2018英语专四听力真题、听力原文及答案.pdf

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1、20182018 英语专四听力真题、听力原文及答英语专四听力真题、听力原文及答案案20182018 年英语专四听力真题年英语专四听力真题 2018 英语专四听力原文DICTATIONDICTATIONEmotional Reaction to Music音乐的情绪反应No matter who you are,where you live,or what your cultural backgroundis,people get some pleasure from listening to their favorite music.However,some people are simply

2、 not capable of enjoying music.This is not becausethey cant experience pleasure at all.They dont have trouble hearing musicproperly,either.Instead,theyre just indifferent to music.Researchers haveconducted studies to find out why some people have no emotional reaction tomusic.However,despite their e

3、fforts,the mystery remains.无论是何身份，住处，或者文化背景，人们听到喜欢的音乐都会心情舒畅。然而，有些人就是没办法欣赏音乐。这并不是因为他们完全不能体会快乐，也不是因为不能听音乐。而是他们对音乐不敏感。研究者们做了很多研究，想要探究为什么有些人对音乐不能产生情感上的反应。然而，无论他们做多少工作，还是解不开谜团。SECTION A TalkThe Linguistic Gift of Babies婴儿的语言天赋Good morning,everyone.In todays lecture,Im going to talk aboutsomething you can

4、t see.That is,whats going on in the little brain of a baby.大家早上好。在今天的课上，我要讲一些你们看不到的东西。也就是：婴儿的大脑里是如何运转的。For example,how babies learn a language.例如，婴儿如何学习一门语言。It is always a question people show great interest in.这是一个大家很感兴趣的问题。Babies and children are geniuses until they turn seven,and then theres asys

5、tematic decline.婴儿和七岁之前的儿童都是天才，七岁后就会出现系统性的衰退。Work in my lab is focused on the first critical period in development,andthat is the period in which babies try to master which sounds are used in theirlanguage.我的实验室里工作的重点就是发育的第一个关键时期，在这个关键时期，婴儿试图掌握在他们的语言中用到的音。We think,by studying how the sounds are lear

6、ned,well have a model forthe rest of language,and perhaps for critical periods that may exist inchildhood for social,emotional and cognitive development.我们认为，通过研究声音是如何习得的，我们将建立一个适用于语言其他方面的模型，也可能适用于儿童时期可能存在的社交、情感和认知发展关键时期的模型。So weve been studying the babies by conducting an experiment.所以我们一直在通过实验来研究这

7、些婴儿。During our experiment,the baby,usually a six-monther,sits on a parentslap,and we train them to turn their heads when a sound changeslike fromah to ee.在我们的实验中，婴儿，通常是 6 个月大的婴儿，坐在父母的膝盖上，我们训练他们当音变化的时候转过头去，比如从“啊”变成“咿”的时候。If they do soat the appropriate time,the black box lights up and a pandabear pou

8、nds a drum.What have we learned?如果他们在正确的时候这样做，黑盒子就会亮起来，熊猫就会敲鼓。我们学到了什么?Well,babies all over the world are what I like to describe as citizens of theworld.全世界的婴儿就是我所说的“世界公民”。They can discriminate all the sounds of all languages,no matter whatcountry were testing and what language were using,and thats

9、remarkablebecause you know,I cant do that.他们可以区分所有语言的所有音，不管我们测试的是哪个国家，用的是什么语言，这很了不起，因为你知道，我做不到。Were culture-bound listeners.我们的听力受到了文化限制。We can discriminate the sounds of our own language,but not those offoreign languages.我们能分辨出自己语言的音，却分辨不出外语的音。So the question arises:When do those citizens of the wo

10、rld turn into thelanguage-bound listeners that we are?所以问题就来了：这些世界公民什么时候会变成我们这样只能听懂某一种语言的人?And the answer:before their first birthdays.答案是：在他们一周岁之前。What you see here is performance on that head-turn task for babiestested in Tokyo and the United States,here in Seattle,as they listened to thera and la

11、 sounds important to English,but not to Japanese.这里是东京和美国西雅图参加测试的婴儿在转头实验中的表现，此时他们听到了“ra”和“la”，这是英语中很重要的发音，日语中却不重要。So at six to eight months,the babies are totally equivalent.所以在 6 到 8 个月大的时候，婴儿们的表现是完全一样的。Two months later,something,something incredible occurs.两个月后，一些不可思议的事情发生了。The babies in the Unite

12、d States are getting a lot better while babies inJapan are getting a lot worse.美国的婴儿表现越来越好，而日本的婴儿表现越来越差。So the question is:Whats happening during this critical two-monthperiod?问题是，在这两个月的关键时期发生了什么?We know this is the critical periodfor sound development,but whatsgoing on up there?我们知道这是辩声能力发展的关键时期，但是

13、究竟发生了什么?Maybe there are two things going on.也许发生了两件事。The first is that the babies are listening intently to us,and theyre takingstatistics as they listen to us talktheyre taking statistics.首先，婴儿们全神贯注地听我们说话，他们一边听我们说话一边做统计他们在做统计。That is to say,the two babies listen to their own mother speakingmotheres

14、ethe universal language we use when we talk to kids.也就是说，两个婴儿听他们自己的母亲说妈妈语我们和孩子说话时使用的通用语。During the production of speech,when babies listen,what theyre doing istaking statistics,that is,sound distribution on the language that they hear.在产生语言的过程中，当婴儿听的时候，他们所做的就是做统计，也就是说，他们听到的语言的声音分布。And those sound di

15、stributions grow and babies absorb more.这些声音分布不断完善，婴儿就吸收更多。And what weve learned is that babies are sensitive to the statistics,andthe statistics of Japanese and English are very,very different.我们发现，婴儿对统计数据很敏感，而且日语和英语的统计数据非常非常不同。I mean,the sound distribution of both languages is different.我的意思是，两种语言

16、的声音分布是不同的。So babies absorb the statistics of the language and it changes theirbrains;所以婴儿会吸收语言的统计数据，这会改变他们的大脑;it changes them from the citizens of the world to the culture-boundlisteners that we are because we as adults are no longer absorbing thosestatistics.这使他们从世界公民变成了我们这些受到文化限制只能听懂某一种语言的人，因为我们成年

17、后就不再吸收这些数据。In this case,of course,were arguing that the learning of languagematerial may slow down when our distribution stabilizes.当然，在这种情况下，我们认为声音分布趋于稳定时，语言的学习可能会减慢。OK.Today,we just talked about a recent project on babies languagedevelopment.好的。今天，我们刚刚讨论了最近的一个关于婴儿语言能力发展的项目。In our next lecture,we w

18、ill concentrate on bilingual people,how bilingualskeep two sets of statistics in mind at once.在下一讲中，我们将集中讨论双语者，双语者如何同时记住两组数据。SECTION BConversation OneConversation One对话对话 1 1Questions 1 to 5 are based on Conversation One.根据对话 1 回答第一题到第五题。W:Hi,Bob.You speak very good Chinese.女：嗨，鲍勃。你的中文讲得很好。M:Not rea

19、lly,Mary.I just know a little.Actually,not being able to speak aforeign language is a bit of a British trait or a particularly British characteristic.男：不，玛丽。我只会一点点。事实上，不会说外语是英国人的一个特点，或者是英国人的一个特别的特点。The British are generally considered to be lazy linguists.We just dontbother to learn another language

20、.英国人通常被认为在学习外语方面比较懒惰。我们只是不想去学另一种语言。W:I guess the main reason is that when you travel around the world,youfind that English is spoken almost everywhere.女：我想主要原因是你到世界的其他地方，会发现几乎所有的地方都说英语。M:Yes,yes.We get by.We survive on just using our mother language.男：是的，是的。我们勉强能对付过去。我们仅靠母语就生存。W:But you seem to love

21、 learning languages a lot.How many foreignlanguages can you speak?女：但是你似乎很喜欢学习语言，你能说多少种外语?M:Not that many.A bit of German,some French,Polish a little,Chineseof course,a bit of Japanese.Thats about it.男：不是很多。一点德语，一点法语，一点波兰语，当然还有汉语，一点日语。仅此而已。W:Im impressed.Well,what is the second most-spoken language

22、inEngland?Is it Chinese?女：真惊人啊。那么，英国第二大语言是什么呢?是中文吗?M:No,I dont think so.男：不，我觉得不是。W:Then,that must be French.女：那一定是法语。M:No.According to the recent census,104 different languages arespoken in the UK and Polish is the second most spoken language,followed byPunjabi and Urdu.男：不。根据最近的普查，英国有 104 种不同的语言，波

23、兰语是第二大语言，其次是旁遮普语和乌尔都语。W:Then,do you have to learn a foreign language in school?女：那么，你在学校必须学外语吗?M:No,its not compulsory.But recently a campaign was launched toencourage everyone in the UK to learn at least 1,000 words of anotherlanguage.It hopes to help Britain increase international trade.男：不，不是强制性的

24、。但最近发起了一项运动，鼓励英国人学习至少1000 个外语单词，以期帮助英国增加国际贸易。W:1,000 words?女：1000 个词?M:Yes.Its called the 1,000 Words Campaign because it says avocabulary of 1,000 words would allow a speaker to hold a simpleconversation.男：是的。它被称为“千词运动”，因为这个运动称掌握 1000 词可以与人进行简单的对话。W:That sounds like a good idea.女：听起来是个好主意。M:Yes.It

25、gives you self-satisfaction and self-esteem if you can speakanother language when youre travelling.And I think it also gives you an edgein a lot of different areas in the workplace.男：是的。如果你在旅行时会说一门外语，这会带给你自我满足和自尊。而且我认为它也让你在工作中的很多不同领域都有优势。You feel good about learning a new skill and you feel good abo

26、ut yourself,and it boosts your confidence.Imagine going on a holiday to Spain and beingable to speak to the locals.学习一项新技能感觉很好，你自己也会很开心，这能增强你的信心。想象一下去西班牙度假，你可以和当地人交谈。W:Of course it does make one feel good.女：当然会让人感觉很好。M:And there are also the economic benefits of speaking anotherlanguage.It gives you

27、 an advantage,especially if you are dealing with foreigncompanies.男：说外语也有经济上的好处。这是你的一个优势，尤其是当你和外国公司打交道的时候。W:Yes.It also shows politeness and respect for other people by showingyou have made an effort.女：是的。它也说明你很努力，表现了你的礼貌和对他人的尊重。M:Youre right.Mm,Im afraid I must get going now.Ill have my Chineseclas

28、s at 10 oclock.男：你说的对。嗯，恐怕我得走了。我 10 点要上中文课。W:Oh,I have a class at 10 as well.OK,see you later.女：哦，我 10 点也有一节课。好吧，再见。M:See you.男：再见。Questions 1 to 5 are based on Conversation One.根据对话 1 回答第一题到第五题。1.According to the man,what is a British characteristic?1.根据男士的说法，英国人的特点是什么?2.What is the second most-spo

29、ken language in the UK?2.在英国，第二大语言是什么?3.Why was the 1,000 Words Campaign launched?3.为什么要发起“千词行动”?4.According to the man,which is not considered an advantage of learninga foreign language?4.根据男士的说法，哪一项不属于学习外语的优势?5.Whats the most probable relationship between the man and thewoman?5.对话中两个人最可能是什么关系?Conv

30、ersation TwoConversation Two对话对话 2 2Questions 6 to 10 are based on Conversation Two.根据对话 2 回答第 6 题到第 10 题W:Hello,and welcome to todays program.Im Alice.女：大家好，欢迎来到今天的节目。我是爱丽丝。M:And Im Jack.Hello.男：我是杰克。大家好。W:Hello,Jack.Youre off on holiday tomorrow,arentyou?女：你好，杰克。你明天休假，是吗?M:I am and you know,and Im

31、 dreading it.I hate flying!男：是的，你知道，我很害怕。我讨厌坐飞机!W:Do you?I didnt know you had a phobia and that means a strong andunreasonable fearof something.女：是吗?我不知道你有恐惧症就是对某种事物强烈而不合理的恐惧。M:Well,I dont think this is a phobia because it isnt unreasonable.Flyingthousands of feetup in the sky,you know,thats not saf

32、e!男：嗯，我不认为这是恐惧症，因为它并非没有道理。你知道，在几千英尺的高空飞行很不安全!W:Flying is safer than you think,Jack.Its much riskier to drive or cycle towork.And,actually,risk taking is the subject of todays show!女：乘飞机比你想象得要安全，杰克。开车或骑车上班风险更大。冒险!就是今天节目的主题!Risk means the chances of something bad happening.For example,didyou know that

33、 yourchance of being knocked off your bicycle and killed during aone-mile journey is the same asyour chances of winning the lottery?风险是指发生坏事的可能性。例如，你知道一英里之内你骑自行车被撞倒撞死的几率和你中彩票的几率是一样大的吗?M:I didnt know that.男：我不知道。W:Can you guess what are the chances of either of these two thingshappening?女：你能猜到这两种情况发生

34、的概率是多少吗?M:I have no idea.One in a million?男：我不知道。一百万分之一吗?W:No,its one in 14 million.You are as likely to win the national lotteryfrom a single ticket asyou are to be knocked off your bicycle and killed during aone-mile journey.女：不，是 1 千 4 百万分之一。你中全国彩票头奖的可能性就像一英里之内你骑自行车被撞倒撞死的可能性一样大。M:But why are we b

35、ad at assessing risk?男：但是为什么我们不善于评估风险呢?W:People typically fear anything which is small probability but itsextremely catastrophic ifit were to happen女：通常人们害怕的都是发生的可能性很小，但如果发生的话，将会是一场灾难的事情Recently we have another increase in these birds virus outbreaks.Peopleread about that.最近这些鸟类病毒爆发事件又增加了。大家都知道这些。An

36、d they may pay a lot of attention to that in the news but they may forgetto get their flushot.他们可能会在新闻中注意到这一点，但他们可能会忘记注射流感疫苗。M:Thats right.We tend to worry about big or catastrophic events such ascatching bird flu ordying in a plane crash because we react emotionally tothem.男：对。我们倾向于担心重大或灾难性的事件，如感染禽

37、流感或飞机失事伤亡，因为我们情绪上会对它们产生反应。W:Yeah.Catastrophic events feel like very real threats,while we tend toforget about the smallbut chronic risks that become more likely over time.女：是的。灾难性的事件感觉起来是非常真实的威胁，而我们往往会忘记那些随着时间的推移变得更有可能发生的，小而长期的风险。M:We do.So for example,what if there was a cigarette that killed you a

38、ssoon as you smokedit?男：是的。举个例子，如果有一根烟，你一抽完就会死，会出现什么样的情况?Nobody would do that,would they?没有人会那样做，对不对?W:No,they wouldnt.女：对，没有人会那样做。M:But plenty of people are happy to smoke for years,and put off worryingabout the healthrisks for the future.男：但是很多人很乐意吸烟很多年，并没有担心未来可能出现的健康风险。W:Yes,thats a good point,Ja

39、ck!People feel they are in control of risksthat stretch overtime.You know,they think,I could stop tomorrow or I couldsmoke less.女：是的，说得好，杰克!随着时间的推移，人们觉得他们能够控制住风险。你知道，他们会想，“我明天可以停下来”或者“我可以少抽烟”。But what about people who really enjoy taking big risksthose thrillseekers out there?但是那些真正喜欢冒险的人那些寻求刺激的人呢?M

40、:People who enjoy extreme sports actually seek out dangerit givesthem extremepleasure!男：喜欢极限运动的人实际上是在寻找危险，那给了他们极大的乐趣!If the risk is really high,it means that the pleasure needs to be equallyhigh,or hopefully evenhigher如果风险真的很高，那就意味着其中乐趣需要同样高，甚至更高W:Youre right.女：你说的对。Questions 6 to 10 are based on Co

41、nversation Two.请根据对话 2 回答第 6 到 10 题。6.According to Alice,what is a phobia?6.根据爱丽丝的说法，什么是恐惧症?7.What are the chances of getting knocked off ones bicycle and killed in aone-mile journey?7.一英里之内骑自行车被撞倒撞死的可能性有多大?8.What kind of event do people tend to worry about?8.人们会担心什么样的事情?9.Which may involve a chronic risk?9.哪一项可能涉及慢性风险?10.Why do some people enjoy risks?10.为什么有些人喜欢冒险?