2020考研英语阅读冲刺模拟题及答案解析(2).pdf
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1、As Gilbert White,Darwin,and others observed long ago,allspecies appear to have the innate capacity to increase theirnumbers from generation to generation.The task for ecologistsis to untangle the environmental and biological factors that holdthis intrinsic capacity for population growth in check ove
2、r thelong run.The great variety of dynamic behaviors exhibited bydifferent population makes this task more difficult:somepopulations remain roughly constant from year to year othersexhibit regular cycles of abundance and scarcity still others varywildly,with outbreaks and crashes that are in some ca
3、ses plainlycorrelated with the weather,and in other cases not.To impose some order on this kaleidoscope of patterns,one school of thought proposes dividing populations into twogroups.These ecologists posit that the relatively steadypopulations have density-dependent growth parameters that is,rates o
4、f birth,death,and migration which depend strongly onpopulation density.The highly varying populations havedensity-independent growth parameters,with vital ratesbuffeted by environmental events these rates fluctuate in a waythat is wholly independent of population density.This dichotomy has its uses,
5、but it can cause problems iftaken too literally.For one thing,no population can be drivenentirely by density-independent factors all the time.No matterhow severely or unpredictably birth,death,and migrationrates may be fluctuating around their long-term averages,ifthere were no density-dependent eff
6、ects,the populationwould,in the long run,either increase or decrease withoutbound(barring a miracle by which gains and losses canceledexactly)。Put another way,it may be that on average 99 percentof all deaths in a population arise from density-independentcauses,and only one percent from factors vary
7、ing with density.The factors making up the one percent may seem unimportant,and their cause may be correspondingly hard to determine.Yet,whether recognized or not,they will usually determine thelong-term average population density.In order to understand the nature of the ecologistsinvestigation,we m
8、ay think of the density-dependent effects ongrowth parameters as the signal ecologists are trying to isolateand interpret,one that tends to make the population increasefrom relatively low values or decrease from relatively high ones,while the density-independent effects act to produce noise inthe po
9、pulation dynamics.For populations that remain relativelyconstant,or that oscillate around repeated cycles,the signalcan be fairly easily characterized and its effects described,eventhough the causative biological mechanism may remainunknown.For irregularly fluctuating populations,we are likelyto hav
10、e too few observations to have any hope of extracting thesignal from the overwhelming noise.But it now seems clear thatall populations are regulated by a mixture of density-dependentand density-independent effects in varying proportions.1.The author of the text is primarily concerned withA discussin
11、g two categories of factors that controlpopulation growth and assessing their relative importance.B describing how growth rates in natural populationsfluctuate over time and explaining why these changes occur.C proposing a hypothesis concerning population size andsuggesting ways to test it.D posing
12、a fundamental question about environmentalfactors in population growth and presenting some currentlyaccepted answer.2.It can be inferred from the text that the author2.It can be inferred from the text that the authorconsiders the dichotomy discussed to beconsiders the dichotomy discussed to beA appl
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