2022年吉林在职攻读硕士联考考试模拟卷5测.docx

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1、2022年吉林在职攻读硕士联考考试模拟卷（本卷共分为1大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格。）单位：姓名:考号：题号单选题多项选择判断题综合题总分分值得分一、单项选择题(共50题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意)1. If you think you can make the pIanet better by clever shoppingf think again. You might make it worse. You probably go shopping several times a month, providing yourself wit

2、h lots of opportunities to express your op ini ons. I f you are wor r i ed about the env i ronment, you m i ght buy organ i c food; if you want to help poor farmers, you can do your bit by buying Fairtrade products; or you can express a disI ike of evi I multinationaI companies and rampant globaliza

3、tion by buying only local produce. And the best bit is that shopping, uni ike voting, is fun; so you can do good and enjoy yourself at the same time. Sadly, it’s not that easy. (41). PeopIe who want to make the world a better place cannot do so by shifting their shopping habits: transforming t

4、he pIanet requires dul ler disci pl i nes, I ike pol it ics. Organ i c food, which is grown w i thout man-made pesticides and fertiIisers, is generally assumed to be more environmentally friendly than conventionaI intensive farming, which is heavily reliant on chemical inputs. But it al I depends on

5、 what you mean by "env i ronmentaI Iy fr iend Iy". Farming is inherently bad for the envi ronment: since humans took it up around 11 000 years ago, the result has been deforestation on a massive scale. (42) . Organic methods, which rely on crop rotation, manure and compost in place of fert

6、i I iser, are far less intensive. So producing the world’s current agr icultural output organicaI Iy wouId requi re several times as much land as is currently cultivated. There wouldn’t be much room left for the rainforest. Fai rtrade food is designed to raise poor farmers’ incomes

7、. It is sold at a higher price than ordinary food, with a subsidy passed back to the farmer. But prices of agricultural commodities are low because of overproduction, (43) .Surely the case for local food, produced as close as possible to the consumer in order to minimise "food miles" and,

8、by extension, carbon emissions, is clear Surprisingly, it is not. A study of Britain’s food system found that nearly half of food-vehicle miles (i. e. , miles travel led by vehicles carrying food) were driven by cars going to and from the shops. Most peopIe Iive closer to a supermarket than a

9、farmer’s market, so more I oca I food cou I d mean more food-veh ic Ie mi les. Mov i ng food around in big, careful ly packed lorries, as supermarkets do, may in fact be the most eff ic i ent way to transport the stuffWhat’s more, once the energy used in production as we 11 as transport

10、is taken into account, local food may turn out to be even less green. (44) . And the I oca I -food movement’s aims, of course, contradict those of the Fairtrade movement, by discouraging rich-country consumers from buy i ng poor-country produce. But since the I oca I-food movement looks suspic

11、iously I ike old-fashioned protectionism masquerading as concern for the envi ronment, helping poor countries i s presumably not the point. (45), The problems I ie in the means, not the ends. The best thing about the spread of the ethicaI-food movement is that it offers grounds for hope. It sends a

12、signaI that there is an enormous appetite for change and widespread frustration that governments are not doing enough to preserve the envi ronment, reform worId trade or encourage development. 41 ()A. The aims of much of the eth i ca I -food movement-to protect the environment, to encourage deveIopm

13、ent and to redress the distortions in gIobaI trade-are admi rable.B.By ma i nta i n i ng the price, the Fai rtrade system encourages farmers to produce more of these commodities rather than diversifying into other crops and so depresses prices-thus achieving, for most farmers, exact I y the opposite

14、 of what the initiative is intended to do.C. Proper free trade would be by far the best way to help, poor farmers. Taxing carbon would price the cost of emissions into the price of goods, and retai lers would then have an i ncent i ve to source I oca I I y if it saved energy.D. There are good reason

15、s to doubt the claims made about three of the most popular varieties of "ethicaI" food: organic food, Fairtrade food and local food.E. But fol lowing the "green revolution" of the 1960s greater use of chemical fertiIiser has tripled grain yields with very IittIe increase in the a

16、rea of land under cultivation.F.And since only a smalI fraction of the mark-up on Fairtrade foods actuaI Iy goes to the farmer-most goes to the retai ler-the system gives rich consumers an infIated impression of their largesse and makes alleviating poverty seem too easy.G.Producing lamb in New Zea I

17、 and and shipping it to Britain uses less energy than producing British lamb, because fanning in New Zea I and i s less energy-intensive.2. The International Whaling Commission&rsquo； s (IWC) decision to retain its ban on whaling does not mean that the killings will stop. Quite the (1) . Save the Wh

18、ale. It&rsquo； s a phrase which became annoying with (2), an unfavorable shorthand for liberal consciences. How appalling, then, that in the year 2010, it should be pressed (3) service again, to fight the whaling nations： Norway and Iceland, who exempted themselves from the 1986 prohibition (4) by t

19、he IWC, and Japan, which hunts whales under cover of "； (5) research"；. I am completely (6) by this week&rsquo；s events in Morocco, where talks broke down. In my heart, I agree with those who have (7) the news that this year&rsquo； s negotiations of the IWC have broken up, and (8) the prohib

20、ition would not be lifted (as the US proposed in a desperate (9) to break the deadlock). Yet reason (10) something else. If we do not (11) some kind of new control, the (12) will be able to go on with their slaughter (13) . Membership of the IWC is (14) , and the ban was only ever intended to be (15

21、) . Japan, which has been buying the votes of nations with no interest in whaling (only in the 16 Japan offers in turn), will continue to press its case, having invested millions of dollars in its (17). Geoffrey Palmer, New Zealand&rsquo；s Commissioner at the IWC, has proposed a year-long (18) perio

22、d. In the meantime, more whales will die. We stand at a crossroad for whales. We see the (19) existence of these animals as an indicator of ecological threat. As symbols of an endangered world, they evoke, and provoke, a feeling that they have the same qualities as human on a scale equal to their si

23、ze and supposed (20). To some this is so much sentimental words in the New Age.1 ()A. conditionB. situationC. reverseD. contrast3. Those of us hurrying to finish our taxes by tomor row&r squo; s dead I ine wi I I probably be subjected to thoughts of the I. R. S. (Internal Revenue Service) as an al I

24、-powerful bul ly. But the truth is, the government is not always a match for the tax advisors of wealthy people, so a lot of taxes wi I I go unpaid at the top of the income scale. Lawyers who represent high-income taxpayers earn more than 10 times what senior government lawyers do—an obvious d

25、isadvantage for the government agencies in attracting and retaining top talent. The lawyers who write our tax rules are overworked and somet imes inexper ienced, so that they I eave loopholes that are exploited by more exper ienced private lawyers. And the government always loses cases which it shou

26、Id win, and provides private lawyers with precedents. As this vicious cycle shows, skimping （节约）on tax administration i s a fa Ise economy. Instead, if we substantially increase government salaries and staffing levels, we can raise more revenue, with lower tax rates and less waste. Four reforms shou

27、Id be adopted immediately. First, the government shouId focus on hiring taIented young lawyers, since the pay disparity with the private sector is narrower for them. These efforts wi I I be more effective if Congress helps new graduates repay student loans, which often are more than $100,000. A loan

28、 repayment program would be a powerful recruiting device. Second, the government shouId tap another promising taI ent poo I — recent ret i rees from private pract i ce— to mentor young lawyers. The salary gap is less of an issue for retirees, and the opportunity to give back to the tax s

29、ystem can be quite appeaI ing. Third, the government shouId retain a smalI team of a dozen top tax lawyers at salaries closer to the market rate. They can serve as a rapid reaction force, deciding whether to shut down a new aggressive strategy i mmed i ate Iy or to let it be evaIuated through usual

30、government channeIs. Fourth, the government shouId retain pr ivate lawyers to he Ip with high-priority projects. An important constraint is that lawyers who represent pr i vate c I i ents may view it as a conf I i ct to he I p the government. But this is not always true. Through bar associations, pr

31、ivate lawyers already volunteer to review proposed changes in the tax law and offer ways to improve them. Tax academics can also be a valuable and conf I i ct-free source of expert i se, si nee they ord i nar i ly do not represent cl ients. And some tax I itigators (诉讼律师)may view it as a prestigious

32、 opportunity and a patriotic service to represent the government in a tax case that could set an important precedent.The tax system can be only as strong as the peopIe who run it, so the government has to recruit and retain the most promising talent. A tax system can be fai r and eff icient only whe

33、n it is administered soundly.The text suggests that the wealthy peopIe in the U. S. ().A.SeIdom pay their taxes.B. Always hurry to finish thei r taxes by the dead Iine.C. EmpIoy advisors m avoid tax payments.D.Enjoy the same tax rate as peopIe with ordinary income.4.Astronaut Jim Voss has enjoyed ma

34、ny memorable moments in his career, including three space flights and one space walk. But he recalls with special fondness a decidedly earthbound experience in the summer of 1980, when he participated in the NASA-AS-EE Summer Faculty Fellowship Program. Voss, then a science teacher at West Point, wa

35、s assigned to the Marshall Space Flight Center&rsquo；s propulsion lab in Alabama to analyze why a hydraulic fuel pump seal on the space shuttle was working so well when previous seals had failed. It was a seemingly tiny problem among the vast complexities of running the space program. Yet it was imp

36、ortant to NASA because any crack in the seals could have led to destructive results for the astronauts who relied on them. "； I worked a bit with NASA engineers,"； says Voss, "；but I did it mostly by analysis. I used a handheld calculator, not a computer, to do a thermodynamic analysis.

37、"；At the end of the summer, he, like the other NASA-ASEE fellows working at Marshall, summarized his findings in a formal presentation and detailed paper. It was a valuable moment for Voss because the ASEE program gave him added understanding of NASA, deepened his desire to fly in space, and int

38、ensified his application for astronaut status. It was not an easy process. Voss was actually passed over when he first applied for the astronaut program in 1978. Over the next nine years he reapplied repeatedly, and was finally accepted in 1987. Since then he has participated in three space missions

39、. The 50-year-old Army officer, who lives in Houston, is now in training for a four-month mission as a crew member on the International Space Station starting in July 2000. Voss says the ASEE program is wonderful for all involved. "； It brings in people from the academic world and gives NASA a s

40、pecial property for a particular period of time. It brings some fresh eyes and fresh ideas to NASA, and establishes link with our colleges and universities,"； Voss explains, ftquot；There&rsquo； s an exchange of information and an exchange of perspectives that is very important. "；For the aca

41、demic side, Voss says, the ASEE program also "；brings institutions of higher learning more insight into new technology. We give them an opportunity to work on real-world problems and take it back to the classroom. Why was the hydraulic fuel pump seal important for the space shuttle ? ()A. Becaus

42、e previous seals all failed.B. Because it was very complex in running the space program.C. Because great care has to be taken of the hydraulic fuel pump sealing. D. Because any crack in the seals would cause disastrous results for the astronauts.5. In November the European Par Iiament’s cultur

43、e and educat ion committee is due to move forward on its proposed "audiovisuaI media services" directive, before sending it to the fulI par I lament in December. The new rules update and relax the "TeI evision W i thout Frontiers" directive of 1989, which opened Europe’s na

44、tionaI markets. But critics comp lain that they also seek to extend fusty regulations from the era of broadcast television to today’s very d i fferent techno I og i es. Ru I es on advert i s i ng, the protect i on of ch i Idren and so on could potent i a 11y also apply to al I kinds of video s

45、treams, including vi deo b I ogs, online games and mob i I e-v i deo serv i ces. Th i s cou I d have a chilling effect on innovation and risks stifling emerging technologies with rules designed for another aget says Chris Marsden of RAND Europe, a th i nk-tank that has analysed the potent i a I i mp

46、act of the proposed rules for Ofcom, Br itain’s media and te I ecoms regulator. "Regulators have to be thoughtfuI. They cannot predict the future of television "or the internet—no one can, " says Niklas Zennstr. m, a co-founder of Skype, who is now setting up an internet t

47、e I ev i s i on f i rm. The proposed ru I es may be unrea I i st ic as we I I as onerous. The idea that websites can be regulated I ike broadcasters, which are requi red to keep strict records of what they show in order to help watchdogs invest igate complaints, is untenable. Fi rms could simply rel

48、ocate outside the European Union to escape the new rules. Last week Ruth Hieronymi, a member of pari iament, said she wouId introduce wording that might help to overcome some of the objections. Behind the debate is the question of how best to balance competition and protection. Traditional broadcast

49、ers worry that they wi I I be shackled by regulations while brisk start-ups can do as they please—so they I ike the idea of extending regulation to thei r new rivals. But even if the rules are approved as they stand, they wi I I not come into force unti I 2010. Such a long, slow process seems incongruous given the pace of technological change.According to the text, the new rules ().A.seek to revise the previous regulationB.comp I a i ned by many educatorsC.passed by European Par Iia