考研基础语法.pdf

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1、第二部分并列句三选择题练习1 .Permission was not granted for the interview;_ c_,the reporters nevergave up hope.A.consequently B.likewise C.however D.moreover2 _ b_ a well-balanced diet adequate sleep is needed for good health.A.N either-nor B.N ot onlybut also C.Rather than D.Becauseso3 Cramming for（临时准备考试）exams

2、 rarely helps;_ d,many students stay upuntil dawn,studying on the night before a big test.（成功是需要时间的,学生邮件）A.for B.again C.instead D.nevertheless4 Two of the students have neither the intelligence nor the diligence（勤奋、勤勉）to learn the required lesson;b_,they will be dismissed from the program.A.but B.c

3、onsequently C.similarly D.indeed5 I _ d_ keenly interested in newsreels.（新闻短片）A.as well as he can B.as well as he isC.as well as he are D.as well as him am四 翻译练习1.In the American economy,the concept of private property embraces notonly the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights,in

4、cluding the right to determine the price of a product or to make a freecontract with another private individual.（94 年）（美国经济确实很厉害，国民生产总值世界第一位，第二位、第三位和第四位综合不及美国的1/2）2.However,whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently incapuchins and humans,or whether it stems from the common ancestor that

5、the species had 35 million years ago,is,as yet,an unanswered question.（05 年）3.They give their owners automatic credit in stores,restaurants,andhotels,at home,across the country,and even abroad,and they make manybanking services available as well.944.Television is one of the means by which these feel

6、ings are createdand conveyed-and perhaps never before has it served so much to connectdifferent peoples and nations as is the recent events in Europe.05翻译5.Innovation is like soccer;even the best players miss the goal andhave their shots blocked much more frequently than they score.946.the journey n

7、ever really ends;there are always new ways to experiencethe world,new ideas to try,new challenges to accept.7.We live a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances(drugs)is pervasive:an aspirin to quiet a headache,some wine to besociable,coffee to get going in the morning,a cigarette

8、 for the nerves.8.There are about 1 05 males born for every 1 00 females,but this ratiodrops to near balance at the age of maturity,and among 70-year-olds thereare twice as many women as men.20009.The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles;itspublic defenders are few and unimpress

9、ive,where they are not extremelyunattractive 20001 0.The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services inthe World War II and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated withinformation.2003第三部分名词和名词性成分1 主语从句That women are always right is common knowledge.That You did not pass th

10、e exam is a shame(遗憾的事)真题 1)That the seas are being overfished has been known for years,(2006)2)That the plates are moving is not beyond dispute 98地球板块在飘逸的，这一点毫无争议。当个句子做主语事给人种头大脚轻的感觉。于是我们习惯于用i t 来代替主语，真正的主语放在主句的后面：把上面四句话做下改变再如3)it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell atfirs

11、t can suddenly become sensitive to it when exposed to it oftenenough.054)it is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one whocan grasp ideas readily,make distinctions,reason logically,and makeuse of verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems.5)Furthermore,it is obvious that

12、the strength of a country?s economyis directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry,and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists andtechnologists of all kinds.2000 726)For example,it has long been known that total sleep deprivation is1 00 percent fatal to rats,y

13、et,on examination of the dead bodies,theanimals look completely normal.总结it常用法：It is reported thatIt is believed that 人们相信It is generally thought that 人们普遍认为It should be noted that 应当注意It must be pointed that 必须指出It is clear that 显然。Possible that 很可能L ikely that 很可能Certain that 可以确信Fortunate that 幸运

14、的是Happens that 碰巧 it happened that I saw him steal my money.Turns out that 结果证明是 It turns out that his mother is a killer.5)whether联系的主语从句Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure scienceat the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue ofwhich is seen as the d

15、riving force.946)特殊疑问词引导的主语从句试译 Why he refused to cooperate with us is still a mystery.How she died is still unknown(Diana)How well the predictions will be validated by later performance dependsupon the amount,reliability,and appropriateness of the information usedand on the skill and wisdom with wh

16、ich it is interpreted.952 宾语从句She said(that)she would be back by five.The teacher asked me if I needed any help.Could you tell me why he got divorced with his wife.I am not sure who I will vote for.7)Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smokingwould kill us but the doubters in

17、sisted that we didn t know for sure?958)难：You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by meansof induction(归纳法)and deduction(演绎法),that by the help of theseoperations,they,in a sort of sense,manage to extract from N ature certainnatural laws,and that out of these,by some special skill of

18、their own,they build up their theories.933 表语从句Yesterday is history.Tomorrow is a mystery.Today is a gift.Thats why its called the present!Money is what we are badly in need of.(男朋友向你许诺，等有了钱，给你买)the point is when you will become rich.9)A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how

19、friendly,courteous,and helpful most Americans were to them 971 0)women are much too preoccupied by family,once the marriage begins todisintegrate,they are lost.That is where their unhappiness spring fromand that is why most divorced mothers regard themselves as victims练习：Galileo s greatest glory was

20、 that in 1 609 he was the first personto turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that theplanets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.944 同位语从句11)n+that whether+陈述句A century ago,Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreamswere the disguised shadows of our un

21、conscious desires and fears;051 2)There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the conceptspeculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniquesappropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.99.74下面情况下先行词和同位语从句可能被隔开：主语+同位语从句+谓语+宾语 头大脚轻一般写成主谓宾+同位语从句比如：a tragic news re

22、ached her that her husband was killed for no reason.她丈夫无缘无故的被杀这个坏消息传到了她的耳朵里。They spread the fact everywhere that he is dismissed by his employee.他们到处散播她被老板开出这个事实。真题 1 3)Concerns were raised that witnesses might be encouraged toexaggerate their stories in court to ensure guilty verdicts.011 4)evidenc

23、e came up that specific speech sounds are recognized by babiesas young as 6 months old.1 5)The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious,but thelikelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes suggeststhat we will never prevent all cancers.95第四部分修饰名词的成分谁可以修饰名词？形容词，名词，介词短语，动名词，形容

24、词短语，动词不定式，定语从句。An innocent nightingaleThe singing of the nightingaleThe nightingale out of the windowThe nightingale singing to the roseThe rose whiter than snow（比白雪还要白的玫瑰花）The youth to the party-）找出下列句子中所有的定语成分Over the years,tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamentalinnovation have

25、largely been ignored by historians and philosophers ofscience.（of 做定语）In dealing with a challenge on such a scale,it is no exaggeration to say“Unity we stand,divided we fallv 05 介词短语做定语翻译为：联合我们所有的，分享我们共有的；美国崛起意味着我们的衰落我们站立必然会跌倒Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs.Oth

26、ers are reasonable consequences of particular advances in sciencebeing to some extent self-accelerating.96（分词做定语）Vitamins are organic compounds necessary in small amounts in the dietfor the normal growth and maintenance of life of animals,including man.（9 6形容词短语作定语）After six months of arguing and fi

27、nal 1 6 hours of hot parliamentary debates,Australia,s N orthern Territory became the first legal authority in theworld to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients whowish to die.97（介词短语作定语）安乐死：荷兰，比利时，瑞士和卢森堡。我认为一个人无法选择的自己的出生，但有选择死亡的权利。只有在一个高度民主和法制的国家才能控制安乐死。个人同意；家属同意；医院认为病是incurable

28、Whether to use tests,other kinds of information,or both in a particularsituation depends,therefore,upon the evidence from experienceconcerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost andavailability.95（分词做定语）“In short,“a leader of the new school contends,“the scientificrevolution,as we ca

29、ll it,was largely the improvement and invention anduse of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science ininnumerable directions.（介词短语，定语从句做定语）-）定语从句定语从句的核心是什么？考研中定语从句必须掌握的什么？一一找定语从句的先行词一个词：1.Even when homeless individuals manage to find a shelter that will givethem three meals a day an

30、d a place to sleep at night,a good number stillspend the bulk of each day wandering the street.062.The target is wrong,for in attacking the tests,critics divertattention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users.953.The researchers made great progress in the early 1 970s,when t

31、heydiscovered that oncogenes(致癌基因),which are cancer-causing genes,are inactive in normal cells.94(小结，区别wh e n引导的是定语从句还是状语从句：4.By contrast,they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1 650 to 1 750,when England was still a completely agricultural country,a period ofgreat abundance and prosperity.(98

32、 年完型)About 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers take themto court.(99)5.There will be television chat shows hosted by robots,and cars withpollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.(2001)6.Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to thepoint

33、 where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all,peoplewill have to accept more uunnatural food”.91 番 羽 译除非人类终于认识到，要把人口减少到地球能为之提供足够粮食的程度，否则人们将不得不接受更多的人造食品一个短语例如：he likes lifting weight,which is a good exercise.7.Many of life s problems which were solved by asking family members,friends or

34、 colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended familyto resolve 958.For workers it can mean an end to the security,benefits and sense ofimportance that came from being a loyal employee.97(9.In Europe,as elsewhere,multi-media groups have been increasinglysuccessful:groups which bring together

35、television,radio newspapers,magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.一个分句比如：he said he had no money,which is not true1 0.The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connectionwith the process of thought,which took root in Europe long before peoplerealized h

36、ow diverse languages could be.04.61一个完整的句子1 1.And the cost of computing power continues to free fall,which is a goodsign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon（计算机，网络）.99计算能力的成本持续自由下落，这对任何建立了网上销售的企业来说，都是好兆头。定语从句难句子：先行词+其他定语/状语+定语从句：比如 I saw a girl in the street who can take my breath away.1 2

37、.For example,changes in the economy that lead to fewer jobopportunities for youth and rising unemployment in general make gainfulemployment increasingly difficult to obtain.04 完型1 3.Today,stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn,amongother things,that you might-surprise!-fall off.991 4

38、.As a linguist（后缀 doer,专业人员 physicist；scientist）,heacknowledges that all varieties of human language,including non-standardones like Black English,can be powerfully expressive 一 一 there exists nolanguage or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas.051 5.It can be predicted,however,that

39、from time to time questions willarise which will require specific scientific answers.96二 改错1.I enjoyed the music which zhoujielun composed it.2.The people who I met them at the party last night were interesting.3.I will never forget the days when I spent with you.（表示时间地点的先行词要注意，如果定语从句中不缺状语，而是缺主语或宾语,

40、要用which或者是that来引导定语从句,when和 where在定语从句中只做状语）4.I will never forget the day when I met you for the first time.5.Do you love that building which roof is round.（修饰名词只能用 whose）6.This is the town where I was born.7.This is the town where I will visit.第 五 部 分 动 词动词做谓语，与动词有关的是分词，动名词和不定式动词分类实 意 动 词 助 动 词 情 态

41、 动 词一）实意动词分为及物和不及物动词A及物动词：有些动词只是及物动词；它们不可以单独用，后面必须跟宾语。I am watching TV;he is sending a letterHow long can I keep the book?I believe you/what you said;B不及物动词：有些动词只是不及物动词；它们可以单独用，如果后面想接宾语,动词后面必须加上介词。Birds can fly.The story happened in 1 900.I am looking（at you）/I am looking you;He is listening to（the

42、teacher carefully）.C有些动词既是及物动词，又是不及物动词；但是有时候词义会改变。1 .I began at once;（vi）/I began studying at once when I got home.（vt）2.He has left/he has left Chongqing.3.意义发生变化：I can see your mind/I s e e.（明白）Can I ask you a question?（is your father a thief）/He always ask fortrouble.（自找麻烦）My heart is beating（跳动）

43、/he always beats his dog.（打,敲）D练 习（学生没有）The young must obey to their elders.Do not approach to that odd-looking man.The audience attacked on the rude speaker.N othing can escape from his parents，eyes.Do you hope to serve for your nation?When did Susan marry with Paul?例子：This view is generally though

44、t to be wrong.Specialists in historyand economics,have _ 4 9 _ two things:that the period from 1 650 to 1 750was marked by great poverty,A manifested B approved C shown D speculatedHe must use this surplus in three ways:as seed for sowing,as an insuranceagainst the unpredictable effects of bad weath

45、er and as a commodity whichhe must sell in order to _44_ old agricultural implements and obtainchemical fertilizers to feed the soil.00A replace B purchase C supplement D disposehomelessness has reached such proportions that local government can,tpossibly _ 2_.06A stand vtB cope C approve D retain(保

46、持，保留)-)情态动词情态动词后跟动词原形,相当于助动词。Can;may;must;should;ought to;dare 表示推测用法：1,对现在的推测：must,cannot,may might,could2,特殊用法：A must/cannot have doneHe must have been a gayB needn,t have d o n e本没有必要做，但是做了You needn,t have shown your love in this way.C could have d o n e本能做而实际未作，表示遗憾He could have been a qualified

47、 poet.D should have done 本应该做，但却没有做They should have get married years ago,if there is the fate.练习1.Marys score on the test is the highest in her class;she have studied very hard.A)may B)should C)must D)ought to2.You her in her office last Friday;shes been out of town for two weeks.A)neednt have seen

48、 B)must have seen C)might have seen D)cant have seen3.You _ all those calculations,we have a computer.A neednot have done B shouldnot have doneC must not have done D can not have done4 Some women a good salary in a job instead of staying home,but they decided not towork for the sake of the family.A)

49、must make B)should have made C)would make D)could have made5.The careless man received a ticket for speeding.He have driven so fast.A)cant B)wouldnt C)shouldnt D)mustnt二 分词用法1)Science moves forward,they say,not so much through the insights ofgreat men of genius as because of more ordinary things lik

50、e improvedtechniques and tools.(94翻译)单个分词作定语放到名词的前面2)The emphasis on data gathered first-hand,combined with across-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past andpresent,makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.03年翻译3)Some of these causes are completely rea