考研英语英译汉试题.pdf

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1、11.1990年考研英语英译汉试题People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors areformed.It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not,or whyone is cooperative and another is competitive.Social scientists are,of course,extremely interested in these types of

2、questions.(61)They wanl lo explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors.There are no clear answers yet,but two distinct schools of thought on the matter havedeveloped.As one might expect,the two approaches are very different from each other.The controversy is often co

3、nveniently referred to as nature vs.nurture.(62)Those who suoporl ihe nature side of ihe conflict believe that our personaliliesand behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors.(63)That ourenvironment has little,if anything,to do with our abilities,characteristics and behavior isce

4、ntral to ihis theory.Taken to an extreme,this theory maintains that our behavior ispredetermined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by ourinstincts.Those who support the nurture theory,that is,they advocate education,are oftencalled behaviorists.They claim that our environ

5、ment is more important than ourbiologically based instincts in determining how we will act.A behaviorist,B.F.Skinner,sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings.(64)The behaviorists maintain that,like machines,humans respond to environmentalstimuli as(he ba

6、sis of ihcir behavior.Let us examine the different explanations about one human characteristic,intelligence,offered by the two theories.(65)Supporters of the nature theory insist thatwe are born with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined.Needlessto say,they dont believe tha

7、t factors in the environment have much influence on what isbasically a predetermined characteristic.On the other hand,behaviorists argue that ourintelligence levels are the product of our experiences.(66)Behaviorists suggest that thechild who is raised in an environment where there are many slimuli

8、which develop his orher capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.The social and political implications of these two theories are profound.(67)In theUnited States,blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests.Thisleads some nature propon

9、ents to conclude that blacks are biologically inferior to whites.(68)Behaviorists,in conlrast,say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacksare often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that1whites enjoy.Most people think neither of these theories c

10、an yet fully explain human behavior.2.1991年考研英语英译汉试题The fact is that the energy crisis,which has suddenly been officially announced,hasbeen with us for a long time now,and will be with us for an even longer time.WhetherArab oil flows freely or not,it is clear to everyone that world industry cannot b

11、e allowedto depend on so fragile a base.(71)The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at anytime,and in any case,the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rateof use.(72)New sources of energy must be found、and this will lake time,but it is notlikely to result in any si

12、tuation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentifulenergy we have had in the times past.For an indefinite period from here on,mankind isgoing to advance cautiously,and consider itself lucky that it can advance at all.To make the situation worse,there is as yet no sign that any slowing o

13、f the worldspopulation is in sight.Although the birthrate has dropped in some nations,including theUnited States,the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion and perhaps evenseven billion as the twenty-first century opens.(73)The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match thi

14、s,which meansthat we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.Taking all this into account,what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to belike in the year 2001?To begin with,the world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over thenext thirty years-even h

15、ere in the United States.By 2001,the population of the UnitedStates will be at least two hundred fifty million and possibly two hundred seventy million,and the nation will find it difficult to expand food production to fill the additional mouths.(74)This will bv particularly true since energy pinch

16、will make it difficult o continueagriculture in the highenergy American fashion that makes it possible to combine fewfarmers wilh high yields.It seems almost certain that by 2001 the United States will no longer be a great foodexporting nation and that,if necessity forces exports,it will be at the p

17、rice of belttightening at home.In fact,as food items will tend to decline in quality and decrease in variety,there isvery likely to be increasing use of flavoring additives.(75)Until such time as mankindhas the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a_ 1_comfortable

18、support for all,Deople will have to accept morn unnatural food.3.1992年考研英语英译汉试题Intelligence at best is an assumptive construct-the meaning of the word has neverbeen clear.(71)There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the termthan there is on how to interpret or classify them.Bu

19、t it is generally agreed that a personof high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily,make distinctions,reasonlogically,and make use of verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems.Anintelligence test is a rough measure of a childs capacity for learning the kinds of thingsrequired in

20、school.It does not measure character,social adjustment,physical endurance,manual skills,or artistic abilities.It is not supposed to-it was not designed for suchpurposes.(72)To criticize it for such failure is roughly comparable to criticizing athermometer for not measuring wind velocity.The other th

21、ing we have to notice is that the assessment of the intelligence of anysubject is essentially a comparative affair.(73)Now sinceh。assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must besure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a“valid“or fair“comDarison”.It is here

22、that some of the difficulties which interest us begin.Any testperformed involves at least three factors:the intention to do ones best,the knowledgerequired for understanding what you have to do,and the intellectual ability to do it.(74)The first two must be equal fo all who are being compared,if any

23、 comparison in termsof intelligence is to be made.In school populations in our culture these assumptions canbe made fair and reasonable,and the value of intelligence testing has been provedthoroughly.Its value lies,of course,in its providing a satisfactory basis for prediction.No one is in the least

24、 interested in the marks a little child gets on his test;what we areinterested in is whether we can conclude from his mark on the test that the child will dobetter or worse than other children of his age at tasks which we think require generalintelligence.(75)On the whole such a conclusion can be dr

25、awn with a certain degree ofconfidence,bul only if the child can be assumed lo have had the same attitude towardsthe test as the others with whom he is being compared,and only if he was not punishedby lack of relevant information which they possessed.4.1993年考研英语英译汉试题(71)The method of scientific inve

26、stigation is nothing but the expression of thenecessary mode of working of the human mind;it is simply the mode by which all_ 1_phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation.There is no moredifference,but there is just the same kind of difference,between the mental operations

27、ofa man of science and those of an ordinary person,as there is between the operations andmethods of a baker or of a butcher weighing out his goods in common scales,and theoperations of a chemist in performing a difficult and complex analysis by means of hisbalance and finely graded weights.(72)It is

28、 not that the scales in the one case,and thebalance in the olher,differ in the principles of Iheir conslruclion or manner of working;bu that the latter is much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in itsmeasurement than the former.You will understand this better,perhaps,if I give you som

29、e familiar examples.(73)You have all heard it repeated thal men of science work by means of induction(归纳法)and deduction，that by the help of these operations,they,in a sort of sense,manage toextract from Nature certain nalural laws,and thal oul of these,by some special skill oftheir own,they build up

30、 their theories.(74)And it is imagined by many that theoperations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes,andthat they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.To hear all these large words,you would think that the mind of a man of science must be constituted dif

31、ferently fromthat of his fellow men;but if you will not be frightened by terms,you will discover thatyou are quite wrong,and that all these terrible apparatus are being used by yourselvesevery day and every hour of your lives.There is a well-known incident in one of Molieres plays,where the author m

32、akesthe hero express unbounded delight on being told that he had been talking prose(散文)during the whole of his life.In the same way,I trust that you will take comfort,and bedelighted with yourselves,on the discovery that you have been acting on the principles ofinductive and deductive philosophy dur

33、ing the same period.(75)Probably there is notone hern who has not in the course of the day had occasion to set in motion a complextrain of reasoning,of the very same kind,though differing in degree,as that which ascientific man goes through in tracing(he causes of natural Dhenomena.1990年英译汉试题参考译文长期以

34、来人们完全不知道他们的性格特征和行为模式是怎样形成的。人们很难解释一个聪明而另一个人愚蠢的原因，或者也很难解释一个人有协作精神，而另一个人有竞争意识的原因。1当然.社会科学家对这类问题极为关注。(61)他们想要说叨，为什么我们具有某些性格特征并发现出某些行为。然而，这些问题尚无明确的答案。但是在这方面已经形成了两个截然不相同的学派。人们可以预料，这两家的看法大不相同。为方便起见，这种争论通常被称为天性论与环境因素论之争。(62)在这场争论中，赞成天性一方的那些人认为，我们的性格特征和行为模式大多是山生物因素所决定的。(63)这种理论的核心是，我们的环境同我们的才能、性格特征和行为即使有什么关系

35、的话，也是微不足道的。这种理论甚至极端地坚持认为，我们的行为模式在很大程度上是先天决定的;因此，我们几乎完全受我们的本能所支配。赞成环境因素论的那些人，即提倡培养教育的人，通常被称为行为主义者。他们声称，在决定我们的行为方式时，环境比以生理为基础的本能更为重要。一位名叫B.F.史基纳的行为主义者认为，人的行为模式完全是由周围环境塑造的。(64)立为主义者坚信，人像机器一样，对环境的刺激做出反应，这是他们行为的基础。咱们来考察一下这两种理论对人的一种性格特征一智力一的不同解释。(65)支持天性论的人坚持说，我们生来就具有一定的学习才能，这是山生物因素决定的。勿庸说，他们认为，周围环境的各种因素并

36、不严重影响基本上是先天的性格特征。而行为主义者却争辩说，我们的智力水平是我们各种经历相结合的产物。(66)行为主义者的看法是，如果 个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境里成长，而这些刺激物能够发展其做出适当反应的能力,那么,这个儿童将会有更高的智力发展。这两种理论所包含的社会和政治内涵是意味深长的。(67)在美国，黑人在标准化智力测试中的成绩常常低于白人。这就使一些天性论的拥护者得出结论.黑人在生理上比白人略低一筹。(68)相反，行为主义者认为，成绩的差异是由于黑人往往被剥夺了白人住教育及其它环境方面所享有的许多有利条件。1991年英译汉试题参考译文事实是，虽然官方是突然宣布能源危机的存在，然而长期以来

37、我们一直面临着能源危机，而且这种情况今后将会持续更长的时间。不管阿拉伯的石油能否源源不断地外流，人人都清楚，再也不能让世界工业依赖于如此脆弱的能源基础。(71)石油供应可能随时会被切断;不管怎样，以目前这种消费速度,只需30年左右，所有的油井都会枯竭。(72)必须找到新的能源,这需要时间;而过去我们感觉到的那种能源廉价而充1足的情况将不大可能再出现了。在今后的漫长的时间内，人类将谨慎前进，而它感到幸运的是它确实能够前进。使目前状况糟糕的是，至今尚无迹象表明，世界人口的增长在近期内会减慢。虽然包括美国在内的一些国家的出生率已经下降，但 是 在 2 1 世纪初世界人口似乎肯定会超过60亿，或许甚至

38、超过70亿。(73)食品供应的增加将远远赶不上人口的增长，这就意味着我们在粮食的生产和购销方面已陷入危机。考虑到所有这些因素，我们可以适当地估计一下2001年的超级后场将会是什么样子呢?首先，今 后 的 3 0 年内，世界的食品供应日益紧张，甚至美国这里也不例外。到 2001年美国人口将至少达到2 亿 5 千万，也可能是2 亿 7 千万。那时；美国将很难扩大食品生产来满足人口增长的需要。(74)这种困境将是确定无疑的，因为能源的匮乏使农业无法以高能消费这种美国耕作方式继续下去了,而这种耕作方式可以投入少数农民就获得高产。儿乎可以肯定，到 2001年美国将再也不是一个食品输出国;如果必须出口的话

39、,那么其代价就是美国国内人民将勒紧裤带。实际上，由于各种食品往往会质量下降、品种减少，这就有可能更多地使用调味添加物。(75)除非人类终于意识到要把人口减少到这样的程度，使地球能为所有人提供足够的饮食，否则人们将不得不接受更多的人造食品。1992年英译汉试题参考译文智力充其量只是一个假设性的概念，因为智力的含义从来就是模糊的。(71)A们对智力所指的不同表现.比对这些表现如何进行解释或分类，看法更为一致。但是一般认为，智力好的人是能够迅速领会思想、区分事物、进行逻辑推理并运用文字和数字符号来解决问题的人。智力测验只是粗略衡量一个儿童学习学校所要求的不同知识的能力。智力测验并不测定人的品格、社会

40、适应能力、身体耐力、手工技能或艺术才能。智力测试没有这样的任务，因为它并不是为这样的用途而设计的。(72)批评智力测试不反映上述情况,就犹如批评温度计不测风速一样。我们要注意的另一件事是，对任何测试对象的智力评估基本上是比较而言的事。(7 3)既然对智力的评估是比较而言的事，那么我们必须确保，在对我们的对象进行比较时，我们所使用的尺度能提供有效的或公平的比较。由此而产生一些引起我们关注的问题。进行任何测试至少要包含三个因素:尽力考好测试的意向，了解要1参加考试所需要的知识，以及做这件事情的智能。(7 4)如果要从智力方面进行任何比较的话，那么对所有比较对象来说，前两个因素必须是样的。在我们培养

41、的学生中，上述设想可以公平合理。这就完全证明了智力测试的价值。它的价值当然就在它对预测提供了满意的依据.没有人丝毫会对一个儿童在测试中所取得的分数感兴趣。我们感兴趣的是，我们能否从他测试的成绩中得出结论:这个儿童和与他年龄相同的其他儿童相比，在完成我们认为需要一般智力的任务时，他会做得更好还是更差。(7 5)总的来说，得出这种结论是有一定程度把握的，但是必须具备两个条件:能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他比较的另一些孩子的态度相同;他也没有因为缺乏别的孩子已掌握的有关知识而被扣分。1993年英译汉试题参考译文(7 1)科学研究的方法不过是人类思维活动的必要表达方式.也就是对切现象进行思索并给以

42、精确而严谨解释的表达方式。科学家的思维活动与普通人的思维活动之间的区别和面包商或卖肉者用普通磅秤称货的操作方法与化学家在进行艰难而复杂的分析时用天平和精密刻度的祛码的操作方法之间的区别是完全相同的，此外就没有别的区另U J 。(7 2)这并不是说面包师或卖肉者所用的磅秤和化学家所用的天平在构造原理和工作方式上存在差别，而是说与前者相比，后者是一种更精密得多的装置，因而在计量上必然更准确得多。要是我给你举几个熟悉的例子，或许你会更清楚地理解这一点。(7 3)你们多次听说过.科学家是用归纳法和演绎法工作的，他们用这些方法，在某种意义上说.力求从自然界找出某些自然规律，然后他们根据这些规律，用自己的

43、某种非同般的木领.建立起他们的理论。(7 4)许多人以为.普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维过程相比，认为这些思维过程必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。听了匕面的夸张言词后，你会以为，科学家的思维结构与普通人的思维结构大不相同;但是假如你没有被这些言词所吓倒，你会发现，你是完全错了;你还会发现，所有这些令人望而生畏的说法你自己每时每刻也在使用。在莫里哀的一个剧本中有这样一个著名的插曲:作者让主人公得知他在整个一生中一直在说散文后，表现出无限的喜悦。同样，我认为，当你一旦发现你在一生中一直在按归纳法和演绎法的哲理办事时，你也会感到欣成和陶醉。(7 5)大概这里不会有人一整天都没有机会进行连串复杂的思考活动，这些思考活动与科学家在探索自然现象原因时所经历的思考活动，尽管复杂程度不同，但在类型上是完全一样的1