考研英语二完形填空题源.pdf

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1、2017考研英语二完形填空题源2017年考研已结束！出国留学考研网在考后第一时间为大家提供2017考研英语二完形填空题源，更多考研资讯请关注我们网站的更新！2017考研英语二完形填空题源 WouldaWork-FreeWorldBeSoBad?Fearsofcivilization-wideidlenessarebasedtoomuchonthedownsidesofbeingunemployedinasocietypremisedontheconceptofemployment.A1567paintingbyPieterBruegeltheElderdepictsamythicallando

2、fplenty,wherepeoplegrowidleintheabsenceofwork.WikimediaIlanaE.StraussJun28,2016Peoplehavespeculatedforcenturiesaboutafuturewithoutwork,andtodayisnodifferent,withacademics,writers,andactivistsonceagainwarningthattechnologyisreplacinghumanworkers.Someimaginethatthecomingwork-freeworldwillbedefinedbyin

3、equality:Afewwealthypeoplewillownallthecapital,andthemasseswillstruggleinanimpoverishedwasteland.Adifferent,lessparanoid,andnotmutuallyexclusivepredictionholdsthatthefuturewillbeawastelandofadifferentsort,onecharacterizedbypurposelessness:Withoutjobstogivetheirlivesmeaning,peoplewillsimplybecomelazy

4、anddepressed.Indeed,today sunemployeddon tseemtobehavingagreattime.OneGalluppollfoundthat20percentofAmericanswhohavebeenunemployedforatleastayearreporthavingdepression,doubletherateforworkingAmericans.Also,someresearchsuggeststhattheexplanationforrisingratesofmortality,mental-healthproblems,andaddic

5、tionamongpoorly-educated,middle-agedpeopleisashortageofwell-paidjobs.Anotherstudyshowsthatpeopleareoftenhappieratworkthanintheirfreetime.Perhapsthisiswhymanyworryabouttheagonizingdullnessofajoblessfuture.Butitdoesn tnecessarilyfollowfromfindingslikethesethataworldwithoutworkwouldbefilledwithmalaise.

6、Suchvisionsarebasedonthedownsidesofbeingunemployedinasocietybuiltontheconceptofemployment.Intheabsenceofwork,asocietydesignedwithotherendsinmindcouldyieldstrikinglydifferentcircumstancesforthefutureoflaborandleisure.Today,thevirtueofworkmaybeabitoverblown.“Manyjobsareboring,degrading,unhealthy,andas

7、quanderingofhumanpotential,5,saysJohnDanaher,alecturerattheNationalUniversityofIrelandinGalwaywhohaswrittenaboutaworldwithoutwork.“Globalsurveysfindthatthevastmajorityofpeopleareunhappyatwork.”Thesedays,becauseleisuretimeisrelativelyscarceformostworkers,peopleusetheirfreetimetocounterbalancetheintel

8、lectualandemotionaldemandsoftheirjobs.“WhenIcomehomefromahardday swork,Ioftenfeeltired,“Danahersays,adding,“InaworldinwhichIdon thavetowork,Imightfeelratherdifferentperhapsdifferentenoughtothrowhimselfintoahobbyorapassionprojectwiththeintensityusuallyreservedforprofessionalmatters.Havingajobcanprovi

9、deameasureoffinancialstability,butinadditiontostressingoverhowtocoverlife,snecessities,today sjoblessarefrequentlymadetofeellikesocialoutcasts.“Peoplewhoavoidworkareviewedasparasitesandleeches,5,Danahersays.Perhapsasaresultofthisculturalattitude,formostpeople,self-esteemandidentityaretiedupintricate

10、lywiththeirJob,orlackofjob.Plus,inmanymodern-daysocieties,unemploymentcanalsobedownrightboring.Americantownsandcitiesaren treallybuiltforlotsoffreetime:Publicspacestendtobesmallislandsinseasofprivateproperty,andtherearen tmanyplaceswithoutentryfeeswhereadultscanmeetnewpeopleorcomeUPwithwaystoenterta

11、inoneanother.Therootsofthisboredommayrunevendeeper.PeterGray,aprofessorofpsychologyatBostonCollegewhostudiestheconceptofplay,thinksthatifworkdisappearedtomorrow,peoplemightbeatalossforthingstodo,growingboredanddepressedbecausetheyhaveforgottenhowtoplay.“Weteachchildrenadistinctionbetweenplayandwork,

12、“Grayexplains.“Workissomethingthatyoudon twanttodobutyouhavetodo.”Hesaysthistraining,whichstartsinschool,eventually“drillstheplay”outofmanychildren,whogrowUPtobeadultswhoareaimlesswhenpresentedwithfreetime.Sometimespeopleretirefromtheirwork,andtheydon tknowwhattodo,”Graysays.They velosttheabilitytoc

13、reatetheirownactivities.It saproblemthatneverseemstoplagueyoungchildren.“Therearenothree-year-oldsthataregoingtobelazyanddepressedbecausetheydon thaveastructuredactivity,hesays.Butneeditbethisway?Work-freesocietiesaremorethanjustathoughtexperiment-they veexistedthroughouthumanhistory.Considerhunter-

14、gatherers,whohavenobosses,paychecks,oreight-hourworkdays.Tenthousandyearsago,allhumanswerehunter-gatherers,andsomestillare.DanielEverett,ananthropologistatBentleyUniversity,inMassachusetts,studiedagroupofhunter-gathersintheAmazoncalledthePirahaforyears.AccordingtoEverett,whilesomemightconsiderhuntin

15、gandgatheringwork,hunter-gatherersdon t.“Theythinkofitasfbn,“hesays.“Theydon thaveaconceptofworkthewaywedo.”“It saprettylaid-backlifemostoftheEverettsays.HedescribedatypicaldayforthePiraha:Amanmightgetup,spendafewhourscanoeingandfishing,haveabarbecue,goforaswim,bringfishbacktohisfamily,andplayuntilt

16、heevening.Suchsubsistencelivingissurelynotwithoutitsownsetofworries,buttheanthropologistMarshallSahlinsarguedina1968essaythathunter-gathersbelongedto“theoriginalaffluentsociety,seeingastheyonly“worked”afewhoursaday;EverettestimatesthatPirahaadultsonaverageworkabout20hoursaweek(nottomentionwithoutbos

17、sespeeringovertheirshoulders).Meanwhile,accordingtotheBureauofLaborStatistics,theaverageemployedAmericanwithchildrenworksaboutninehoursaday.Doesthisleisurelylifeleadtothedepressionandpurposelessnessseenamongsomanyoftoday sunemployed?T veneverseenanythingremotelylikedepressionthere,exceptpeoplewhoare

18、physicallyill,“Everettsays.“Theyhaveablast.TheyplayalltheWhilemanymayconsiderworkastapleofhumanlife,workasitexiststodayisarelativelynewinventioninthecourseofthousandsofyearsofhumanculture.“Wethinkit sbadtojustsitaroundwithnothingtodo,“saysEverett.“ForthePiraha,it squiteadesirablestate.”Graylikensthe

19、seaspectsofthehunter-gathererlifestyletothecarefreeadventuresofmanychildrenindevelopedcountries,whoatsomepointinlifeareexpectedtoputawaychildishthings.Butthathasn talwaysbeenthecase.AccordingtoGaryCross s1990bookASocialHistoryofLeisureSince1600,freetimeintheU.S.lookedquitedifferentbeforethe18thand19

20、 thcenturies.FarmerswhichwasafairwaytodescribeahugenumberofAmericansatthattimemixedworkandplayintheirdailylives.Therewerenomanagersoroverseers,sotheywouldswitchfluidlybetweenworking,takingbreaks,joininginneighborhoodgames,playingpranks,andspendingtimewithfamilyandfriends.Nottomentionfestivalsandothe

21、rgatherings:France,forinstance,had84holidaysayearin1700,andweatherkeptthemfromfarminganother80orsodaysayear.Thisallchanged,writesCross,duringtheIndustrialRevolution,whichreplacedfarmswithfactoriesandfarmerswithemployees.Factoryownerscreatedamorerigidlyscheduledenvironmentthatclearlydividedworkfrompl

22、ay.Meanwhile,clockswhichwerebecomingwidespreadatthattime-begantogivelifeaquickerpace,andreligiousleaders,whotraditionallyendorsedmostfestivities,startedassociatingleisurewithsinandtriedtoreplacerowdyfestivalswithsermons.Asworkersstartedmovingintocities,familiesnolongerspenttheirdaystogetheronthefarm

23、.Instead,menworkedinfactories,womenstayedhomeorworkedinfactories,andchildrenwenttoschool,stayedhome,orworkedinfactoriestoo.Duringtheworkday,familiesbecamephysicallyseparated,whichaffectedthewaypeopleentertainedthemselves:Adultsstoppedplaying“childish”gamesandsports,andthestreetsweremostlywipedcleano

24、ffun,asmiddle-andupper-classfamiliesfoundworking-classactivitieslikecockfightinganddicegamesdistasteful.Manysuchdiversionsweresoonoutlawed.Withworkersoldoutletsforplayhavingdisappearedinahazeoffactorysmoke,manyofthemturnedtonew,moreurbanones.Barsbecamearefugewheretiredworkersdrankandwatchedliveshows

25、withsinginganddancing.IffreetimemeansbeerandTVtoalotofAmericans,thismightbewhy.Attimes,developedsocietieshave,foraprivilegedfew,producedlifestylesthatwerenearlyasplay-filledashunter-gatherers.Throughouthistory,aristocratswhoearnedtheirincomesimplybyowninglandspentonlyatinyportionoftheirtimemindingfi

26、nancialexigencies.AccordingtoRandolphTrumbach,aprofessorofhistoryatBaruchCollege,18th-centuryEnglisharistocratsspenttheirdaysvisitingfriends,eatingelaboratemeals,hostingsalons,hunting,writingletters,fishing,andgoingtochurch.Theyalsospentagooddealoftimeparticipatinginpolitics,withoutpay.Theirchildren

27、wouldlearntodance,playinstruments,speakforeignlanguages,andreadLatin.Russiannoblesfrequentlybecameintellectuals,writers,andartists.“Asa17th-centuryaristocratsaid,，Wesitdowntoeatandriseuptoplay,forwhatisagentlemanbuthispleasure?Trumbachsays.It,sunlikelythataworldwithoutworkwouldbeabundantenoughtoprov

28、ideeveryonewithsuchlavishlifestyles.ButGrayinsiststhatinjectinganyamountofadditionalplayintopeople sliveswouldbeagoodthing,because,contrarytothat17th-centuryaristocrat,playisaboutmorethanpleasure.ThroughPlay,Graysays,children(aswellasadults)learnhowtostrategize,createnewmentalconnections,expressthei

29、rcreativity,cooperate,overcomenarcissism,andgetalongwithotherpeople.“Malemammalstypicallyhavedifficultylivingincloseproximitytoeachother,hesays,andplay sharmony-promotingpropertiesmayexplainwhyitcametobesocentraltohunter-gatherersocieties.Whilemostoftoday sadultsmayhaveforgottenhowtoPlay,Graydoesn t

30、believeit sanunrecoverableskill:It snotuncommon,hesays,forgrandparentstore-learntheconceptofPlayafterspendingtimewiththeiryounggrandchildren.Whenpeopleponderthenatureofaworldwithoutwork,theyoftentransposepresent-dayassumptionsaboutlaborandleisureontoafuturewheretheymightnolongerapply;ifautomationdoe

31、senduprenderingagoodportionofhumanlaborunnecessary,suchasocietymightexistoncompletelydifferenttermsthansocietiesdotoday.Sowhatmightawork-freeU.S.looklike?Grayhassomeideas.School,foronething,wouldbeverydifferent.“Ithinkoursystemofschoolingwouldcompletelyfallbythewayside,“saysGray.“Theprimarypurposeof

32、theeducationalsystemistoteachpeopletowork.Idon tthinkanybodywouldwanttoputourkidsthroughwhatweputourkidsthroughnow.”Instead,Graysuggeststhatteacherscouldbuildlessonsaroundwhatstudentsaremostcuriousabout.Or,perhaps,formalschoolingwoulddisappearaltogether.Trumbach,meanwhile,wondersifschoolingwouldbeco

33、memoreaboutteachingchildrentobeleaders,ratherthanworkers,throughsubjectslikephilosophyandrhetoric.Healsothinksthatpeoplemightparticipateinpoliticalandpubliclifemore,likearistocratsofyore.“Ifgreaternumbersofpeoplewereusingtheirleisuretorunthecountry,thatwouldgivepeopleasenseofpurpose/saysTrumbach.Soc

34、iallifemightlookalotdifferenttoo.SincetheIndustrialRevolution,mothers,fathers,andchildrenhavespentmostoftheirwakinghoursapart.Inawork-freeworld,peopleofdifferentagesmightcometogetheragain.“Wewouldbecomemuchlessisolatedfromeachother,“Grayimagines,perhapsalittleoptimistically.“WhenamomIShavingababy,ev

35、erybodyintheneighborhoodwouldwanttohelpthatResearchershavefoundthathavingcloserelationshipsisthenumber-onepredictorofhappiness,andthesocialconnectionsthatawork-freeworldmightenablecouldwelldisplacetheaimlessnessthatsomanyfuturistspredict.Ingeneral,withoutwork,Graythinkspeoplewouldbemorelikelytopursuetheirpassions,getinvolvedinthearts,andvisitfriends.Perhapsleisurewouldceasetobeaboutunwindingafteraperiodofhardwork,andwouldinsteadbecomeamorecolorful,variedthing.“Wewouldn thavetobeasself-orientedaswethinkwehavetobenow,hesays.“Ibelievewewouldbecomemorehuman.