考研日语(非日语专业)作文范例26篇.pdf

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1、Part OneThe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandChapter 1 Land and PeopleI.Names1.Different names for Britain and its parts(EnglandScotlandWalesthe UK gapital:Lond逑)British IslesT 1 ./N orthem Ireland/lr e la n a Southemireland-the Republic of Ireland(Eire)(Tayital:Dublin)hundreds of

2、 small islands2.British Empire(100 years ago)About 100 years ago,as a result of its imperialist expansion,Britain ruled an empire thathad 1/4 of the worlds people and 1/4 of the worlds land area.It had colonies in NorthAmerica,Asia,Africa and Australia.3.Commonwealth(1931)The commonwealth(of Nations

3、)is a free association of independent countries that wereonce colonies of Britain.Member nations are joined together economically and havecertain trading arrangements.The Commonwealth has no special powers.The decision tobecome a member of the Commonwealth is left to each nation.4.Reason for Britain

4、 Empire changed into a Commonwealth:the two world wars greatlyweakened Britain.II.Features1.Location由IB糠忌KS3SIqsBHMIhundreds of small islands.其他岛屿Northern Ireland爱尔兰岛北部DUBLINSouthern Ireland爱尔兰岛南部Ireland爱尔兰 Great Britain大不列颠north Adantic Ocean北大西洋Straits of Dover多佛尔海峡North SeaEdinburch北海Wales iCard!

5、f fEnglish ChannelEuropean Continent英吉利海娱 LOND ONEnglandScotland苏 格 兰/B elfastIris h英格兰Advantage:No part of Britain is very far from the coast and it provides a valuableresource.The British coast is long and has good,deep harbours.Sea routes extend farinland,providing cheap transportation.2.General

6、featuresa.Tilting:Rising in N orth-West cause highlands there;Sinking in South-Eastcause lowlands.b.Ice Age:responsible for Britains spectacular mountain scenery.3.England(more than 130,000 square kilometres which takes up nearly 60%of the wholeisland)a.P ennines,principal mountain chain.b.Scafell(9

7、78 m),the highest peak of England.c.Capital:London.4.Scotland(78,760 square kilometres)a.Three zone:Highlands in the north:plateau;Central Lowlands:most important area in Scotland which contain most of theindustry and population;Southern Uplands:moorland.b.Ben N evis(1,343 m),the highest mountain in

8、 Britain.c.Capital:Edinburgh.5.Wales(20,761 square kilometres which takes up less than 9%of the whole island)a.Most of Wales is Mountainous;b.12%of the land is arable;c.Massif 断层；d.Snowdonia(1,085 m),highest mountain in Wales;e.Capital:Cardiff.6.N orthern Ireland(14,147 square kilometres which takes

9、 up 1/5 of Ireland)a.It has a rocky and wild northern coastline;b.Capital:Belfast.111.Ri vers and Lakes1.Riversa.Importance:Great ports(through river)to sea;Rivers to both European Continent and fishing grounds;Rivers(carry raw materials)to inland.b.Rivers:Severn River(338 km):longest river;Thames R

10、iver(336 km):second largest and most important(watertransportation,O xford site);River Clyde:most important river in Scotland.2.Lakesa.Lough N eagh:largest lake in Britain(located in N orthern Ireland).b.Lake District:O ne of the popular tourist attractions in Britain;15 lakes,the largest ones are W

11、indermere,Ullswater,Derwentwater andConiston Water;(3)The home of the lake poets of 19th century:Wordsworth,Coleridge andSouthey.W.Climate1.Maritimea.Favorable one,winters are mild not too cold and summers are cool not too hot;b.Steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year;c.Small range of tem

12、perature.2.Factors应 The surrounding waters tend to balance the seasonal differences by heating up theland in winter and cooling it off in summer;b.The Westerlies blow over the country all the year round bringing warm and wet airin winter and keeping the temperatures moderate;c.The North Atlantic Dri

13、ft,which is a warm current,passes the western coast of theBritish Isles and warms them.3.Rainfalla.General:Britain has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year.Theaverage annual rainfall in Britain is over 1,000 mm;b.Character:Water surplus in north and west;Water deficit in south and ea

14、st.c.Reservoirs have to be built in highland areas such as Central Wales,the LakeDistrict and the Scottish Highlands.4.Natural calamitiesa.In 1952 the sulphur dioxide in the four-day London smog,an unhealthy atmosphereformed by mixing smoke and dirt with fog,left 4,000 people dead or dying.So mostci

15、ties in Britain have introduce“Clean air zones“whereby factories and householdsare only allow to burn smokeless fuel.b.Many areas are subjected to severe gales,which cause flooding,shipwrecks and lossof life,especially in winter.V.People(Britain has a population of 57,411,000 in 1990)1.General featu

16、res:a.Densely populated with an average of 237 people per square kilometer;b.Unevenly distributed:90%in urban,10%in rural;c.Concentration:most in England(most in London and south-eastern England);d.Composition:English 81.5%,Scottish 9.6%,Welsh 1.9%,Irish 2.4%,Northern Irish1.8%,Immigrants 2.8%.2.Eng

17、lisha.Origin:Anglo-Saxons.b.Language:Southern:BBC(except Cockney);Northern:broader.c.Cockney:A Cockney is a Londoner who is born within the sound of Bow Bells-thebells of the church of St Mary-Le-Bow Bells in east London.d.It was from the union of Norman conquerors and the defeated Anglo-Saxons that

18、 theEnglish people and the English language were bom.3.Welsha.Origin:Celts.b.Language:Welsh,an ancient Celtic language:1%people only speak Welsh,it was givenequality with English for all official use in Wales in 1965,names beginningwith“LI”；English.c.Character:emotional,cheerful.d.Culture:Eisteddfod

19、au(威尔斯诗人音乐家大会)/National Eisteddfod,with anpurpose to keep the welsh language and culture alive.4.Scotsa.Origin:Celts.b.Scots are proud that the English never conquered them.c.Language:Gaelic,old Celtic language of the Scots:it is still heard in the Highlands andthe Western Isles and their names begi

20、nning with Mac,Me,which means“son of in Gaelic;English;d.Character:said to be serious,cautious,thrifty;in fact they are hospitable,generous,friendly.5.Irisha.Origin:Scots and English Protestants.b.Problem:there has been bitter fighting between the Protestants who are dominantgroup,and the Roman Cath

21、olics,who are seeking more social,political andeconomic opportunities.c.Language(爱尔兰共和国)：Irish or Erse,a form of Gaelic:official first language of the Republic ofIreland;English:second.d.Character:charm,vivacity,beauty girls.6.Immigrantsa.Origin:West Indies,India and Pakistan.b.Discrimination:Usuall

22、y the colored immigrants have to take the lowest paid jobs,and when there is unemployment they are usually the first to be sacked.Chapter 2 The Origins of a Nation(5000 BC-1066)I.Settlers(5000 BC-55 BC)1.Iberians(the first known settlers)At about 3000 BC,these short,dark and long-headed people came

23、to Britain,probably from the Iberian Peninsula,now Spain.Long barrows in Wiltshire and Dorset were their communal burial mounds.Stonehenge in Wiltshire is more dramatic monuments,which may have religious andpolitical means.2.Beaker Folk At about 2000 BC they come from the areas now known as Holland

24、and theRhineland.They took the name from their bell-shaped drinking vessels with which they wereburied in crouching positions in individual graves.(3)They built hill forts,with the finest examples of Maiden Castle.3.Celts A taller and fairer race began to arrive about 700 BC.They may originally come

25、 from eastern and central Europe,now France,Belgiumand southern Germany.They came in three main waves:a.Gaels at 600 BC(Gaelic);b.Brythons at 400 BC;c.Belgae at 150 BC(industrious and vigorous).The Celtic bribes are ancestors of Highland Scots,the Irish and the Welsh,and theirlanguages are the basis

26、 of both Welsh and Gaelic.The Celts religion was Druidism(human sacrifices).The Druids were the wise men,astrologers and soothsayers.II.Roman Britain(55BC-410AD)1.Roman ConquestBritish recorded history begins with the Roman invasion.Julius Caesar,invaded Britainfor the first time in 55BC.He returned

27、 the following year,but he didnt succeed.Thesuccessful invasion was take place in AD43,headed by the Emperor Claudius.2.Reasons for untotal occupation:a.some parts of the country resist;b.Roman troops wereoften withdraw from Britain to fight in other parts of Roman Empire.3.Ways to keep Picts:They b

28、uilt two great walls to keep the Picts,so called because oftheir“painted faces，out of the area they had conquered.These were Hadrians Wall andAntonine Wall.4.Three problemsa.Picts still attacked them periodically;b.Saxon pirates attacked them in the southeast;c.Control was only effective in the sout

29、h-eastern part of the country.5.Achievementa.Network of towns and roads.Caster and Chester means camp.Capital:London(Londinium).Two cities:York had been created as a northern stronghold;Bath rapidlydeveloped because of its waters.b.Make use of Britains natural resources,mining lead,iron and tin and

30、manufacturingpottery.6.Religion:Christianity.7.Reasons for withdraw in AD 410:a.barbarians from Eastern Europe at the gates of Rome;b.repeated attacks from Picts and Scots;c.needing to set up a new military front on theeast coast to hold off the Germanic Saxon tribes invading from Europe.8.Why was t

31、he Roman influence on Britain so limited?The Romans always treated the Britons as a subject people of slave class.Never duringthe 4 centuries did the Romans and Britons intermarry.The Romans had no impact on thelanguage or culture of ordinary Britons.III.Anglo-Saxons(446-871)1.Anglo-Saxons and the f

32、ound of HeptarchyThe Anglo-Saxons were three tribes of the Germanic people who originally lived in thenorthwest of modern Germany.In the mid-5lh century a new wave of invaders,Jutes,Saxons,and Angles came to Britain.They were three Teutonic tribes.The leader of Jutes,Hengist,became the King of Kent

33、in 449.Then the Saxons established their kingdoms inEssex,Sussex and Wessex from the end of 5th century to the beginning of the 6th century.The Angles settled in East Anglia,Mercia and N orthumbria.These seven principalkingdoms of Kent,Essex,Sussex,Wessex,East Anglia,Mercia and N orthumbria havebeen

34、 given the name of Heptarchy.2.Wars among Heptarchya.O ffa,King of Mercia,built the great earthwork known as O ffas Dyke,control for along time virtually all central,eastern and south-eastern England.b.In 829,Egbert,King of Wessex,became an overlord of all the English.3.Religiona.Teutonic religion(T

35、he names Tuesday,Wednesday,Thursday and Friday derivefrom their gods)b.Christianity Columba,563,convert north commoner.In 597,P ope Gregory I sent St.Augustine,the P rior of St.Andrews Monasteryin Rome,to England to convert the heathen English to Christianity.In 597,St.Augustine became the first Arc

36、hbishop of Canterbury.Augustine wasremarkably successful in converting the king and the nobility,but theconversion of the common people was largely due to the missionary activitiesof the monks in the north.c.Disagreement:The Roman missionaries held that the P opes authority was supreme,and the Celti

37、c missionaries held that Christian belief did not require a final earthlyarbiter.They held a conference at Whitby in 664.Finally,the Roman missionariesgained the upper hand.4.AchievementsThe Anglo-Saxons laid the foundations of the English state.They divided the countryinto shires.They devised the n

38、arrow-strip,three-field farming system.They alsoestablished the manorial system.And they created the Witan.5.QuestionsIV.Viking and Danish1.The N orwegian Vikings and the Danes from Denmark attacked various parts of Englandfrom the end of the 8th century.They became a serious problem in the 9lh cent

39、ury,especially between 835 and 878.The Vikings and the Danes were posing a threat to theSaxon kingdom.2.Alfred,king of Wessex was strong enough to defeat the Danes and came to a relativelyfriendly agreement with them in 879.a.Danes gained control of north and east of England,ie “the Danelaw.b.Alfred

40、,king of Wessex,rule the rest.3.Alfreds achievements.Alfred,king of Wessex,is known as“the father of the British navy as he founded astrong fleet which first beat the Danes at sea,then protected the coasts and encouragedtrade.He also reorganized the fyrd(the Saxon army),making it more efficient.Alfr

41、ed,who is said to have taught himself Latin at the age of 40,translated into English BedesEcclesiastical history of the English People.A learned man himself,he encouragedlearning in others,established schools and fomiulated a legal system.This,as well as hisadmirable work with the army and the navy,

42、makes him worthy of his title uAlfred theGreat”.4.Successors.a.King Ethel red the Unready tried paying the invaders,who renewed invasionsbecause the successors reconquered the Danelaw,to stay away by imposing a tax,called the danegeld,on his people.b.Canute,the Danish leader,was chosen by Witan as k

43、ing.He made England part ofScandinavian empire which included N orway as well as Denmark.V.The N orman Conquest(1066)1.Background:King is also said to have promised the English throne to William,Duke ofN ormandy.But,when Edward was on his deathbed,four men laid claim to the Englishthrone.Finally,the

44、 Witan chose Harold as king.Four men:King of N orway/Tostigf Harold(king)-Duke of N ormandy(join together)(fight)(fight)2.P rocess:1066.10.14,the battle on Senlac Field(near Hastings),where Harold waskilled;1066 Christmas,William crowned King of England by the Archbishop ofY ork.3.Measure to face Sa

45、xon risings in the north:harrying of the north”.4.Significance:The N orman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in Englishhistory.William the Conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his N ormanfollowers.He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong N orman government.So

46、thefeudal system was completely established in England.Relations with the Continent wereopened,and civilization and commerce were extended.N orman-French culture,language,manners,and architecture were introduced.The Church was brought into closerconnection with Rome,and the church courts were separa

47、ted from the civil courts.Chapter 3 The Shaping of the N ation(1066-1381)I.An outline of this period:1.N orman House:William I2.P lantagenet House:Henry II P arliament;100 years w ar;Uprising 1381;Roses(House of Lancaster-House of Y ork)3.Tudor House(200):Civil w ar;HenryVIII;Elizabeth I;Renaissance

48、.4.Stuart House:James I;Charles I;Civil war.5.Common wealth:Cromwell.6.Restoration:1688 Glorious Revolution.7.Rise and fall of the Empire:Commonwealth.II.N orman Rule(1066-1381)1.Williams Rule(1066-1087)Feudal system in England was completely established.According to this system,theKing owned all th

49、e land personally.William gave his barons large estates in Englandin return for military service and a produce.The barons parceled out land to thelesser nobles,knights and freemen,also in return for goods and services.At thebottom were the villains or serfs,unfree peasants.Kingestates(lands)|f m ili

50、tary service and foodBaron(te n a n ts-ic h i ef)I tLesser nobles,kni ghts and free manI tV illeins,serfs,unfree peasantsloyal Feature:All landowners took the oath of allegiance for the land they held,not onlyto their immediate lord,but also to the king.(3)William replaced the Witan with the Grand C