(完整版)初中英语语法大全精华版.pdf

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1、初中英语语法大全初中英语语法大全语法网络图语法网络图一名词一名词I.名词的种类：专有名词国名地名人名，团体机构名称可数名词个体名词集体名词普通名词不可数名词抽象名词物质名词II.名词的数：1.规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s 或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：规则1一般情况在词尾加-s2以 s,x,ch,sh 结尾的名词后加-es以-f 或变-f 和-fe 为 v 再加-es3-fe 结尾的词加-s45例词map-maps,sea-seas,girl-girls,day-daysclass-classes,box-boxes,watch-watches,di

2、sh-dishesleaf-leaves,thief-thieves,knife-knives,wife-wives,half-halveschief-chiefs,proof-proofs,roof-roofs以辅音字母加 y 结尾的名词，变 y 为 party-parties,family-families,story-stories,i 加-escity-cities以元音字母加 y 结尾的名词，或专有 toy-toys,boy-boys,day-days,ray-rays,名词以 y 结尾的，加-sHenry-Henrys一般加-esNegro-Negroes,hero-heroes,

3、potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoespiano-pianos,photo-photos,auto-autos,kilo-kilos,solo-soloszero-zeros/zeroes,volcano-volcanoes/volcanosradio-radios,bamboo-bamboos,zoo-zoostruth-truths,mouth-mouths,month-months,path-paths,以辅音字母加6-o 结尾的名词不少外来词加-s两者皆可7以元音字母加-o 结尾的名词加-s8以-th 结尾的名词加-s2.不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式

4、是不规则的，现归纳如下：规则例词(完整版)初中英语语法大全精华版-第1页(完整版)初中英语语法大全精华版-第1页1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式2单复数相同3只有复数形式4一些集体名词总是用作复数5man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,goose-geese,mouse-micesheep,deer,means,works,fish,yuan,jin,trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glasses,people,police部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）class,family,crowd,couple,group,government,也可

5、以作复数（成员）population,team,public,partycustoms(海关),times(时代),spirits(情绪),drinks(饮料),sands(沙滩),papers(文件报纸),looks(外表),brains(头脑智力),greens(青菜)Americans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,EuropeansSwiss,Portuguese,Chinese,JapaneseEnglishmen,Frenchwomensons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,story-tellers,boy fri

6、endsgrown-ups,housewives,stopwatcheswomen singers,men servants6复数形式表示特别含义加-s表示7“某国 单复数同形人”以-man 或-woman 结尾的改为-men,-women将主体名词变为复数8合成名无主体名词时将最后一部分词变为复数将两部分变为复数III.名词的所有格：名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加s构成，二是由介词 of 加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。1.s 所有格的构成：单数名词在末尾加s一般在末尾加复数名词不规则复数名词后加sthe childr

7、ens toys,womens rights,以 s 结尾的人名所有格加s 或者Dickens novels,Charless job,the Smiths housethe boys father,Jacks book,her son-in-laws photo,the teachers room,the twins mother,表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾 Japans and Americas problems,Janes and Marys均须加sbikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词Japan and Americas problems,Jane and Marys fath

8、er末加s表示某人家店铺，所有格the doctors,the barbers,the tailors,my uncles后名词省略2.s 所有格的用法：(完整版)初中英语语法大全精华版-第2页(完整版)初中英语语法大全精华版-第2页234567表示时间表示自然现象todays newspaper,five weeks holidaythe earths atmosphere,the trees branches表示国家城市等地方的the countrys plan,the worlds population,Chinas industry名词表示工作群体表示度量衡及价值the ships c

9、rew,majoritys view,the teams victorya miles journey,five dollars worth of apples与人类活动有特殊关系the lifes time,the plays plot的名词某些固定词组a birds eye view,a stones throw,at ones wits end(不知所措)3.of 所有格的用法：用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair,the cover of the book用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year st

10、udents用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed二冠词冠词分为不定冠词（a,an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。I.不定冠词的用法：12345指一类人或事，相当于 a kind ofA plane is a machine that can fly.第一次提及某人某物，非特指A boy is waiting for you.表示“每一”相当于 every，oneWe study eight hours a day.表示“相同”相当于 the sameWe are nearly of an age.用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与 A Mr.Smith cam

11、e to visit you when you were out某名人有类似性质的人或事That boy is rather a Lei Feng.A couple of,a bit,once upon a time,in a hurry,havea walk,many a time6用于固定词组中7用于 quite,rather,many,half,what,This room is rather a big one.such 之后8用于 so(as,too,how)+形容词之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.II.定冠词的用法

12、：1表示某一类人或物2用于世上独一无二的事物名词前3表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事The horse is a useful animal.the universe,the moon,the Pacific OceanWould you mind opening the door?play the violin,play the guitar4用于乐器前面(完整版)初中英语语法大全精华版-第3页(完整版)初中英语语法大全精华版-第3页5用于形容词和分词前表示一类人6表示“一家人”或“夫妇”78用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前the reach,the living,the wou

13、ndedthe Greens,the WangsHe is the taller of the two children.用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群 the United States,the Communist Party of岛的名词前China,the FrenchThe compass was invented in China.9用于表示发明物的单数名词前10在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个in the 1990s年代I hired the car by the hour.11用于表示单位的名词前12用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示He patted me on the

14、shoulder.时间的词组前III.零冠词的用法：123专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名Beijing University,Jack,China,love,air地名等名词前名词前有 this,my,whose,some,no,each,I want this book,not that one./every 等限制Whose purse is this?季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐March,Sunday,National Day,spring前Lincoln was made President of America.He likes playing football/ches

15、s.by train,by air,by landhusband and wife,knife and fork,day and nightHorses are useful animals.4表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前5学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前6与 by 连用表示交通工具的名词前7以 and 连接的两个相对的名词并用时8表示泛指的复数名词前三代词：I.代词可以分为以下七大类：人称主格1代词宾格I,you,he,she,it,we,you,theyme,you,him,her,it,us,you,them物主形容词性 my,your,his,her,its,our,their2代词名词性

16、mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,theirs3反身代词4指示代词5疑问代词myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselvesthis,that,these,those,such,somewho,whom,whose,which,what,whoever,whichever,whatever(完整版)初中英语语法大全精华版-第4页(完整版)初中英语语法大全精华版-第4页6关系代词that,which,who,whom,whose,asone/some/any,each/every,

17、none/no,many/much,few/little/a few/alittle,other/another,all/both,neither/either7不定代词II.不定代词用法注意点：1.one,some 与 any:1)one 可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为ones。some 多用于肯定句，any 多用于疑问句和否定句。One should learn to think of others.Have you any bookmarks?No,I dont have any bookmarks.I have some questions to ask.2)some 可用于疑问句中

18、，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。Would you like some bananas?Could you give me some money?3)some 和 any 修饰可数名词单数时，some 表示某个，any 表示任何一个。I have read this article in some magazine.Please correct the mistakes,if any.4)some 和数词连用表示“大约”，any 可与比较级连用表示程度。There are some 3,000 students in this school.Do you feel any be

19、tter today?2.each 和 every:each 强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every 强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。Each student has a pocket dictionary./Each(of us)has a dictionary./We each have a dictionary.Every student has strong and weak points./Every one of us has strong and weak points.3.none 和 no：no 等于 not any，作定语。none 作主语或宾语，代替

20、不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以。There is no water in the bottle.How much water is there in the bottle?None.None of the students are(is)afraid of difficulties.4.other 和 another:1)other 泛指“另外的，别的”常与其他词连用，如：the other day,every other week,some otherreason,no other way,the other 特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others。如：He

21、 held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.Two students in our class failed,but all the others passed the exam.2)another 指“又一个，另一个”无所指，复数形式是others，泛指“别的人或事”如：I dont like this shirt,please show me another(one).(完整版)初中英语语法大全精华版-第5页(完整版)初中英语语法大全精华版-第5页The trousers are too long,please give me a

22、nother pair/some others.Some like football,while others like basketball.5.all 和 both,neither 和 eitherall 表示不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数。both 和 all 加否定词表示部分否定，全部否定用neither 和 none.All of the books are not written in English./Not all of the books are written in English.Both of us are not teachers./Not both of us ar

23、e teachers./Either of us is a teacher.四形容词和副词I.形容词：1.形容词的位置：1)形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况后置：12修饰 some,any,every,no和 body,thing,one 等构成nobody absent,everything possible的复合不定代词时以-able,-ible 结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰的名词之后the best book available,the onlysolution possiblethe only person awakea bridge 50 meters longa hu

24、ge room simple and beautifula man difficult to get on with3alive,alike,awake,aware,asleep等可以后置4和空间、时间、单位连用时5成对的形容词可以后置6形容词短语一般后置2)多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序：代词冠词前的形容词数词性状形容词冠词指示代词序数不定代词词代词所有格基数词性质状态大小长短形状新旧温度颜色国籍产地材料质地名词allbothsuchtheasecondonethisnextfouranotheryourbeautifullargegoodshortpoorsquarenewblackChi

25、nesesilkcoolyellowLondonstone3)复合形容词的构成：(完整版)初中英语语法大全精华版-第6页(完整版)初中英语语法大全精华版-第6页1形容词+名词+edkind-hearted2形容词+形容词dark-blue6名词+形容词7名词+现在分词8名词+过去分词9数词+名词+ed10 数词+名词world-famouspeace-lovingsnow-coveredthree-eggedtwenty-year3形容词+现在分词 ordinary-looking4副词+现在分词5副词+过去分词II.副词副词的分类：1234时间副词地点副词方式副词程度副词hard-worki

26、ngnewly-builtsoon,now,early,finally,once,always,often,frequently,seldom,5频度副词recentlyneverhere,nearby,outside,upwards,abovehard,well,fast,slowly,excitedly,reallyalmost,nearly,very,fairly,quite,rather6疑问副词 how,where,when,why7连接副词how,when,where,why,whether,however,meanwhile8关系副词 when,where,whyIII.形容词和

27、副词比较等级：形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er 和-est，多音节和一些双音节词前加more 和 most。1.同级比较时常常用 asas以及 not so(as)as如：I am not so good a player as you are.2.可以修饰比较级的词有：much,many,a lot,even,far,a bit,a little,still,yet,by far,any,agreat deal。3.表示一方随另一方变化时用“the morethe more”句型。如：The harder you work,t

28、hemore progress you will make.4.用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如：I have never spent a more worrying day.5.表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型：Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four times as large as yours./Our schoolis four times the size of yours.6.表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如：favourite,excellent,extreme,perfect。五介

29、词I.介词分类：1简单介词2合成介词3短语介词4双重介词about,across,after,against,among,around,at,below,beyond,during,in,oninside,into,onto,out of,outside,throughout,upon,within,withoutaccording to,because of,instead of,up to,due to,owing to,thanks tofrom among,from behind,from under,till after,in between(完整版)初中英语语法大全精华版-第7页(

30、完整版)初中英语语法大全精华版-第7页56分词转化成的介词形容词转化成的介词considering(就而论),includinglike,unlike,near,next,oppositeII.常用介词区别：1表示时间的 in,on,at2表示时间的 since,from3表示时间的 in,after4at 表示片刻的时间，in 表示一段的时间，on 总是与日子有关since 指从过去到现在的一段时间，和完成时连用，from 指从时间的某一点开始in 指在一段时间之后，after 表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间中表示地理位置的 in,on,in 表示在某范围内，on 指与什么毗邻

31、，to 指在某环境范围之外to5表示“在上”的on,in on 只表示在某物的表面上，in 表示占去某物一部分678表示“穿过”的through,across表示“关于”的 about,onbetween 与 among 的区别through 表示从内部通过，与 in 有关，across 表示在表面上通过，与 on 有关about 指涉及到，on 指专门论述between 表示在两者之间，among 用于三者或三者以上的中间besides 指“除了还有再加上”，except 指“除了，减去什么”，不放在句首with 表示具体的工具，in 表示材料，方式，方法，度量，单位，语言，声音as 意为“

32、作为，以地位或身份”，like 为“象一样”，指情形相似in 通常表示位置（静态），into 表示动向，不表示目的地或位置9besides 与 except 的区别10 表示“用”的 in,with11 as 与 like 的区别12 in 与 into 区别六动词I.动词的时态：1.动词的时态一共有 16 种，以 ask 为例，将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下：一般进行现在时ask/asks过去时asked将来时shall/will ask过去将来时should/would askshould/would be askingam/is/are askingwas/were askingshal

33、l/will be asking(完整版)初中英语语法大全精华版-第8页(完整版)初中英语语法大全精华版-第8页完成完成进行have/has askedhave/has beenaskinghad askedhad been askingshall/will have asked should/would have askedshall/will have beenshould/would have beenaskingasking2.现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：1)现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况，但和现在有联系，强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果，它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译

34、英时可加“已经”等词。简言之，利用过去，说明现在。如：I have already read the novel written by the world-famous writer.(已经看过，且了解这本书的内容)2)一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态，和现在无关，它可和表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“过”，“了”等词。简言之，仅谈过去，不关现在。如：I read the novel last month.(只说明上个月看了，不涉及现在是否记住)I lived in Beijing for ten years.（只说明在北京住过十年，与现在无关）3.现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别：

35、两者都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”，在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时，多用现在完成时，如着重表示动作一直在进行，即动作的延续性时，则多用现在完成进行时。一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。I have read that book.我读过那本书了。I have been reading that book all the morning.我早上一直在读那本书。4.一般将来时的表达方式：1将来时will/shall+动词原形用法表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态例句My sister will be ten next year.Its going to clear up.be g

36、oing to+动词原 含有“打算，计划，即将”做某事，2Were going to have a party形或表示很有可能要发生某事tonight.be+doing 进行时3表示将来go,come,start,move,leave,arrive等He is moving to the south.词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生的Are they leaving for Europe?动作I was about to leave when the表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的bell rang.动作，后面一般不跟时间状语The meeting is about to close.表示按计划

37、进行或征求对方意见Were to meet at the schoolgate at noon.be about to+动词4原形5be to+动词原形The meeting starts at five一般现在时表示将时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事 oclock.6来情，可用一般现在时表示将来The plane leaves at ten thisevening.II.动词的被动语态：(完整版)初中英语语法大全精华版-第9页(完整版)初中英语语法大全精华版-第9页常用被动语态构成678910常用被动语态构成1一般现在时 am/is/are asked2一般过去时 was/were aske

38、d3一般将来时 shall/will be asked4过去将来时 should/would be asked5现在进行时 am/is/are being asked过去进行时was/were being asked现在完成时have/has been asked过去完成时had been asked将来完成时will/would have been asked含有情态动词的can/must/may be asked被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not，短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构 begoing to,used to,have to,had better变为被

39、动态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动态。如：Trees should not be planted in summer./The boy was made fun of by his classmates.Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl.汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如：It is believed thatIt is generally considered thatIt is said thatIt is well known thatIt must be pointed out that注It i

40、s supposed that意It is reported that事It must be admitted that项It is hoped that下面主动形式常表示被动意义：如：The window wants/needs/requires repairing.The book is worth reading twice.The door wont shut./The play wontact.The clothes washes well./The book sells well.The dish tastes delicious./Water feels very cold.下面

41、词或短语没有被动态：leave,enter,reach,become,benefit,cost,equal,contain,last,lack,fit,fail,have,appear,happen,occur,belong to,take place,break out,come about,agree with,keep up with,consistof,have on,lose heart 等等七情态动词I.情态动词基本用法：情态动词用法否定式疑问式与简答(完整版)初中英语语法大全精华版-第10页(完整版)初中英语语法大全精华版-第10页cancouldmaymightmust能力（体

42、力，智力，技能）can not/cannot/cantCando?允许或许可（口语中常用）doYes,can.可能性（表猜测，用于否定句No,cant.couldnt do或疑问句中）可以（问句中表示请求）可能，或许（表推测）祝愿（用于倒装句中）may not domight not doMaydo?Yes,may.No,mustnt/cant.Mightdo?Yes,mightNo,might not.Mustdo?Yes,must.No,neednt/dont have to.Dohave to do?Yes,do.No,dont.必须，应该（表主观要求）must not/mustnt d

43、o肯定，想必（肯定句中表推测）只好，不得不（客观的必须，dont have to do有时态人称变化）have toought toOughtto do?应当（表示义务责任，口语中 ought not to/oughtntYes,ought.多用 shouldto doNo,oughtnt.将要，会用于一三人称征求对方意见用于二三人称表示许诺、命令、警告、威胁等应当，应该（表义务责任）本该（含有责备意味）Shalldo?Yes,shall.No,shant.Shoulddo?Willdo?Yes,will.No,wont.Daredo?Yes,dare.No,darent.Needdo?Yes

44、,must.No,neednt.Usedto do?Yes,used.No,use(d)nt.Diduse to do?Yes,did.No,didnt.shallshall not/shant doshouldwillwoulddareshould not/shouldntdowill not/wont do意愿，决心请求，建议，用在问句中 wouldwould not/wouldnt比较委婉do敢（常用于否定句和疑问句中）dare not/darent doneed需要必须（常用于否定句和疑问句 need not/neednt do中）used to过去常常（现在已不再）usednot/u

45、sednt/usent tododidnt use to doII.情态动词 must,may,might,could,can表示推测：以 must 为例。must+do(be)是推测现在存在的一般状态进行；must+be doing 推测可能正在(完整版)初中英语语法大全精华版-第11页(完整版)初中英语语法大全精华版-第11页进行的事情；must+have done 是推测可能已经发生过的事情。1.must“肯定，一定”语气强，只用于肯定句中。He must be a man from America./He must be talking with his friend./He must

46、 have alreadyarrived there.2.may 和 might“也许”，后者语气弱，更没有把握。可用于肯定句和否定句。He may not be at home./They might have finished their task.3.can 和 could“可能”，could 表示可疑的可能性，不及cant 语气强，用于肯定、否定、疑问句中。The weather in that city could be cold now.We could have walked there;it was so near.（推测某事本来可能发生，但实际上没有发生）Can he be

47、in the office now?No,he cant be there,for I saw him in the library just now.(语气很强，常用于疑问句和否定句中)III.情态动词注意点：1.can 和 be able to:都可以表示能力。但 be able to 可以表达“某事终于成功”，而 can 无法表达此意。Be able to 有更多的时态。另外，两者不能重叠使用。2.used to 和 would:used to 表示过去常常做现在已经不再有的习惯，而would 只表示过去的习惯或喜好，不涉及现在。3.need 和 dare 作情态动词和实义动词的区别：两

48、者作情态动词时常用于否定句和疑问句。其形式为：neednt/darent do；Need/daredo?做实义动词时可用于肯定句，否定句和疑问句。其形式为：need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared)to do,dont(doesnt/didnt)need/dare to do八非谓语动词I.非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成：非谓语形式构成特征和作用时态和语态to doto be doneto be doingto have beento havedonedone否定式复合结构具有名词，副词和形容词的作用在句中做主、宾、定、表和状语不定式for sb.todo sth.

49、being done现在分doinghaving been词having donedone分词过去分词donebeing donedoinghaving beenhaving donedone在非谓语前加not具有副词和形容词的作用在句中做定、表、宾补和状语动名词sbs doing具有名词的作用在句中做主、宾、定和表语(完整版)初中英语语法大全精华版-第12页(完整版)初中英语语法大全精华版-第12页II.做宾语的非谓语动词比较：情况常用动词只接不定式做宾hope,want,offer,long,fail,expect,wish,ask,decide,pretend,manage,agree,

50、语的动词afford,determine,promise,happenmind,miss,enjoy,imagine,practise,suggest,finish,escape,excuse,appreciate,admit,prevent,keep,dislike,avoid,risk,resist,consider只接动名词做宾cant help,feel like,succeed in,be fond of,object to,get down to,be engaged语的动词或短语in,insist on,think of,be proud of,take pride in,set