4-9分达人雅思阅读真题还原及解析4.c.pdf

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1、目 录Test 1 1Test 2 15Test 3 29Test 4 44Test 5 59Test 6 74真题解析 89Answer Keys 240本书所收集文章及对应考试日期一览Test 1Test 1The Impact of the PotatoAncient Chinese ChariotsStealth Forces in Weight Loss2014 年 6 月 28 日2014 年 3 月 15 日2014 年 5 月 24 日2012 年 6 月 30 日Test 2Test 2Andrea Palladio:Italian ArchitectCorporate So

2、cial Responsibility2013 年 5 月 16 日2015 年 3 月 21 日2014 年 5 月 15 日2012 年 5 月 26 日The Significant Role of Mother Tongue in EducationTest 3Test 3Voyage of Going:Beyond the Blue Line 22012 年 5 月 26 日Does IQ Test Prove Creativity?Monkeys and Forests2009 年 12 月 5 日2012 年 10 月 11 日Test 4Test 4T-rex:Hunter o

3、r Scavenger?Leaf-cutting Ants and FungusHoney Bees in Trouble2013 年 11 月 16 日2013 年 5 月 18 日2015 年 5 月 30 日2012 年 4 月 12 日2012 年 4 月 28 日Test 5Test 5Ants Could Teach AntsThe Development of PlasticsGlobal Warming in New Zealand2014 年 7 月 19 日2014 年 7 月 26 日2014 年 7 月 12 日Test 6Test 6Computer Games fo

4、r Preschoolers:Nintendos Research and Design ProcessThe History of PencilMotivating Drives2014 年 7 月 19 日2014 年 8 月 2 日2014 年 8 月 21 日9 分达人雅思阅读真题还原及解析 4TEST 4READING PASSAGE 1READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes onQuestions 1-13Questions 1-13,which are based onReading Passage 1 below.T

5、-rex:Hunter or Scavenger?T-rex:Hunter or Scavenger?Jack Horner is an unlikely academic:his dyslexia is so bad that he has trouble reading abook.But he can read the imprint of life in sandstone or muddy shale across a distance of100 years,and it is this gift that has made him curator of palaeontology

6、 at Montana StateUniversitys Museum of the Rockies,the leader of a multi-million dollar scientific projectto expose a complete slice of life 68 million years ago,and a consultant to Steven Spielbergand other Hollywood figures.His father had a sand and gravel quarry in Montana,and the young Horner wa

7、s a collec-tor of stones and bones,complete with notes about when and where he found them.“Myfather had owned a ranch when he was younger,in Montana,”he says.“He was enoughof a geologist,being a sand and gravel man,to have a pretty good notion that they weredinosaur bones.So when I was eight years o

8、ld he took me back to the area that had beenhis ranch,to where he had seen these big old bones.I picked up one.I am pretty sure it wasthe upper arm bone of a duckbilled dinosaur:it probably wasnt a duckbilled dinosaur butclosely related to that.I catalogued it,and took good care of it,and then later

9、 when I was inhigh school,excavated my first dinosaur skeleton.It obviously started earlier than eight andI literally have been driven ever since.I feel like I was born this way.”Horner spent seven years at university,but never graduated.“I have a learning disability,Iwould call it a learning differ

10、ence dyslexia,they call it and I just had a terrible timewith English and foreign languages and things like that.For a degree in geology or biologythey required two years of a foreign language.There was no way in the world I could dothat.In fact,I didnt really pass English.So I couldnt get a degree,

11、I just wasnt capable ofit.But I took all of the courses required and I wrote a thesis and I did all sorts of things.So Ihave the education,I just dont have the piece of paper.”he says.“We definitely know we are working on a very broad coastal plain with the streams andrivers bordered by conifers and

12、 hardwood plants,and the areas in between these rivers wereprobably fern-covered.There were no grasses at all:just ferns and bushes an unusuallandscape,kind of taking the south-eastern United States Georgia,Florida and mixing44TEST 4it with the moors of England and flattening it out,”he says.“Tricer

13、atops is very common:they are the cows of the Cretaceous,they are everywhere.Duckbilled dinosaurs are rela-tively common but not as common as triceratops and T-rex,for a meat-eating dinosaur,isvery common.What we would consider the predator-prey ratio seems really off the scale.What is interesting i

14、s the little dromaeosaurs,the ones we know for sure were good preda-tors,are havent been found.”That is why he sees T-rex not as the lion of the Cretaceous savannah but its vulture.“Lookat the wildebeest that migrate in the Serengeti of Africa,a million individuals lose about200,000 individuals in t

15、hat annual migration.There is a tremendous carrion base there.And so you have hyenas,you have tremendous numbers of vultures that are scavenging,you dont have all that many animals that are good predators.If T-rex was a top predator,especially considering how big it is,youd expect it to be extremely

16、 rare,much rarer thanthe little dromaeosaurs,and yet they are everywhere,they are a dime a dozen,”he says.A12-tonne T-rex is a lot of vulture,but he doesnt see the monster as clumsy.He insisted histheory and finding,dedicated to further research upon it,of course,he would like to reeval-uate if ther

17、e is any case that additional evidence found or explanation raised by others in thefuture.He examined the leg bones of the T-rex,and compared the length of the thigh bone(upperleg)to the shin bone(lower leg).He found that the thigh bone was equal in length orslightly longer than the shin bone,and mu

18、ch thicker and heavier,which proves that theanimal was built to be a slow walker rather than fast running.On the other hand,the fossilsof fast hunting dinosaurs always showed that the shin bone was longer than the thigh bone.This same truth can be observed in many animals of today which are designed

19、 to run fast:the ostrich,cheetah,etc.He also studied the fossil teeth of the T-rex,and compared them with the teeth of theVelociraptor,and put the nail in the coffin of the“hunter T-rex theory”.The Velociraptorsteeth which like stake knifes:sharp,razor-edged,and capable of tearing through flesh with

20、ease.The T-rexs teeth were huge,sharp at their tip,but blunt,propelled by enormous jawmuscles,which enabled them to only crush bones.With the evidence presented in his documentary,Horner was able to prove that the idea ofthe T-rex as being a hunting and ruthless killing machine is probably just a my

21、th.In lightof the scientific clues he was able to unearth,the T-rex was a slow,sluggish animal whichhad poor vision,an extraordinary sense of smell,that often reached its“prey”after the realhunters were done feeding,and sometimes it had to scare the hunters away from a corpse.In order to do that,the

22、 T-rex had to have been ugly,nasty-looking,and stinky.This is actu-ally true of nearly all scavenger animals.They are usually vile and nasty looking.459 分达人雅思阅读真题还原及解析 4Questions 1-7Questions 1-7Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 1-7 on your an

23、swer sheet,write1 12 23 34 45 56 67 746TRUETRUEif the statement agrees with the informationFALSEFALSEif the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVENNOT GIVENif there is no information in this passageJack Horner knew exactly that the bone picked up in his fathers ranchbelonged to a certain dino

24、saur when he was at the age of 8.Jack Horner achieved a distinctive degree in university when he graduated.Jack Horner believes that the number of prey should be more than that ofpredators.T-rexs number is equivalent to the number of vulture in the Serengeti.The hypothesis that T-rex is the top pred

25、ator conflicts with the fact of preda-tor-prey ratio which Jack found.Jack Horner refused to accept any other viewpoints about T-rexs theory.Jack Horner is the first man that discovered T-rexs bones in the world.TEST 4Questions 8-13Questions 8-13Complete the sentences below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO W

26、ORDSNO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet.Jack Horner found that T-rexs8 8 _ is shorter than the thigh bone,which demonstrates that it was actually a9 9 _,unlike other swiftanimals such as ostrich or 1010 _ that was built to 111

27、1 _.Another explanationsupports his idea is that T-rexsteeth were rather1212 _,which only allowed T-rex to 1313 _ hard bonesinstead of tearing flesh like Velociraptor.479 分达人雅思阅读真题还原及解析 4READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes onQuestions 14-26Questions 14-26,which are based onReading Pas

28、sage 2 below.Leaf-Cutting Ants and FungusThe ants and their agriculture have been extensively studied over the years,but the recentA Aresearch has uncovered intriguing new findings about the fungus they cultivate,how theydomesticated it and how they cultivate it and preserve it from pathogens.For ex

29、ample,thefungus farms,which the ants were thought to keep free of pathogens,turn out to be vulner-able to a devastating mold,found nowhere else but in ants nests.T o keep the mold in check,the ants long ago made a discovery that would do credit to any pharmaceutical laboratory.eaf-cutting ants and t

30、heir fungus farms are a marvel of nature and perhaps the best knownB BLexample of symbiosis,the mutual dependence of two species.The ants achievement isremarkable the biologist Edward O.Wilson has called it“one of the major breakthroughsin animal evolution”because it allows them to eat,courtesy of t

31、heir mushrooms digestivepowers,the otherwise poisoned harvest of tropical forests whose leaves are laden with terpe-noids,alkaloids and other chemicals designed to sicken browsers.ungus growing seems to have originated only once in evolution,because all gardening antsC CFbelong to a single tribe,the

32、 descendants of the first fungus farmer.There are more than 200known species of the attine ant tribe,divided into 12 groups,or genera.The leaf-cutters usefresh vegetation;the other groups,known as the lower attines because their nests are smallerand their techniques more primitive,feed their gardens

33、 with detritus like dead leaves,insectsand feces.In 1994 a team of four biologists,Ulrich G.Mueller and Ted R.Schultz fromCornell University and Ignacio H.Chapela and Stephen A.Rehner from the United StatesDepartment of Agriculture,analyzed the DNA of ant funguses.The common assumptionthat the fungu

34、ses are all derived from a single strain,they found,was only half true.The leaf-cutters fungus was indeed descended from a single strain,propagated clonally,orD Djust by budding,for at least 23 million years.But the lower attine ants used different variet-ies of the fungus,and in one case a quite se

35、parate species,the four biologists discovered.Cameron R.Currie,a Ph.D.student in the University of T oronto,it seemed to Mr.Currie,resembled the monocultures of various human crops,that are very productive for a while andthen succumb to some disastrous pathogen,such as the Irish potato blight.Monocu

36、ltures,which lack the genetic diversity to respond to changing environmental threats,are sittingducks for parasites.Mr.Currie felt there had to be a parasite in the ant-fungus system.Buta century of ant research offered no support for the idea.T extbooks describe how leaf-cutterants scrupulously wee

37、d their gardens of all foreign organisms.“People kept telling me,Youknow the ants keep their gardens free of parasites,dont you?”Mr.Currie said of his efforts48TEST 4to find a hidden interloper.E EBut after three years of sifting through attine ant gardens,Mr.Currie discovered they are farfrom free

38、of infections.In last months issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences,he and two colleagues,Dr.Mueller and David Mairoch,isolated several alien organ-isms,particularly a family of parasitic molds called Escovopsis.Escovopsis turns out to be ahighly virulent pathogen that can devas

39、tate a fungus garden in a couple of days.It blooms like awhite cloud,with the garden dimly visible underneath.In a day or two the whole garden is envel-oped.“Other ants wont go near it and the ants associated with the garden just starve to death,Dr.Rehner said.“They just seem to give up,except for t

40、hose that have rescued their larvae.”F FEvidently the ants usually manage to keep Escovopsis and other parasites under control.Butwith any lapse in control,or if the ants are removed,Escovopsis will quickly burst forth.Although new leaf-cutter gardens start off free of Escovopsis,within two years so

41、me 60percent become infected.The discovery of Escovopsiss role brings a new level of understand-ing to the evolution of the attine ants.“In the last decade,evolutionary biologists have beenincreasingly aware of the role of parasites as driving forces in evolution,”Dr.Schultz said.There is now a poss

42、ible reason to explain why the lower attine species keep changing thevariety of fungus in their mushroom gardens,and occasionally domesticating new ones tostay one step ahead of the relentless Escovopsis.G GInterestingly,Mr.Currie found that the leaf-cutters had in general fewer alien molds in their

43、gardens than the lower attines,yet they had more Escovopsis infections.It seems that theprice they pay for cultivating a pure variety of fungus is a higher risk from Escovopsis.Butthe leaf-cutters may have little alternative:they cultivate a special variety of fungus which,unlike those grown by the

44、lower attines,produces nutritious swollen tips for the ants to eat.H HDiscovery of a third partner in the ant-fungus symbiosis raises the question of how the attineants,especially the leaf-cutters,keep this dangerous interloper under control.Amazinglyenough,Mr.Currie has again provided the answer.“P

45、eople have known for a hundred yearsthat ants have a whitish growth on the cuticle,”said Dr.Mueller,referring to the insectsbody surface.“People would say this is like a cuticular wax.But Cameron was the first onein a hundred years to put these things under a microscope.He saw it was not inert wax.I

46、t isalive.”Mr.Currie discovered a specialised patch on the ants cuticle that harbours a particularkind of bacterium,one well known to the pharmaceutical industry,because it is the sourceof half the antibiotics used in medicine.From each of 22 species of attine ant studied,Mr.Cameron and colleagues i

47、solated a species of Streptomyces bacterium,they reported in Naturein April.The Streptomyces does not have much effect on ordinary laboratory funguses.Butit is a potent poisoner of Escovopsis,inhibiting its growth and suppressing spore formation.Because both the leaf-cutters and the lower attines us

48、e Streptomyces,the bacterium may havebeen part of their symbiosis for almost as long as the Escovopsis mold.If so,some AlexanderFleming of an ant discovered antibiotics millions of years before people did.Even now,theants are accomplishing two feats beyond the powers of human technology.The leaf-cut

49、tersare growing a monocultural crop year after year without disaster,and they are using an antibi-otic apparently so wisely and prudently that,unlike people,they are not provoking antibioticresistance in the target pathogen.499 分达人雅思阅读真题还原及解析 4Questions 14-19Questions 14-19Use the information in the

50、 passage to match the options(listedA-CA-C)with theactivities or features of ants below.Write the appropriate letters,A-CA-C,in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.NBNB You may use any letter more than once.A ALeaf-cutting antsB BLower attine antsC CBoth leaf-cutting ants and lower attine ants1414can u