2011年考研英语二真题及答案解析.pdf

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1、20112011 年硕士研究生入学考试年硕士研究生入学考试英语英语(二二)真题及参考答案真题及参考答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered black and markA，B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)The Internet affords anonymity to its users，a blessing to privacy and freedom ofspeech.But that

2、 very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime thathas 1 across the Web.Can privacy be preserved 2bringing safety and security to a world that seemsincreasingly 3？Last month，Howard Schmidt，the nations cyber-czar，offered the federalgovernment a 4 to make the Web a safer place-a voluntary

3、 trusted identity systemthat would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key，a fingerprint and a photo ID card，allrolled 6 one.The system might use asmart identity card，or a digital credential 7 to aspecific computer.and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation

4、 of private online identity systems.Usercould 9 which system to join，and only registered users whose identities have beenauthenticated could navigate those systems.The approach contrasts with one that wouldrequire an Internet drivers license10by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companie

5、s that already have thesesingle sign-onsystems that make it possible for users to11 just once but use many different services.12.the approach would create a walled garden n cyberspace，with safeneighborhoods and bright streetlights to establish a sense of a13 community.Mr.Schmidt described it as a vo

6、luntary ecosystem in which individuals andorganizations can complete online transactions with 14，trusting the identities of eachother and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the transaction runs.Still，the administrations plan has 16 privacy rights activists.Some applaud theapproach；others

7、are concerned.It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative pushtoward what would 17 be a compulsory Internet drives license mentality.The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some computer security experts，whoworry that the voluntary ecosystem envisioned by Mr.Schmidt would still leave much o

8、fthe Internet 19 .They argue that all Internet users should be 20 to register and identifythemselves，in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.1 A.swept B.skipped C.walked D.ridden2 A.for B.within C.while D.though3 A.careless B.lawless C.pointless D.helpless4 A.reason B.

9、reminder C.compromise D.proposal5 A.information B.interference C.entertainment D.equivalent6 A.by B.into C.from D.over7 A.linked B.directed C.chained D.compared8 A.dismiss B.discover C.create D.improve9 A.recall B.suggest C.select D.realize10 A.relcased B.issued C.distributed D.delivered11 A.carry o

10、n B.linger on C.set in D.log in12 A.In vain B.In effect C.In return D.In contrast13 A.trusted B.modernized c.thriving D.competing14 A.caution B.delight C.confidence D.patience15 A.on B.after C.beyond D.across16 A.divided B.disappointed C.protected D.united17 A.frequestly B.incidentally C.occasionall

11、y D.eventually18 A.skepticism B.relerance C.indifference D.enthusiasm19 A.manageable B.defendable C.vulnerable D.invisible20 A.invited B.appointed C.allowed D.forcedSection IIReading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts.Answer the questions after each text by choosing A，B，C or

12、 D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40points)Text 1Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachss board as an outside director in January 2000：a year later she became president of Brown University.For the rest of the decade sheapparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism.But by the end of

13、 2009Ms.Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldmans compensation committee；howcould she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked？By February thenext year Ms.Simmons had left the board.The position was just taking up too much time，she said.Outside directors are supposed to serve as

14、 helpful，yet less biased，advisers on afirms board.Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere，they presumablyhave enough independence to disagree with the chief executives proposals.If the sky，and the share price is falling，outside directors should be able to give advice based onhaving

15、weathered their own crises.The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10，000 firms and more than 64，000 different directors between 1989 and 2004.Then theysimply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next.The mostlikely reason for departing a

16、board was age，so the researchers concentrated on thosesurprise disappearances by directors under the age of 70.They fount that after asurprise departure，the probability that the company will subsequently have to restateearnings increased by nearly 20%.The likelihood of being named in a federal class

17、-actionlawsuit also increases，and the stock is likely to perform worse.The effect tended to belarger for larger firms.Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent badperformance at the firm is suggestive，it does not mean that such directors are alwaysjumping off a sinking ship.Often th

18、ey trade up.Leaving riskier，smaller firms for largerand more stable firms.But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding ablow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks，even if a review ofhistory shows they were on the board at the time any

19、wrongdoing occurred.Firms whowant to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives.Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms.Simmons，once again verypopular on campus.21.According to Paragraph 1，Ms.Simmons was criticized for .Againing excessive profits

20、Bfailing to fulfill her dutyCrefusing to make compromisesDleaving the board in tough times22.We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be .Agenerous investorsBunbiased executivesCshare price forecastersDindependent advisers23.According to the researchers from Ohio University a

21、fter an outside directorssurprise departure，the firm is likely to .Abecome more stableBreport increased earningsCdo less well in the stock marketDperform worse in lawsuits24.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors .Amay stay for the attractive offers from the firmBhave ofte

22、n had records of wrongdoings in the firmCare accustomed to stress-free work in the firmDwill decline incentives from the firm25.The authors attitude toward the role of outside directors is .ApermissiveBpositiveCscornfulDcriticalText 2Whatever happened to the death of newspaper？A year ago the end see

23、med near.The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fledto the internet.Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their owndoom.Americas Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to savenewspapers.Should they become chari

24、table corporations？Should the state subsidizethem？It will hold another meeting soon.But the discussions now seem out of date.In much of the world there is the sign of crisis.German and Brazilian papers haveshrugged off the recession.Even American newspapers，which inhabit the most troubledcome of the

25、 global industry，have not only survived but often returned to profit.Not the 20%profit margins that were routine a few years ago，but profit all the same.It has not been much fun.Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalistsoverboard.The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13，500 newsroo

26、m jobshave gone since 2007.Readers are paying more for slimmer products.Some papers evenhad the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs.Yet these desperate measures haveproved the right ones and，sadly for many journalists，they can be pushed further.Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesse

27、s，with a healthier mix ofrevenues from readers and advertisers.American papers have long been highly unusualin their reliance on ads.Fully 87%of their revenues came from advertising in 2008，according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation&Development(OECD).InJapan the proportion is 35%.Not sur

28、prisingly，Japanese newspapers are much morestable.The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody，but much of thedamage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive.Car andfilm reviewers have gone.So have science and general business reporters.Foreignbureaus have

29、been savagely cut off.Newspapers are less complete as a result.Butcompleteness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.26.By saying Newspapers like their own doom(Lines 3-4，Para.1)，the authorindicates that newspaper .Aneglected the sign of crisisBfailed to get state subsidiesCwere not charit

30、able corporationsDwere in a desperate situation27.Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because .Areaders threatened to pay lessBnewspapers wanted to reduce costsCjournalists reported little about these areasDsubscribers complained about slimmer products28.Compared with their

31、American counterparts，Japanese newspapers are muchmore stable because they .Ahave more sources of revenueBhave more balanced newsroomsCare less dependent on advertisingDare less affected by readership29.What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaperbusiness？ADistinctiveness

32、 is an essential feature of newspapers.BCompleteness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.CForeign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.DReaders have lost their interest in car and film reviews.30.The most appropriate title for this text would be .AAmerican Newspapers：Struggling

33、 for SurvivalBAmerican Newspapers：Gone with the WindCAmerican Newspapers：A Thriving BusinessDAmerican Newspapers：A Hopeless StoryText 3We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time ofprosperity and growth，with soldiers returning home by the millions，going off to colleg

34、eon the G.I.Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.But when it came to their houses，it was a time of common sense and a belief thatless could truly be more.During the Depression and the war，Americans had learned tolive with less，and that restraint，in combination with the postwar confidence in th

35、e future，made small，efficient housing positively stylish.Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living.Thephrase less is more was actually first popularized by a German，the architect LudwigMies van der Rohe，who like other people associated with the Bauhaus，a school ofd

36、esign，emigrated to the United States before World War IIand took up posts at American architecture schools.These designers came to exertenormous influence on the course of American architecture，but none more so that Mies.Miess signature phrase means that less decoration，properly organized，has moreim

37、pact that a lot.Elegance，he believed，did not derive from abundance.Like othermodern architects，he employed metal，glass and laminated wood-materials that wetake for granted today buy that in the 1940s symbolized the future.Miess sophisticatedpresentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed we

38、re small and efficient，rather than big and often empty.The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicagos Lake Shore Drive，forexample，were smaller-two-bedroom units under 1，000 square feet-than those in theirolder neighbors along the citys Gold Coast.But they were popular because of their a

39、iryglass walls，the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings details andproportions，the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.The trend toward less was not entirely foreign.In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wrightstarted building more modest and efficient houses-usua

40、lly around 1，200 square feet-thanthe spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.The Case Study Houses commissioned from talented modern architects byCalifornia Arts&Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet anotherhomegrown influence on the less is mo

41、re trend.Aesthetic effect came from thelandscape，new materials and forthright detailing.In his Case Study House，Ralpheveryday life-few American families acquired helicopters，though most eventually gotclothes dryers-but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable waswidely shar

42、ed.31.The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans .Aprosperity and growthBefficiency and practicalityCrestraint and confidenceDpride and faithfulness32.Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus？AIt was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.BIts design

43、ing concept was affected by World War II.CMost American architects used to be associated with it.DIt had a great influence upon American architecture.33.Mies held that elegance of architectural design .Awas related to large spaceBwas identified with emptinessCwas not reliant on abundant decorationDw

44、as not associated with efficiency34.What is true about the apartments Mies building Chicagos Lake Shore Drive？AThey ignored details and proportions.BThey were built with materials popular at that time.CThey were more spacious than neighboring buildings.DThey shared some characteristics of abstract a

45、rt.35.What can we learn about the design of the Case Study House？AMechanical devices were widely used.BNatural scenes were taken into considerationCDetails were sacrificed for the overall effect.DEco-friendly materials were employed.Text 4Will the European Union make it？The question would have sound

46、ed strange notlong ago.Now even the projects greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing aBermuda triangle of debt，population decline and lower growth.As well as those chronic problems，the EU face an acute crisis in its economic core，the 16 countries that use the single currency.Markets have lo

47、st faith that the euro zoneseconomies，weaker or stronger，will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharinga single currency，which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.Yet the debate about how to save Europes single currency from disintegration isstuck.It is stuck because

48、 the euro zones dominant powers，France and Germany，agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro zone，but disagree aboutwhat to harmonies.Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow spending andcompetitiveness，barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments th

49、at do not obey.These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projectsand even the suspension of a countrys voting rights in EU ministerial councils.It insiststhat economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club，among whomthere is a small majority f

50、or free-market liberalism and economic rigour；in the inner corealone，Germany fears，a small majority favour French interference.A southern camp headed by French wants something different：Europeaneconomic government within an inner core of euro-zone members.Translated，thatmeans politicians intervening