考研英汉翻译笔记.pdf

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1、考研英汉翻译笔记第一部分：数词的译法一、数字增减的译法：1 .句式特征：by+名词+比较级+thanThe w ire is by three inches longer than that one.这根导线比那根长3 英寸。2.句式特征：表示增减意义的动词+to+n.译 为：增加到。或 o o o oMetal cutting m achines have been decreased to 50.金属切害iJ 机已经减少至U 50 台。二、百分数增减的表示法与译法1.句式特征：表示增减意义的动词+%The output value has increased 35%.产值增力口了 35%2

2、.句式特征：表示增减意义的动词+by+%Retail salses should rise by 8%商品零售额应增加 3%The prime cost decreased by 60%.主要成本减少60%3.句式特征：表示减少意义的动词+to+%表示减少后剩余的数量B y using this new-process the loss of metal w as reduced to 20%.采用这种新工艺，铁的损失量减少到20%4.句式特征：%+比 较 级+th a n 表示净增减的数量Retail sales are expected to be nine percent higher

3、than last year.今年零售额与去年相比，有望增加9%。5.句式特征：%+比 较 级+名词表示净减数The new-type m achine wasted 1 0 percent engergy s u p p lie d.新型机械能耗量净减10%6.句式特征：a+%+in crea se表示净增数There is a 20%increase of steel as com pared w ith last year.与去年相比，今年钢产量净增20%7.句式特征：+（of）名 词（代词）表示净减数，数 字 n 照译The production cost is about 60 pe

4、rcent that of last year.今年产值仅为去年的 60%8.句式特征：+up o n 或 o v e r表示净增数The grain out put of last year in this province was 20%percent up on that of 1 978.去年粮食产量比1 9 7 8 年净增20%。第二部分倍数增加的表示法及译法汉语表示“增加了几倍”时，英语的倍数表示倍数需减一，译成“增加了 n-1倍”以表示净增加数。如果译成“增加到n 倍”或“为原来的n 倍”，则照译不误。1 .句式特点：表示增加意义的动词+n tim es 表示成倍地增长，译成”增

5、加到N 倍“或 增加n-1倍注：1 倍 once;2 倍 tw ice（或 double）;3 倍 thrice（或 three tim es）2.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词+b y+n tim e s,该句式与上述相同3.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词+to+n tim e s 表示增加到N 倍，译成”增加了 n-1倍4.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词+by a factor of+n tim es5.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词+比较级+by a factor of+n tim e s 表示增加以后达到的倍数，译成”比。大（长、宽。）N-1倍“6.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词+n tim e

6、s+比较级+than。7.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词+n tim es+adj./adv.+as.8.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词+a+n tim es（或 n-fold）+increa se.表示增加到N倍，译成”增加了 N 1倍“9.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词+as+adj./adv.+again as 译成 比。大（长、宽。倍）例 子：Line A is as long again as line B.A 线比 B 线长 1 倍。This machine turns half as fast again as that one.这台机器转动比那台机器快半倍。10.句式特点：表示增加意

7、义的动词+half as+adj./adv.+again as 译成 比。大（长、宽。将）“11.句式特点:用double表示倍数,译成”等于 的2倍 或 增加了 1倍“12.句式特点：用treble表示倍数增加，译成”增加到3倍“或”增加了 2倍“1 3.句式特点：用quadruple表示倍数增加，译成 增加到4倍 或 增加了 3倍第二部分倍数增加的表示法及译法汉语表示“增加了几倍”时，英语的倍数表示倍数需减一，译成“增加了 n-1倍”以表示净增加数。如果译成“增加到n倍”或“为原来的n倍”，则照译不误。1.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词+n times 表示成倍地增长，译成”增加到N倍“或

8、增加n-1倍注：1 倍 once;2 倍 tw ice（或 double）;3 倍 thrice（或 three tim es）2.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词+b y+n tim e s,该句式与上述相同3.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词+to+n tim es表示增加到N倍，译成”增加了 n-1倍“4.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词+by a factor of+n times5.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词+比较级+by a factor of+n tim es表示增加以后达到的倍数，译成”比。大（长、宽。）N-1倍“6.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词+n times+比较级+than。7.句

9、式特点：表示增加意义的动词+n times+adj./adv.+as.8.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词+a+n times（或n-fold）+increase.表示增加到N倍，译成”增加了 N-1倍“9句式特点：表示增加意义的动词+as+adj./adv.+again as 译成 比。大（长、宽。倍）例 子：Une A is as long again as line B.A 线比 B 线长 1 倍。This machine turns half as fast again as that one.这台机器转动比那台机器快半倍。10.句式特点：表示增加意义的动词+half as+adj./ad

10、v.+again as 译成 比。大（长、宽。璃）11.句式特点：用double表示倍数，译成”等于.的2倍“或”增加了 1倍“1 2.句式特点：用treble表示倍数增加，译成”增加到3倍“或”增加了 2倍“13.句式特点：用quadruple表示倍数增加，译成 增加到4倍 或 增加了 3倍英语倍数句型及其译法英语表示倍数增减或倍数对比的句型多种多样，其 中 有 一 些（如下文中的句型、（12）等，见圈码）很容易译错其主要原因在于：英汉两语在表述或对比倍数方面存在着语言与思维差异。现将常用的英语倍数句型及其正确译法归纳如下：倍数增加（一）A is n times as great（long,

11、much,.）as B.（）A is n times greater（longer,more,.）than B.（）A is n times the size（length,amount,.）of B.（）以上三句都应译为；A的 大 小（长度，数量，）是B的n倍 或A比B大（长，多，）n-1倍.Eg.This book is three times as long as（three times longer than,threetim es the length of)that one.这本书的篇幅是那本书的3 倍(即长两倍)。注：当相比的对象B很明显时，than(as,of)B常被省去。(二

12、)increase to n tim es()increase n tim e s/n-fo ld ()increase by n tim es()increase by a factor of n()以上四式均应译为：增加到n 倍(或：增加n-1倍)。Eg.The production of integrated circuits has been increased to three tim esas com pared w ith last year.集成电路的产量比去年增加了两倍。Eg.The output of chem ical fertilizer has been raised

13、 five tim es as againstI986.化肥产量比1 9 8 6 年增加了 4 倍。Eg.That can increase m etabolic rates by tw o or three tim es.那可使代谢率提高到原来的2 倍 或 3 倍(即 提 高 1 倍 或 2 倍。Eg.The drain voltage has been increased by a factor of four.漏电压增加了 3 借(即增加到原来的4 倍。注：在这类句型中in cre a se 常 被 raise,grow,go/step up,m u ltip ly 等词所替代。(三)T

14、here is a n-fold in cre a se/g ro w th.()应译为：增加n-倍(或 增 至 n 倍)。这个句型还有其它一些形式：Eg.A record high increase in value of four tim es was reported.据报道，价值破记录地增长了 3 倍。(四)double(增 力 口 1 倍)，treble(增加 2 倍，quadruple(增加 3 倍。()Eg.The efficiency of the machines has been more than trebled or quadrupled.这些机器的效率已提高了 2 倍

15、或3 倍多。(五)此外，英语中还有一种用a g a in 而不用倍数词来比较倍数的方法，如：A is as much(large,long,.)again as B.(=A is tw ice as much(large,long,.)asB.()应译为：A 比 B多(大，长，)1 倍。A is half as much(large,1 ong,.)again as B.=A is one and a half tim es as much(large,1 ong,.)as B.(11)应译为:A 比 B多(大，长)一 半(即 A 是 B的一倍半)。倍数减少(一)A is n tim es a

16、s sm all(light,slow,.)as B.(1 2)A is n tim es sm aller(lighter,slower,.)than B.(13)以上两句均应译为：A 的大小(重量，速度，)是 B的 1 /n 或A 比 B小(轻，慢，)(n-1)/noEg.The hydrogen atom is nearl y I6 tim es as light as the oxygen atom.氢原子的重量约为氧原子的1/16(即比氧原子约轻15/1 6)。Eg.This sort of membrane is tw ice thinner than ordinary paper

17、.这种薄膜比普通纸张要薄一半(即是普通纸厚度的1/2)。注：当相比的对象B很明显时，than/as B常被省去。(二)decrease n times/n-fold(14)decrease by n times(1 5)decrease by a factor of n(16)以上三式均译为：减少到1/n 或：减少(n-1)/n decrease 常被 reduce,shorten,go/slow down 等词替代。Eg.Switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened 3 times.新型晶体管的开关时间缩短了 1/3(即缩短到2

18、/3)。Eg.When the voltage is stepped up by ten times,the strength of the currentis stepped down by ten times.电压升高9倍，电流强度便降低9/10(即90%)。Eg.The equipment reduced the error probability by a factor of 5.该设备误差概率降低了 4/5。(三)There is a n-fold decrease/reduction.应译为：减 至1 /n 或：减 少(n-1)/no(1 7)这个句型还有其它一些形式，Eg.A r

19、apid decrease by a factor of 7 was observed.发现迅速减少到1/7。Eg.The principal advantage of the products is a two-fold reduction inweight.这些产品的主要优点是重量减轻了 1/2。从上列倍数增减句型及其译法中不难看出：与汉语不同的是，英语在表述或比较倍数时，无论使用什么句型(除了不含倍数词的again句型外)都包括基础倍数在内，因此都不是净增或净减n倍，而是净增或净减n-1倍。所以句型、表示的倍数增量=句型；句型(1 3)表示的倍数比差=句型1 2,且decrease(by

20、)3 tim es应译为 减少2/3”,而不是“减 少3/4”。英语倍数句型及其译法英语表示倍数增减或倍数对比的句型多种多样，其中有一些(如下文中的句型、(12)等，见圈码)很容易译错其主要原因在于：英汉两语在表述或对比倍数方面存在着语言与思维差异。现将常用的英语倍数句型及其正确译法归纳如下：倍数增加()A is n times as great(long,much,.)as B.()A is n times greater(longer,more,.)than B.()A is n times the size(length,amount,.)of B.()以上三句都应译为；A的大小(长度，

21、数量，)是B的n倍 或A比B大(长，多，)n-1倍.Eg.This book is three tim es as long as（three tim es longer than,threetim es the length of）that one.这本书的篇幅是那本书的3 倍（即长两倍）。注：当相比的对象B很明显时，than（as,of）B常被省去。（二）increase to n tim es（）increase n tim e s/n-fo ld （）increase by n tim es（）increase by a factor of n（）以上四式均应译为：增加到n 倍（或：增

22、加n-1倍）。Eg.The production of integrated circuits has been increased to three tim esas com pared w ith last year.集成电路的产量比去年增加了两倍。Eg.The output of chem ical fertilizer has been raised five tim es as againstI986.化肥产量比1 9 8 6 年增加了 4 倍。Eg.That can increase m etabolic rates by tw o or three tim es.那可使代谢率提高

23、到原来的2 倍 或 3 倍（即提高1 倍 或 2 倍。Eg.The drain voltage has been increased by a factor of four.漏电压增加了 3 借（即增加到原来的4 倍。注：在这类句型中in cre a se 常 被 raise,grow,go/step up,m u ltip ly 等词所替代。（三）There is a n-fold in cre a se/g ro w th.（）应译为：增加n-倍（或增至n 倍）。这个句型还有其它一些形式：Eg.A record high increase in value of four tim es w

24、as reported.据报道，价值破记录地增长了 3 倍。（四）double（增加 1 倍），treble（增加 2 倍，quadruple（增加 3 倍。（）Eg.The efficiency of the machines has been more than trebled or quadrupled.这些机器的效率已提高了 2 倍或3 倍多。(五)此外，英语中还有一种用a g a in 而不用倍数词来比较倍数的方法，如：A is as much(large,long,.)again as B.(=A is tw ice as much(large,long,.)asB.()应译为：A

25、 比 B多(大，长，)1 倍。A is half as much(large,1 ong,.)again as B.=A is one and a half tim es as much(large,1 ong,.)as B.)(11)应译为:A 比 B多(大，长)一 半(即 A 是 B的一倍半)。倍数减少(一)A is n tim es as sm all(light,slow,.)as B.(12)A is n tim es sm aller(lighter,slower,.)than B.(13)以上两句均应译为：A 的大小(重量，速度，)是 B的 1/n 或 A 比 B小(轻，慢，)(

26、n-1)/n0Eg.The hydrogen atom is nea rly I6 tim es as light as the oxygen atom.氢原子的重量约为氧原子的1/16(即比氧原子约轻15/1 6)。Eg.This sort of membrane is tw ice thinner than ordinary paper.这种薄膜比普通纸张要薄一半(即是普通纸厚度的1/2)。注：当相比的对象B很明显时，than/as B常被省去。(二)decrease n tim es/n-fold(1 4)decrease by n tim es(1 5)decrease by a fa

27、ctor of n(16)以上三式均译为：减少到1/n 或：减少(n-1)/n。decrease 常被 reduce,shorten,g o/s lo w down 等词替代。Eg.Sw itching tim e of the new-type transistor is shortened 3 tim es.新型晶体管的开关时间缩短了 1/3(即缩短到2/3)。Eg.When the voltage is stepped up by ten tim es,the strength of the currentis stepped down by ten tim es.电压升高9 倍，电流强

28、度便降低9/10(即90%)。Eg.The equipm ent reduced the error probability by a factor of 5.该设备误差概率降低了 4/5o(三)There is a n-fold decrease/reduction.应译为：减至1/n 或：减 少(n-1)/no(17)这个句型还有其它一些形式，Eg.A rapid decrease by a factor of 7 was observed.发现迅速减少到1/7。Eg.The principal advantage of the products is a two-fold reducti

29、on inweight.这些产品的主要优点是重量减轻了 1/2。从上列倍数增减句型及其译法中不难看出：与汉语不同的是，英语在表述或比较倍数时无论使用什么句型(除了不含倍数词的a g a in 句型外)都包括基础倍数在内，因此都不是净增或净减n 倍，而是净增或 净减n-1倍。所以句型、表示的倍数增量=句型；句型(1 3)表示的倍数比差=句型1 2,且 decrease(by)3 tim e s 应译为“减少2/3”，而不是“减少3/4”。第四部分动词的使动用法动词是英语中词类中最为活跃的成分，至今对于动词的使用我一直是胆战心惊的，现介绍一些使动用法共勉。1.1 slowly w alked my

30、 horse up the hi 11.我慢慢地带马上山。2.The ran the ship aground,他们把船开到滩上去了。3.The swam their horses in the river.他们使马泅水渡河。4.1 laid m yself down to rest my wearied lim bs.我躺下来好让疲惫的腿休息一下。5.They rode out the storm.他们安然渡过风暴其实，研究动词个人认为，要把握后面有无宾语；宾语是人还是物；是什么样的宾语。欢迎网友探讨，动词的学习研讨方法。第五部分同系宾语1.I dreamed a strange dream

31、.2.He slept the sleep that knows no waking.3.1 have fought a good fight.一、在同系宾语上附有修饰形容词时:通常可换成态度副词。live a long life=live long;live a happy life=live happily;die a national death=die nationally;die a violent death=die by violence二、有的宾语与动词不同语源，但意义相通，也可以视为同类。run a race;run a course;run ones career;figh

32、t a battle;blow a gale;strike a blo w;ring a peal;wreak ones vengeance三、以 i t 构成的类型：I am determ ined to fight it out0 我决心奋斗到底。He is starring it in the provinces.他到各地巡回演出。We had to walk it in the rain.我们不得不冒雨而行。Cant you swim it?你游不过去吗？四、在某些熟语中可将同系宾语省略，如 look thanks=look a look of thanksHe looked the

33、thanks he could not express.他眼中现出言语无法表达的感谢。She left the room,looking daggers at m e.她以短剑相刺的目光望着我，走出了房间。五、最高级形容词后，可以省略同系宾语。The lady was looking her best(look).She sang her sweest(song)to please him.第六部分一组词组1 .all+抽象名词/抽象名词+itself=very+adj.He was all gentleness to her.他对4也 非 常 存。To his superiors,he is

34、 hum ility its e lfo 对于长辈,他极为谦逊。分 析：该结构原来是表示某种性质达到极点的一种说法，有“非常”、“尽管”、“一味”、“尽”的含义,有时甚至可以译为“。的 身”、“。咻 化”。普通复数名词用于“a ll”之后，也是表达这种概念。He is all sm iles.他一味地笑。She is all eyes.她盯着看。I am all anxiety.我真担心。He is all attention.他全神贯注地听着。2.Something(much)of/nothing(little)ofMr.Li is som ething of a philospher.李先

35、生略具哲学家风范。Mr.Wu is nothing of a m usician.吴先生全无音乐家的风味。Mr.Lu is very much of a poet.陆先生大有诗人气派。Mr.Liu is little of a scholar.刘先生几无学者风度。分 析：此为表示“程度”的形容词短语，有时可以当作副词翻译。Something of=to some extent(某程度)，在问句和条件句中则用anyting of(略有、多少)。nothing o f译作“全无、毫无相类似的情况：to be som ething of=to have som ething of+名词+in+代名词

36、He is nothing in ability of an orator=He has nothing of an orator in his ability.他毫无演说家的才能。这类名词的用法，可以处理为副词。He has seen som ething of life.他略具阅历。他稍阅世。Something o f 与 som ething lik e 区 别：程度上有差异。som ething like=som ething approxim ateing in character or amount 指数量或性质略同的事物，又 作 som ew hat(似乎、略微)解释。This

37、is som ething like a pudding.此物略似布丁。It shaped som ething like a cigar.其形状略似雪茄。3.a s.a s 的三种用法；(1)He is as kind as his sister.他象他妹妹一样和蔼。(2)He is as kind as honest.他既诚实又和蔼。(3)He ia as kind as his sister is honest.他妹妹诚实，而他和蔼。句 式 1 表示两个不同的人相同的性质；句式2 表示同一个人不同的性质；句 式 3 表示两个人的不同性质。该句式中第一个a s 为之时副词，第二个a s 为

38、连词。所以，第一个 a s 后面为a d j./a d v.,而第二个a s 后面为从句。4.as.as any/as as everHe is as great a statesm an as any=He is as great a statesm an as ever lived.他是一位稀有的政治家。5.as as can beIt is as plain as plain can be(may b e).那是再明白不过了。A lot of these boys were green as green can be.这些男孩许多都是精力充沛无以复力 I的。6.as.,so.As rus

39、t eats iron,so care eats the heart.忧能伤人，犹如锈之蚀铁。SO 相当于 in the same proportion;in like manner;in the same w ay(亦复如此)。为 力 口强语气，也可以在a s 前面加上ju s t一词。As fire tries gold,so does adversity try courage.正如火能试金，逆境可以试人的勇气。As the human body is nourished by the food,so is a nation nourished by itsindustries,正像身体

40、要靠食物营养一样，国家要靠工业营养。7.I t is in(or w ith).as in(or w ith).It is in life as in a journey.人生好比旅途。It is in studying as in eating;he who does it gets the benefits,and not he whosees it done.读书和吃饭一样，得到利益的是那些实际在吃的人，而不是旁观的人。It is in mind as in body which must be nourished by good food.精神和身体都必须有好的食物来营养。8.as g

41、ood as/as w ell asIt is as goos as done.这就和做好了一样。It is broad as well as long.那既长且宽。as good a s 有两个含义：(1)am ounting to;not falling short of;等 于；同 样；几女工;不欠缺He was as good as his w ord.他不爽约。(2)virtually;essentially;in every essential respect 实际上；其 实；实 在；在各要点上He is as good as dead already.宛如死人；行尸走肉；名存实亡

42、as well a s 有四个含义：(1)no less than;equally w ith 等 于；不下于；亦；一样好I have understanding as w ell as you.(2)both.and.;one equally w ith the other 与”、“两者皆”Work in m oderation is healthy as well as agreeable to the human constitution.适度劳动对身体给予快感，又有益卫生。(3)与 not only.but a ls o 有连带关系He has experience as well a

43、s know ledge.=He has not only knowledge but alsoexperience.(4)可以代替 better thanAs well(=better)be hanged for a sheep as(=than)for a lam b.窃钩如窃国，与其盗小羊。9.As it is其含义为：as it stands;to state the m atter as it really stands;as a m atter of fact;in reality.相当于：实际上；就实际情况而言；根 据(现 在)情 况 看；就现在这个样子等等。它用来指事物的单数；

44、即指前面的单数名词。如果指事物的复数，则用“As they are。如果用来指人时，贝 iJ为 as I am/you are/she/he is/w e are/they are.as it is 的过去式为 as it w aso其位置可以放在句首，句末或句子中间。(1)用于句首，注意前后时态与该结构保持一致As it is,we can not help him.As it was,we could not help him.(2)用于句末Lets keep it as it is.You m ustnt go to the ball as you are.你不能这样去参加舞会。有时i

45、t 可以省略为“as is”，意 即：照现在的样子，常指“不再修理或改进”等情况。He has an old radio as is.他有一台没有修理过的旧收音机。111 sell it to you as is,but don*t com plain if it doesnt work.(3)句中时，用逗号把它从前后隔开A.虚拟语气句式+but+as it is/w a s,该结构意为：其 实；事实上I thought things would get better,but as it is,they are getting worse and worse.The rice could ha

46、ve been got in yesterdy if the w eather had been fine,but as itwas,it had to be left in the fields.B.过去分词+as it i s,表示强调前面的过去分词W ritten as it is in an interesting way,this book is enjoyable to young and oldalike.Published as it was at such a tim e,his work attrached much attention.C.现在分词+as it does(

47、did)0意 为：因为这样，(实际)所以.Living as he does in Shanghai,he knows the place extrem ely well.Reading as he did many tim es,he could recite it fluently.几个类似的结构：A.as it s ta n d s 根据目前情况来看As it stands,it is certain that our country can realize the four m odernizationahead of schedule.B.such as it is 不怎么样，质量不

48、过如此The room,such as it is,is very bright.C.as it were=as if it were so.属虚拟语气，用于插入语。不可以与as it i s 混淆He is,as it were,a living dictionary.Comrade Lei Feng still lives,as it were,in our heart.1 O.have+the+抽 象 名 词+不定式I had the fortune to succeed.我很幸运获得了成功。have=possess原来指肉体和精神上的特征，现作为一种天赋而具有的。She had the

49、 cheek(=im pudence)to say such athing.=Shewas so impudent asto say such a thing.她厚颜无耻地说出这样的话。How can you have the heart(=hard-heartness)to drown such darling littlekittens?你何忍心把如此可爱的小猫淹死？11.名词+of+a+名词It was a great m outain of a w ave.波浪如山高。That fool of a Tom did i t.这是汤姆那个笨蛋做的。That old cripple of a

50、 Henn.那个年老的残废者亨。It would make the deuce of a scandal.这会弄得声名狼藉的。o f前后的名词指同一人或物体。其中的“名词+o f”后出现的名词前面，必须有一个不定词，即使是固有名词，该冠词也不可省略。a devil of a man=a devish mana rascal of a fellow=a rascally fellow12.in+人They have an enemy in him.他才是他们的敌人。分 析：in=in the person of(在那人身上)，表示一个人身上具有的性质、资格、能力等。原来是由于形状(与形状有关的