(完整版)整理文体学答案.pdf

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1、文体学文体学 课后题课后题 1 1、2 2 单元单元(A).1 1 Identify and classify patterns of sound repetition in the following A multiple sentence consists of more than one clause.It may be either pound sentence,a complex sentence,or a mixed sentence.1）Words and phrasesD:nominal clauses function as S O C.I:relative clauses

2、function asshilly-shally=pararhyme super-duper=rhymemodified in NP and comparative c f as m in NP ADJPhigh and mighty=assonance fair and square=rhyme5 5 What is the difference between a minor sentence and an incompletekith and kin=reverse rhyme toil and moil=rhymesentence?part and parcel=reverse rhy

3、me by hook or by crook=rhymeNeither type conforms to the basic clause structure.But a minor2）Pride and Prejudice=alliterationsentence is supposed to be“complete”in the sense that it is finished.The Loves labour Lost=alliterationOf Mice and Man=alliterationAn incomplete sentence never comes to its en

4、d because of suddenBill Rogers,Marvelous Marathon Man=alliterationinterruption or other reasons.For example,Father in a Fix=alliterationWitch Watch=alliteration(1)Attention,please.(2)Help!The Wonder of Waterfall=alliteration(3)Going to the lecture?(4)Why are you late?Because I3)AdvertisementsOf the

5、four sentences,(1)(2)(3)are minor sentences whereas(4)is an-Drinka Pinta Milka Day=sound elisionincomplete.-Extra Pintas Warma Winta=sound elision6 6 What are the major components of a noun phrase?What is the use of-Be different daily.Be dreamy or dramatic.Experiment,pre-modification?but still econo

6、mise.Be bold and be beautifulbut dont break the bank.What is the function of post-modification?=(in order)alliteration;alliteration;reverse rhyme;alliterationA complete noun phrase consists of four constituents:determiner,2 2 The underlined word(s)in each of the following examplespre-modifier,head a

7、nd post-modifier.The determiner can be an article,1)Nim Chimpsky sounds like Noam Chompsky,who believes that mannumerals,numeral pronouns;all the words between the determinativehas a language learning device in the mind,which enables the child toand the head are pre-modifier,whatever part of speech

8、they belong to;learn the language however badly it is taught.This makes man different the head can be a noun or a pronoun;the post-modifier is usually afrom animal,which does not have such a device.That is why prepositional phrase,a noun phrase,a non-finite clause,a relativechimpanzee(who is conside

9、red to be the most intelligent animal)canclause,etc.never learn the language however hard it is taught.Frequentuseofpre-modificationinnewspaperheadlinescan2）Romeow is a word imitating the sound made by a cat and shares the economize space,and arouse the readers interest as well becausesame pronuncia

10、tion with the main character in Shakespeares tragedy pre-modification is usually short,thus cannot spell out details.ThisRomeo and Juliet.Romeo has deep love for Juliet.It indicates that keeps the reader in suspense and kicks up their eagerness to find out.Romeow the cat has affection for the master

11、.Pre-modification tends to be informal and appears in less formal style.3)Record shop named Moby Disc,which implies it is a huge shopPost-modificationcanbeverylongandcomplicated.Usingof its kind,for it reminds one of the Moby Dick,a book which depictspost-modification can give enough room for detail

12、s and for furtherpeople hunt a huge whole called Moby Dick.information.Therefore,it is frequently used in more formal contexts,3 1)3 1)phonological devices in the following extract.forinstance,writtenlanguage.WrittenlegalEnglishprefersA creak of hinges.aisle.post-modification in noun phrases,because

13、 the composer of a legalIn this passage the authors uses alliteration high-heeled,assonance tiled document must ensure that it conveys meaning exactly and explicitly,surface of the central aisle.What is more conspicuous is the use ofguarding against any possible misinterpretation.onomatopoeic words

14、such as creak,booming thud,flutter,tiptap,which 7 7 What are the three basic factors in the formation of written texts?present the different kinds of noises heard in the church.The use ofFor effective presentation of information and language processing onsuch words help the reader share the same exp

15、erience of the writer andthe part of the reader,we usually attach importance to sequence,make the description vivid and believable.segmentation and salience in the formation of texts,both spoken and2）Read the following extract from the novel Adventures of Tomwritten.3）Sawyer and comment on the graph

16、ological forms.8 8 Which type of branching is common in informal speech?Which type“TOM!”of branching is preferred in written styles?No answer.-Mark TwaiRight-branching is common in speech,in relaxed and informalThis is one episode of the novel Adventures of Tom Sawyer,depictingpresentation of ideas.

17、A writer may favor right-branching and usehow Granny is looking for Tom,who is naughty and hiding under theshort,simple sentences to represent a narrative style of simplicity,bed.The different form of letters with punctuation marks indicates howdirectness and intensity.Left-branching,however,is bett

18、erGranny speaks.When we read it,we have the feeling of watchingadapted to writing because it is structurally more compact andGranny on a stage play.For example,“TOM!”is said louder thanlogical,and it is usually more formal.Since subordinate ideas are“Tom!”.“Y-o-u-u,Tom!”indicates Granny drawls her v

19、oice and withpresented first,postponing the main idea,readers often feel inunusual loudness so as to be heard far away.The exclamation marks“!”suspense and try to read on to obtain the main idea towards theshow her emotion,and the dash“implies her sudden stop.Theend of the sentence.italicized throug

20、h emphasizes the contrast with“over”and“under”,9 9 What is the basic phrase order?What are the stylistic effects ofhumorously implying her glasses are intended for ornament rather thanfronting and postponement?practical use.In the whole passage,we see the only character Granny,The basic phrase order

21、 in an English declarative clause is more or lesswho is speaking to herself.It is very much like a stage monologue.fixed:SV(O)(C)(A),with A being mobile in position.The change ofAfter reading,we have a vivid image of Granny in our mind.And there the order can make a particular language unit more sal

22、ient.is a touch of humour all through.Fronting refers the movement of a sentential element from its usual3 3 单元单元position to the front,and postponement refers the movement of a1 1 What are thethree ways of clause classification?linguistic unit from its normal place towards the end of theclassificati

23、on according to constituents,verb phrase and functions.Bysentence.In both cases the elements moved are highlighted.Forconstituents clauses can be grouped into SV(A),SVO(A),SVC,SVOO,example,SVOC.By verb phrase we have finite clause,non-finite clause and(1)Talent Mr.Micawber has,capital Mr.Micawber ha

24、s not.(frontingverbless clause.By functions clauses can be categorized either as talent and capital for emphasis)independent clause or dependent clause.(2)A car stopped and out stepped the President of the University.2 2 how do we distinguish situation types?(Postponing President of the University a

25、gain for emphasis)By according to meaning or sense of the verb.1010 What is syntactic parallelism and its function?3 3 Name the participant roles in action types?Syntactic parallelism refers to the repetition of the same syntactic formThe participant roles in action types are:agentive role(doer of t

26、he(e.g.tense,aspect)and phrase/clause structure in two or moreaction),external force(causer of the action),intrumental role neighboring clauses or sentences.It reinforces meaning by contrast or(tool to do the action with),recipient role(receiver of the action)antithesis,or helps to build up an emoti

27、onal climax.For example,and objective role(the affected or the result of the action).See how they can saw.Power saw.And drill.Power drill.And4 4What is a simple sentence?Whatis a multiple sentence?sand.Power sand.Directly/indirectlyThis is an advertisement for selling Power Brand series of tools.Whe

28、nA simple sentence conforms to the basic clause structure SV(O)(C)the reader finishes the reading,they will not forget the brand name(完整版)整理文体学答案-第1页(完整版)整理文体学答案-第1页Power.To persuade the would-be customers to buy the product,the author uses4 4 单元单元a series of appreciative adjectives:confident,correc

29、t,successful,strong,savvy,fashionable,happy,robust,virile,and wise,plus famous to show2 2 What is the difference in the effect between the use of Latinate andwhat good things Manhattan Brand products would bring to the buyer.that of native words?Why?5 5 单元单元Generally speaking,Latinate words are word

30、s of science,religion and1 1 What is dialect?official communication;and in most cases,they help to create the A dialect is a variety habitually adopted by people in a certain regioneffect of coolness,dignity and intellectual distance.Words of(regional dialect)or by people of a certain social group(s

31、ocial dialect).Anglo-Saxon origin constitute English-speaking peoples basicDialectsdiffer fromoneanother invocabulary,grammarandvocabulary.Such words are emotionally charged.A highpronunciation.percentage of Anglo-Saxon words is quite usual in informal style.one regional dialect speaker may be able

32、to speak more than one social3 3 What is the difference between a general word and a specific word?dialect when needed.Is ittruethatuse of specific words shouldalways be 2 2 What is the difference between dialect and accent?recommended?Accent is the special phonological features shown by one who spe

33、aks aA word is general when it refers to a group of objects or a class of dialect.It is regional in nature.A dialect can be spoken with differentobjects or action,and specific when it refers to a member of that groupaccents,standard and non-standard.A person may shift from oneor class.The relationsh

34、ip between a general(superordinate)and dialect to another while speaking but s/he is unable to cover his or herspecific(subordinate)term is hyponymy.General terms are often too accent.For example,a Londoner speaks British English with a Londonvague to convey any precise meaning.The use of specific w

35、ords is accent,but a person born and brought up in Manchester may speakmore informative in detail and can evoke vivid images in the readersBritish English with a Manchester accent.or hearers mind.However,general terms are preferred,when there is3 3 What is Standard English?Is there a standard accent

36、 with whichno need for specification,or when the user wants to leave things vaguepeople speak Standard English?for some(tactical)reason.Standard English refers to the particular socially-favoured variety5 5 What is repetition?What is reiteration?Why should people employwhich is based on the speech a

37、nd writing of educated users of therepetition and reiteration in speech or writing?language.With a widely accepted,codified grammar and vocabulary,When a linguistic form is used twice or more,the result is repetition.SE is primarily used for public communication:used in books andFor example,newspape

38、rs,official documents and news broadcasts;in schools,taughtWe begin our morning class at 8:00.Lunch begins at 11:30 and to non-native learners of English.afternoon classes begin at 2:00 again.Yes.In each regional variety,one accent is most widely acceptedWhen the same idea is repeated in a different

39、 form,it is reiteration.Forsuch as RP(received pronunciation)in British English.Since thisexample,accent is related to BBC broadcaster,the royal family and educatedWe begin our morning classes at 8:00,and afternoon classes start at speech,it is considered to be the standard accent in Britain.2:00 ag

40、ain.6 单元In literary texts,repetition is usually rhetorical.The intensive repetition 1 11）What does channel limitation mean?How does channelof an expression can be a powerful thematic device.It helps tolimitation affect language use?direct the readers attention to the interpretation of its significan

41、ce.Channel limitation means that the transmission of a message is limitedWhatever is repeated is emphasized.Reiteration is used to avoidto one channel onlyvisual or auditory.Speech,in most cases,has nothe monotonous effect of the repetition of the same expression.channel limitation.Talking face-to-f

42、ace,both the speaker and hearer6 6 What is collocation?What is the use pf analyzing lexical collocationcan see and hear each other.Apart from the language,gestures,facialof an item in a piece of language?expressions,shared knowledge,and situation all contribute to theCollocation refers to the concur

43、rence of words or conventional use ofcommunication.Therefore,the language is often inexplicit.Writing,oncertain words together in a text.In a given text,the collocates of an the other hand,has channel limitation.Then the language should beitem constitute its lexical context which determines the mean

44、ing of theexplicit.For example,The teacher standing there is her mother”,whichitem.This device may contribute to the theme of the text.The analysisis understandable if the two speakers are together in the same context.of collocation can help us grasp the main idea of the text.But in written language

45、 such should be forbidden.We should make it7 7 The following are groups of specific words.Name a general word explicit like The teacher standing under the tree in front of thewhose meaning is included in the meaning of the specific words.classroom building is Wang Qians mother.1)stride,strut,march,a

46、mble,strode,saunter(walk)2）In what ways does spontaneously spoken language differ from2)drag,haul,heave,wrench,tow(pull)prepared written form?3)whisper,chatter,babble,mumble,mutter(talk)In spontaneous speech one has little time for planning or revising ones4)bottle,vase,jug,cup,pot,barrel,bucket,box

47、(container)utterance.While speaking,one has to monitor what has been said and5)car,jeep,van,tanker,minibus,cart,bicycle(vehicle)its response by the hearer,and simultaneously to plan the next utterance.8 8 The words in each of the following groups have roughly a similar Ifonesplanningfallsbehindthede

48、livery,thespeechisconceptual meaning.Discuss the difference in their associate characteristically broken up by the following features of normalmeanings.non-fluency:filled/unfilled pauses,unintended repetitions,and falsestarts.For example,AppreciativeNeutralPejorativeHe was-as it were-you know him do

49、 you-how shall I say erworkdrudgery,toil,-withdrawn-er shut-in as though as though he had a kind of-mmgrindgoldfish bowl round his head-not very easyfashion,stylevoguefad7 单元policeman,copflatfoot1What is role relationship?Give some examples.civil servantgovernmentbureaucratBy role relationship we me

50、an the relationship between the rolesofficialadopted by addresser and addressee in a given situation.Rolefamous,celebrated,notoriousrelationshipsrangefromtemporarytopermanent:casualrenownedacquaintances on a train,customersalesman,colleagues in anportly,stout,chubby,fatoffice,managementemployees,tea