考研英语必备语法全突破(第2版).pdf

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1、 最新黑魔方系列 2 0 0 7年版考研英语必备语法全突破（第二版）黑魔方考研命题研究组组编OK H E RE书社第一编考研必备语法精要速览一、时态、语态时态、语态需要掌握的要点：1 .以下几类动词一般不能用于进行时，同样不用于完成进行时：表 示 感 知 的 动 词：hea r,feel,not ice,r ecogniz e,s ee,t a s t e,s m el l；表 示 意 愿、情 感 的 动 词：des ir e,dis l ike,for giv e,ha t e,l ike,l ov e,pr efer,r efu s e,w a nt,w is h,fea r,l ov e

2、,ha t e；(3)表示思考、看法的动词:b el iev e,dou b t,ex pect,for get,hope,feel,m ea n,know,a gr ee,r ea l iz e,m ind,r eca l l,r ecol l ect,r em em b er,t r u s t,s u ppos e；(4)表示所有、占有的动词：b el ong t o,ow e,ow n,pos s es s,hol d(容纳)；其 他 动 词：cos t,a ppea r,concer n,cont a in,cons is t,des er v e,m a t t er,s eemo

3、如：V d s a y w henev er y ou a r e going a ft er s om et hingt ha t is b el onging t o y ou,a ny one w ho is depr iv ingy ou of t he r ight t o ha v e it is cr im ina l.(1 9 9 7年考研题，b el ong表示归属，不用于进行式)H e w a s s eeing s om eb ody cr eeping int o t he hou s et hr ou gh t he open w indow l a s t nigh

4、t.(1 9 9 0年考研题，s ee表示结果，不用于进行式)2 .不用w iU/s ha l l表达将来时的形式：(D b e going t o表示现在的打算和意图；(2)a r r iv e,com e,dr iv e,go,l ea v e,r et ir e,r et u r n,s et off,s t a r t,t a ke off 等表示移位的动词的进行体表示按计划肯定要发生的将来动作；(3)b e t o(do)表示安排、计划、决定、命令或注定要发生的事，如：G r ea t er effor t s t o incr ea s e a gr icu l t u r a l

5、pr odu ct ion m u s t b e m a de if food s hor t a ge is t ob e a v oided.(4)b e a b ou t t o(do)表示将要(做)，如:M a r l in is a y ou ng m a n of independent t hinking w hois not a b ou t t o pa y com pl im ent s t o his pol it ica ll ea der s.(5)b e on t he point /v er ge of(doing)表 示“马上就要，一般不与表示将来的时间状语连

6、用；(6)b e,b egin,com e,depa r t,get off,go,l ea v e,r et u r n,s t a r t的一般现在时表示按日历或时刻表要发生的将来动作或事件，如：I f y ou w a nt y ou r fil m t o b e pr oper l y pr oces s ed,y ou 1 1 ha v e t o w a it a nd pick it u p on F r ida y,w hich is t he da y a ft er t om or r ow.(画线部分一般不用 w il l b e)(7)在时间、条件、让步从句中，一般现

7、在时代替将来时，但要注意区别从句的类型，如：I don t know w her e he w il l go t om or r ow.我不知道他明天去哪儿。(宾语从句)V 1 1 t el l him w hen y ou w il l r ing a ga in.我告诉他你什么时候再来电话。(宾语从句)比较：I 1 1 t el l him w hen y ou r ing a ga in.你再打电话时我告诉他。(状语从句)在 m a ke s u r e,m a ke cer t a in,s ee(t o i t)后的t ha t从句中，谓语动词用一般现在时代替将来时,如：See t

8、 o it t ha t y ou incl u de in t he pa per w ha t ev erqu es t ions t hey didn,t know t he a ns w er t o l a s tt im e.(incl u de不能用w il l incl u de或其他形式)3.完成时是时态测试的重点，注意与完成时连用的句型和时间状语：(l)b y/b et w een/u p t o/t il l +过去时间、s ince、b yt he t im e/w hen+表示过去发生情况的从句，主句用过去完成时。如：We ha d ju s t ha d ou r

9、b r ea kfa s t w hen a n ol d m a n ca m et o t he door.B et w een 1 8 9 7 a nd 1 9 1 9 a t l ea s t 2 9 m ot ion pict u r esin w hich a r t ificia l b eings w er e por t r a y ed ha db een pr odu ced.(表示1 9 1 9年时已发生的情况)(2)b y +将来时间、b y t he t im e/w hen+谓语动词是一般现在时的从句，主句用将来完成时。如：B y t he t im e y ou

10、 a r r iv e in L ondon,w e w il l ha v es t a y ed in E u r ope for t w o w eeks.I hope her hea l t h w il l ha v e im pr ov ed gr ea t l y b yt he t im e w e com e b a ck nex t y ea r.(3)b y now、s ince+过去时间、in/du r ing/for/ov er/t he pa s t/l a s t few (或具体数字)y ea r s/da y s/m ont hs,主句用现在完成时，但在it

11、is +具体时间s ince/b efor e这一句型中，主句更多的时候不用完成时。如：The cha nges t ha t how e t a ken pl a ce pl a ce in a irt r a v el du r ing t he l a s t s ix t y y ea r s w ou l d ha v es eem ed com pl et el y im pos s ib l e t o ev en t he m os tb r il l ia nt s cient is t s a t t he t u r n of t he 1 9 t hcent u r y

12、.I t is fou r y ea r s s ince J ohn l eft s chool.(4)在I t is t he+序数词/形容词最高级+t ha t的定语从句中，谓语动词常用现在完成时。如：I t is n t t he fir s t t im e t ha t I ha v e fou ndm y s el f in a n em b a r r a s s ing s it u a t ion.(5)在 no s ooner t ha n,ha r dl y/s ca r cel yw hen/b efor e句型中，主句常用过去完成时。其他与完成时连用的时间状语：a

13、l l t his w hil e,a l l t his y ea r,for s om e t im e,s o fa r,a l r ea dy,b efor e,ju s t,l ong,y et 等。4.完成进行时指动作在完成时的基础上还要继续下去。如：T he c o m p a n y ha s b een p r o m i si n g a r i se i nsa l a r y f o r a ges,b ut n o thi n g ha s ha p p en ed.T he sc ho o l b o a r d l i sten ed q ui etl y a s

14、 J o hn r ea dthe d em a n d tha t hi s f o l l o wer s ha d b eend em o n str a ti n g f o r.时态、语态答题思路：先根据选项的区别点确定考题要点为时态，然后回到题句中寻找给出的或暗示的时间状语，缩小选择范围，进而选出正确答案；根据谓语动词与句子主语或非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系，确定句子是主动语态还是被动语态。二、不定式1 .不定式做主语(1)做形式主语的代词：不定式做主语，通常用i t充当形式主语，把做主语的不定式短语后置。如：I t to o k m e o n l y f i ve m i n

15、utes to f i n i sh the j o b.T o b e f r a n k,i t i s a gr ea t r el i ef to ha ve the ta skf ul f i l l ed i n so sho r t a ti m e,(2)引导逻辑主语的介词：不定式的逻辑主语一般由介词f o r引导，但下列表示人的性格行为特征的形容词做表语时，不定式的逻辑主语则由o f引导：absurd,bold,brave,courageous,careful,careless,clever,wise,foolish,silly,stupid,good,nice,kind,t

16、houghtful,considerate,greedy,generous,honest,modest,poll te,rude,cruel,selfish,lazy,wicked,wrong。如：E x p er ts sa y wa l k i n g i s o n e o f the b est wa y s f o ra p er so n to sta y hea l thy.I t s c l ever o f y o u to ha ve i n ven ted suc h ad evi c e.（3）不定式做主语补足语：掌握常用不定式做主语补足语的句型。注意不定式表示的动作发

17、生的时间，并采用相应形式。如：said、reported、thought、be to do sth.、believedknown、supposedB y r o n i s sa i d to ha ve l i ved o n vi n ega r a n dp o ta to es.T he b a n k i s r ep o r ted i n the l o c a l n ewsp a p er toha ve b een r o b b ed i n b r o a d d a y l i ght y ester d a y.2 .不定式做宾语（1）必须接不定式做宾语的动词：掌握

18、要求接不定式做宾语的动词：agree,afford,aim,arrange,appear,ask,attempt,choose,claim,decide,desire,determine,expect,fail,guarantee,hope,endeavor,intend,long,mean,manage,offer,ought,plan,pledge,pretend,prepare,promise,proceed,prove,resolve,refuse,request,swear,tend,try,venture,wait,wish。如：E ven tho ugh the c hi l d

19、 r en p r eten d ed to b e a sl eep,the n ur ses wer e n o t d ec ei ved when they c a m e i n tothe r o o m.注意：1）有的动词要求特殊疑问词+不定式做宾语，这类动词有：consider,discover,explain,forget,guess,know,learn,observe,remember,see,tell,unders tand,wonder,如：W hi l e sti l l a y o un g b o y,B i z et k n ew ho w to p l a

20、ythe p i a n o wel l a n d a s he gr ew o l d er,he wr o teo p er a s,the m o st f a m o us o f whi c h i s C a r m en.2）如果该特殊疑问词在不定式中做介词宾语，介词往往置于该特殊疑问词的前面。如：T he p r o f esso r c a n ha r d l y f i n d suf f i c i en t gr o un d so n whi c h to b a se hi s a r gum en t i n f a vo r o f the n ewtheo

21、 r y.W i tho ut f a c ts,we c a n n o t f o r m wo r thwhi l e o p i n i o nf o r we n eed to ha ve f a c tua l k n o wl ed ge up o n whi c hto b a se o ur thi n k i n g.历而该用不定式做宾语补足语（复合宾语）的动词：下列动词可以用不定式做宾语补足语（复合宾语）：a d vi se,a l l o w,a sk,b eg,c a use,c o m m a n d,c o m p el,en a b l e,d eter m i

22、 n e,en c o ur a ge,ex p ec t,f eel,find,force,hate,have,hear,help,inform,invite,let,like,make,mean,need,notice,notify,oblige,order,permit,persuade,remind,request,require,see,send,teach,tell,tempt,trouble,urge,want,warn,watch,wish。注意：画线动词后面的不定式不带to。如：Because of the recent accidents,our parentsforbid

23、 my brother and me to swim in the riverunless someone agrees to watch over us.3.不定式做定语(1)被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next,last,only,not a,the,very 等限定词时，该名词用不定式做定语。如：the first woman to set foot on the moon 第一个登上月球的女性(2)如果其动词要求不定式做宾语，相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如：tendency to do-tend to do,decision to dodecide to do This b

24、ook is an attempt to help youuse English and recognize how it is used.(3)如果其形容词形式要求接不定式做补语,相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如：ambition to do 干.的雄心”f be ambitious todo“有雄心干”curiosity to do”对.的好奇/心”-*be curiousto do“对好奇”ability to do”做.的能力”able to do”有能力做”According to Darwin,random changes that enhancea species ability

25、 to survive are naturallyselected and passed on to succeeding generation.(4)表示方式、原因、时间、机会、权利等名词用不定式做定语，这些名词包括：way,method,reason,time,place,chance,occasion,opportuni ty,evidence,power,right,movement,drive(运动)，effort 等。如：I worked so late in the office last night thatI hardly had time to catch the last

26、 bus.We appreciate your efforts to bring about acomprehensive solution to the existing problem.(5)不定代词 something,nothing,little,much,alot习惯上用不定式做定语。如：Though we have made great progress,there isstill much to be improved.4.不定式做状语不定式做状语主要表示目的、程度、结果、方式。(1)in order to(do),so as to(do)结构引导目的状语，so as t o不能

27、置于句首。如：To succeed in a scientific research project,oneneeds to be persistent.I advise them to withdraw so as not to getinvolved.(2)so-as to,such as to,enough-to,too to结构做程度状语。如：The solution works only for couples who areself-employed,don t have small children andget along well enough to spend most o

28、f their timetogether.The vocabulary and grammatical differencesbetween British and American English are sotrivial and few as hardly to be noticed.(3)不定式做结果状语只能出现在句子的末尾，表示不愉快的结果，有时用0 nly加强语气。常见的不定式动词有find,hear,see,be told,form,give,make,produce 等。如：Greatly agitated,I rushed to the apartment andtried

29、the door,only to find it locked.(4)not/never too to,too not to,but/onlytooto,too ready/eager/apt/inclined to 表示肯定意义。如：I am only too pleased to hear from you further.能再听到你的消息，我太高兴了。三、动名词L必须接动名词做宾语的动词牢记下列要求接动名词做宾语的动词：acknowledge,advocate,anticipate,appreciate,advise,avoid,admit,confess,consider,defend

30、,delay,deny,dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse,fancy,favor,finish,forgive,imagine,include,involve,justify,keep mind,miss,mention,pardon,practice,postpone,permit,report,resent,resume,recall,recollect,risk,resist,suggest,tolera teo 如：Although a teenager,Fred could resist beingtold what to do and what not to

31、do.I appreciate having been given the opportunityto study abroad two years ago.2.动名词做介词短语考生尤其要识别下列短语中的t o是介词，不是不定式符号：object to,resort to,react to,contribute to,look forward to,be accustomed to,be conunittedto,be exposed to,be subjected to,be devotedto,be dedicated to,be opposed to,be reconciledto,be

32、 contrary to,be(get)used to,come closeto,get down to,give oneself up to,prefer*to,see to,set to,take to,in addition to,withregard to,with a view to,on the way to。如：There was no sign that Mr.Jospin,who keeps afirm control on the party despite havingresigned from leadership of it,would interveneperson

33、ally.O ur m o d e r n c ivil iza tio n m ust n o t b e th o ug h t o fa s h a vin g b e e n c r e a te d in a sh o r t p e r io d o f tim e.N o wh e r e in n a tur e is a l um in um f o un d f r e e,o win gto its a l wa ys b e in g c o m b in e d with o th e r e l e m e n ts,m o st c o m m o n l y w

34、ith o xyg e n.A s th e c h il d r e n b e c o m e f in a n c ia l l y in d e p e n d e n to f th e f a m il y,th e e m p h a sis o n f a m il y f in a n c ia lse c ur ity wil l sh if t f r o m p r o te c tio n to sa vin gf o r th e r e tir e m e n t ye a r s.E ve r yo n e with h a l f a n e ye o n t

35、h e un e m p l o ym e n tf ig ur e s k n e w th a t th e a sse r tio n a b o ut e c o n o m icr e c o ve r y b e in g just a r o un d th e c o r n e r wa s un tr ue.四、分词分词起形容词和副词的作用，在句中做定语或状语。在概念上考生应清楚：现在分词表示主动，表示动作在进行。过去分词表示被动，表示动作结束了的状态或结果。L分词做定语，弄清现在分词与过去分词的区别分词短语做定语相当于省略了的定语从句，考生应学握：(B现在分词与被修饰词之

36、间具有主动意义。如：I t s e a sy to b l a m e th e d e c l in e o f c o n ve r sa tio no n th e p a c e o f m o d e r n l if e a n d o n th e va g uec h a n g e s ta k in g p l a c e in o ur e ve r-in c r e a sin gwo r l d.(相当于 th e c h a n g e s wh ic h ta k e p l a c e.)T h e r e wa s a ve r y in te r e sti

37、n g r e m a r k in a b o o k b ya n E n g l ish m a n th a t I r e a d r e c e n tl y g ivin g wh a th e th o ug h t wa s a r e a so n f o r th is A m e r ic a nc h a r a c te r istic.(相当于 wh ic h g a ve.)H o w m a n y o f us a tte n d in g,sa y,a m e e tin g th a t isir r e l e va n t to us wo ul d

38、 b e in te r e ste d in th ed isc ussio n?(相 当于 H o w m a n y o f us wh o wil la tte n d.)(2)过去分词与被修饰词之间具有被动意义。如：G o o d n e ws wa s so m e tim e s r e l e a se d p r e m a tur e l y,with th e B r itish r e c a p tur e o f th e p o r t a n n o un c e dh a l f a d a y b e f o r e th e d e f e n d e r

39、 s a c tua l l ysur r e n d e r e d.(相当于r e c a p tur e o f th e p o r t wh ic h h a d b e e na n n o un c e d*-)J ust a s th e va l ue o f a te l e p h o n e n e two r kin c r e a se s with e a c h n e w p h o n e a d d e d to th e syste m,so d o e s th e va l ue o f a c o m p ute r syste m in c r

40、e a sewith e a c h p r o g r a m th a t tur n s o ut.(相当于e a c h n e w p h o n e wh ic h is a d d e d to)T h e a uth o r g a ve a d e ta il e d d e sc r ip tio n b a se d o nh is p e r so n a l o b se r va tio n o f n a tur e.(相当于d e sc r ip t io n wh ic h wa s b a se d o n-)下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语，但不

41、具有被动意义：deceased,departed,elapsed,faded,fallen,gone,grown-up,retired,returned,risen,set,vanished,much-tra veiled,newly arrived,recently come。如：a n e sc a p e d p r iso n e r 一个逃犯a r e tir e d wo r k e r 一位退休工人a f a d e d c ur ta in 一个褪了色的窗帘a n e wl y a r r ive d stud e n t 一个新来的学生2.分词做状语，注意区分分词的一般式与完

42、成式(1)表示时间，多置于句首，注意如果分词表示的动作的时间先于谓语动词，要用完成式。如：H a vin g c o m p l e te d o n e ta sk,we sta r te d o n a n o th e ro n e.(c o m p l e te先 于sta r t之前发生)(2)表示原因，置于句首句尾均可，根据情况有时要用完成式，有时用一般式。如：H e wa sn t a sk e d to ta k e o n th e c h a ir m a n sh ip o fth e so c ie ty,b e in g c o n sid e r e d in su

43、f f ic ie n tl yp o p ul a r with a l l m e m b e r s.T h e r e se e m e d l ittl e h o p e th a t th e e xp l o r e r,h a vin g b e e n d e se r te d in th e tr o p ic a l f o r e st,wo ul d f in d h is wa y th r o ug h it.(3)表示伴随、方式，置于句尾，用分词的一般式。如：H e l e n b o r r o we d m y d ic tio n a r y th e

44、 o th e r d a ysa yin g th a t sh e wo ul d r e tur n it so o n.A n n a wa s r e a d in g a p ie c e o f sc ie n c e f ic tio n,c o m p l e te l y l o st to th e o utsid e wo r l d.(4)表示结果，置于句尾，用分词的一般式。如：T h e c ity f o un d itse l f in a c r isis situa tio n l a stsum m e r wh e n th e a ir c o n d

45、 itio n in g o n d o ze n s o f th en e w b use s b r o k e d o wn,th e m un usa b l e.(5)表示补充说明(同位)，置于句尾，用分词的一般式。如：T h e a r tic l e o p e n s a n d c l o se s with d e sc r ip tio n so f two n e ws r e p o r ts,e a c h m a k in g o n e m a jo r p o in tin c o n tr a st with th e o th e r.F o r d t

46、r ie d d ivid in g th e l a b o r,e a c h wo r k e ra ssig n e d a se p a r a te ta sk.3.分词的独立主格结构分词的逻辑主语一般为句子的主语，否则分词短语要有自己的逻辑主语，称为分词独立主格结构。分词独立主格结构只是句子的一个部分，但在翻译时经常译成独立的句子，考生要注意英汉两种语言在结构上的区别。如：A l l f l ig h ts h a vin g b e e n c a n c e l e d b e c a use o f th esn o wsto r m,we d e c id e d to

47、ta k e th e tr a in.D a r k n e ss se ttin g in,th e yo un g c o up l e 1in g e r e do n m e r r ym a k in g.4.分词做表语和补语，尤应注意由使役动词变来的分词的形式（1）现在分词表示主语或宾语的特征，多以事物做（逻辑）主语。如：H is vic to r y in th e f in a l wa s n o m o r e c o n vin c in gth a n I h a d e xp e c te d.过去分词表示主语或宾语所处的状态或对某事的心理反应和感受，多以人做（逻辑

48、）主语。如：T h e se stud e n ts a r e q uic k a t l e a r n in g.W e,11h a ve th e m tr a in e d in n e w m e th o d s.P e o p l e c a n n o t b ut f e e l p uzzl e d.F o r th e y sim p l yc a n n o t un d e r sta n d h o w h e c o ul d h a ve m a d e suc h astup id m ista k e.五、非谓语动词的其他考点1.接不定式或动名词做宾语都可

49、以，但在意思上有区别的动词的用法mean to d o 想 要（做某事）propose to d o打 算（做某事）mean doing意味（做某事）propose doing建议（做某事）forget to do 忘 记（要做的事）remember to do记 得（要做某事）forget d b i贴忘记（已做的事）remember doing 记得（已做过的事）go on to c f o 继而（做另一件事）stop to A 停下来去做另一件事go o n由力?g 继 续（做原来的事）stop doing停止正在做的事regret to do对 将 要 做 的 事）遗 憾 regret

50、d o 立g 制已做过的事）后悔如：M r.J a nk in re gre t t e d ha v ing b la me d his s e c re t a ryfo r t he mis t a k e,fo r he la t e r d is c o v e re d it w a shis o w n fa u lt.T he b o y is c o ns t a nt ly b e ing t o ld no t t o s c ra t c ht he p a int o ff t he w a ll,b u t he go e s o n d o ing ita ll