB.A source of clothingC.The ability to pull a plowD.The ability to be ridden5.(BUSet 3/BTHE SENSE OF SMELL1 Smel I is the most di rect of al I the senses.It is thought to be theoldest sense in terms of human evolution,which may exp l

48、ain why smelIis Uhard-wired/U into the brain.The olfactory nerve,whichmanages the perception of smeI Is,is essential ly an extension of the brain.The olfactory nerve provides a direct I ink from receptors at the top ofthe nose to the portion of the brain that controls memory,emotion,andbehavior.2 Th

49、e o I factory system U detects/U certa in ai rborne chem icalsthat enter the nose and then transmits this chemicaI information to theI imbic system in the brain.The olfactory region at the upper end of eachnostr iI i s ye I Iowy moist,and fulI of fatty substances.The shade ofye I low i nd i cates th

50、e strength of the sense of smel I:the deeper the shade,the keener and more acute it is.Animals have a very strong sense of smeI Irso their olfactory regions are dark ye I low to reddish brown,while thoseof humans are Iight ye I Iow.3 When an odorous substance enters the nose,it binds to olfactoryrec