英美文化基础教程-笔记总结(英国部分)(共30页).doc

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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上1. Who Are the British?The Scots Characteristic: inventive, hardworking, serious-minded and cautious with money Highlanders: a. they are the Scots live in the mountainous regions of the Highlanders in Northern Scotland b. they are proud, independent and hardy people who maintain their s

2、trong cultural identity. c. Living by farming sheep in the mountain areas or fishing on the coasts and island Lowlanders: Most Scots are lowlanders who live in the industrialized areas of south Scotland Scottish names: a. Campbell, Macleod, Fraser, Gordon, Stuart and Macdonald b. Mac or Mc means son

3、 of Famous writers: Robert Burns (1759-96), Sir Walter Scott (1771-1893), Robert Louis Stevenson (1850-94) The Welsh Characteristic: a. conscious of their separate Celtic heritage b. famous for their love of music and poetry and they have developed choral singing to a national art. c. they also have

4、 a great feeling for the music of words.Two group of the Welsh:a. Those-mostly sheep farmers-from the mountainous regions of the centre and northb. Those (two-thirds of the population)who live and work in the highly industrialized south where coal mining and steel manufacture are the main economic a

5、ctivities Two passions: a. rugby football b. choral singing Land of My Fathernational anthemthe National Eisteddfod:a. Eisteddfod is the Welsh word for sitting. National Eisteddfod is the most famous festival of music and verse in Walesb. It takes place in each August and last for about a weekc. The

6、 highlight of the Eisteddfod is a competition for the best epic poem about Wales written and read in Welshd. The winner is crowned Bard, considered the supreme honor in Wales Welsh names: a. Jones, Williams, Thomas, Evans, Lloyd, Llewellyn, or begin with P like Prichard, Probert or Pryse b. ap means

7、 son ofFamous writers: Dylan Thomas, Gwyn Thomas(born 1913) and Richard Llewellyn(born 1970)The Irish Characteristic: a. a mainly Celtic peopleb. have rich literary heritage which is apparent their love of wordsc. in the literary works of Irish writers, the Irish are portrayed as introspective dream

8、ers and poets, as well as argumentative and aggressive-especially after a drinking session. Oliver Cromwell: a. Lord Protector of Britain b. crushed various rebellions in Ireland, and settled English and Scottish Protestants there by giving them land. c. the main duty of the new immigrants was to pu

9、t dowm any anti-British revolt by the native Irish. Home rule: between 1840 and 1900, some Irish nationalists, such as Charles Stewart Parnell, demanded some kind of autonomy and Irish members of the Westminster Parliament. They called persistently for the control of internal affairs by an assembly

10、in Dublin. This was what they called home rule. The home rule question led to even more disturbance and riots as the Ulster Protestant feared that an autonomous Ireland would be dominated be Catholics. * The whole of Ireland was colonized by England in 1169, and was partitioned in 1922.The 26 countr

11、ies of southern Ireland became the Irish Free State, later renamed theRepublic of Eire. The six countries of Ulster, in the north, remained part of the UnitedKingdom with their own parliament, Stormont, responsible for internal affairs. The Orange Day celebrations:a. celebrations held by Protestant

12、on 12 August each year in Northern Ireland to commemorate the Battle of the Royne in 1690 when the Protestant King William III(William of Orange ) crushed a Catholic rebellion in Londonderry.b. The celebrations were aggressively provocative and fightings often broke out between Protestant marchers a

13、nd Catholic bystanders The Provisional IRA：a. IRA, the Irish Republican Army, is a nationalist organization dedicated to the unification of Ireland b. It was organized in 1919 c. the IRA refused to accept a separate Northern Ireland under British rule d. In 1969 it split into an official majority, w

14、hich disclaimed violence, and a terrorist provisional wing, whose attacks on British troops in Northern Ireland, random bombings, and others acts of terror in England kept tensions high. The Peace People: a. in the summer of 1976 Betty Williams, a Protestant housewife, wasso horrified at the killing

15、 of two children by a running IRA car thatshe decided to organized the women of Ulster, both Protestant and Catholic in to a pressure group.b. It is a pressure group work for peace and reconciliation in Ireland.c. Williams and her Catholic partner, Corrigan, soon gathered thousands of followers desp

16、ite threats and intimidation from both sides.d. they continued to pursue their aims and at the end of 1976 the two leaders were awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace. Famous writers and playwrights: John Millington Synge(1871-1909), James Joyce(1882-1941) and Sean Oasey(1880-1964)The English Characteris

17、tic： Reserved, unemotional, courteous; shy of strangers; suspicious of change and slow the accept new ideas; solid and dependable with a high sense of honesty, duty and justice; physically and morally courageous; conscious of his place in the social order, disliking any show of emotion and lack of c

18、ontrol; and fervently believing that the British are superior to any other race on earth. Romans influence: a. the Romans invaded England in 55 BC, and brought with them their laws, taxes, engineering skills, architecture and social system as well as their language, Latin, and their system of writin

19、g and numbering. b. they introduced Christianity and when they departed in AD 411, they left behind a well established Celtic-Roman culture. c. they also left behind the first written description of the land and its peoples as well as records of their administration. The Norman Conquest: a. in AD 10

20、66, William of Normandy landed his army in England (William the Conqueror) b. he defeated the Saxon king Harold and the English soldiers, and became the king of England the same year. c. French was made the official language and the feudal system was firmly established in England. The Commonwealth I

21、mmigrants Act: From the year of 1962, people from commonwealth countries no longer had free entry to the UK and could not claim automatic full citizenship.UK= the United Kingdom of Great Britain and the Northern IrelandThe British Isles: the British Isles lie northwest of Europe in the Atlantic Ocea

22、n. They consist of two large islands-Britain and Ireland.Northern Ireland (Ulster):Northern Ireland is a part of the United Kingdom in the north-east of the island of Ireland. It was partitioned from the rest of Ireland during the Irish War of Independence, by an Act of the British Parliament. North

23、ern Ireland shares a border with the Republic of Ireland to the south and west. Northern Ireland is largely self-governing.William III:known as William of Orange. Both his wife and he are Protestants. He was the stadtholder of the Netherlands. In 1689 he was invited by opponents of James II to accep

24、t the British throne which was known as Glorious Revolution, and he ruled jointly with his wife Mary II (James daughter).In the same year, the British Parliament passed the Bill of Rights which limited the powers of the crown. Thus began the English Constitutional Monarchy.2. English HistoryThe Midd

25、le Ages 1. King Harold: the Saxon king who was defeated and killed at the Battle of Hastings in 1066, when the French-speaking Normans under William the Conqueror invaded England from France 2. Alfred the Great: He was a fine Saxon king who successfully defeated the invading Danes and was the ruler

26、of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex, contributed greatly to the medieval European culture. He made Wessex the Anglo-Saxon culture center by introducing teachers and scholars, founding new monasteries, and promoting translations into the vernacular from Latin works. He also inspired the compilation

27、of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles. 3. King Arthur: a. he was the king of England in the sixth century b. little was know about him, except that he was associated with Cornwall and is the central figure of many legends about him and his Knights of the Round Table 4.Crusades : the Crusades were a series o

28、f wars in the Middle Ages in which armies from all over Europe tried to snatch the Holy Land(i.e. Palestine, where Jesus Christ once lived)from the Infidels(i.e. the Muslims) 5. Richard Lion-Heart: a. he was a Norman king in the Middle Ages b. he was also the most famous of the English Crusaders at

29、that time c. Many stories have been told about him and his enemy Saladin 6. the Magna Carta(Great Charter): a. the Magna Carta(Great Chapter)was a document signed in 1215 by King John under compulsion by the powerful baronsb. the purpose of the Charter was to make King John to recognize the rights o

30、f the baronsc. The Magna Carta is now in the British Museum, London 7. the Hundred Years War:a. a war between England and France which lasted, on and off, for a hundred years from 1337 to 1453.b. It was fought entirely in France, and the whole of France very nearly fell into England hands in the fam

31、ous battles of Crecy and Agincourt.c. Eventually, partly through the inspiration of the brave girl Joan of Arc, and partly through the effective use of guns, the French drove the English from their land for good.d. England became completely severed from France, and the English Language finally took

32、place of French in all classes of society. 8. Joan of Arc: a. she was a French saint and national heroine. b. during the Hundred Years War, her bravery and inspiration provided spirit and morale for French armies. c. later she was captured and burned at the stake. The Sixteenth Century 1. the Wars o

33、f the Roses: a. It is the name given to the struggle(1455-1486) for the throne of England between two branches of the English royal family. b. the houses of Lancaster, whose badge was a red rose, and York, whose badge was a white rose c. the wars weakened both the nobility and the monarch 2. Changes

34、 in Europe: a. the invention of printing b. it was the age of great voyages of discovery like Columbus and Vasco da Gama c. the beginning of the imperialist expansion which resulted in Europeans establishing themselves throughout the American continent. d. the beginning of freedom of thought in the

35、Christian religion. 3. Henry VIII: A king of in the early sixteenth century. With the support of his , Henry established himself as head of the in England, in place of the , after the pope refused to allow his marriage to Catherine of Aragon to be dissolved. Since that time, except for a few years o

36、f rule under Henrys daughter Mary I, who was a , England has been officially a nation. 4. Bloody Mary: a. it was the nickname given to Mary I, Henry IIIs elder daughter. b. she was a devout Catholic, and had so many Protestants burnt to death that she is remembered less by her official title Mary I

37、than by her nickname Bloody Mary. 5. Elizabeth I: A. Definition: queen of England; successor of Mary I, daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. She established the Church of England and put an end to Catholic plots, notably by executing Mary Queen of Scots and defeating the Spanish Armada. Her reign

38、 was notable for commercial growth, maritime expansion, and the flourishing of literature, music, and architecture. B. Gun-powder Plot： a. it refers to the most famous of a number of Catholic conspiracies in England history which occurred in the reign of James I. b. It was the plot to blow up the Ki

39、ng and Parliament, in which a man called Guy Fawkes was caught in the cellars of the House of Commons in the very act of preparing the explosives c. Guy Fawkes Night is still celebrated on November 5th each year.The Seventeenth Century 1. Divine Right: the doctrine that a monarch derives his or her

40、power directly from God. 2. Glorious/Bloodless Revolution: a. it refers to the event of 1688 in the English Revolution, when the Catholic king James II was forced to flee with his baby son to Franceb. the throne was offered to his Protestant daughter and her husband Dutch king William.c. The bill of

41、 Rights was passed by Parliament to restrict the power of the Monarchy d. This was the beginning of the Constitutional Monarchy in Britain. The Eighteenth Century 1. the Battle of Waterloo: An important and complete victory won by Duke of Wellington over the great Napoleon in Waterloo, Belgium2. the

42、 Battle of Trafalgar: the great naval victory over Napoleons fleet won by Lord Nelson.3. Industrial Revolution: a. 17501850, Great changes took place with the invention of the steam engine. b. create an entirely new social class, the industrial worker. c. made Britain stronger and richer. d. More fa

43、ctories and big town were built.4. The loss of American colonies:a. Pilgrim Fathers: a group of Puritans who had sailed from England in the ship Mayflower to escape religious persecution under James I.b. the Declaration of IndependenceThe Nineteenth Century 1. William Wilberforce: leader of anti-sla

44、very movement in nineteenth century. 2. Elizabeth Fry: leader of the prison reform movement in nineteenth century. 3. Sir Robert(Bobby) Peel: founded the modern police force 4. Reform Bill: extended the franchise a little further. Freely elected town councils were established for the first time. 5. Progress in the field of communications a. Gorge Stephensons locomotive, Rocket, give the steam engine wheels and rails to run on for the first time.b. The