02绪论 热力学与统计力学基本概念.ppt

《02绪论 热力学与统计力学基本概念.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《02绪论 热力学与统计力学基本概念.ppt（96页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、2023/5/111热力学与统计物理（热力学与统计物理（1 1）金晓峰金晓峰一一.引言引言二二.已学内容小结已学内容小结三三.本学期的任务本学期的任务Fudan,Feb.27,2013一一.引言引言学什么学什么？2023/5/114上士闻道，勤而行之；上士闻道，勤而行之；中士闻道，若存若亡；中士闻道，若存若亡；下士闻道，大笑之。不笑不足以为道。下士闻道，大笑之。不笑不足以为道。老子老子（第四十一章）（第四十一章）5The development of general ability for independent thinking and judgment should always be p

2、laced foremost,not the acquisition of special knowledge.A.Einstein6 What the student should learn are facts and doubts.For the facts he need only memorize textbooks.But the doubts can be conveyed and instilled only by those who work at the frontiers of knowledge and have re-examined the evidence.”E.

3、H.Gombrich7 But learning to think independently is not an ability that comes all of a piece.It must be acquired by dint of personal effort and with the help of a mentor who can direct these efforts.This is the method of research under supervision as we know it today in our universities.Bertrand Russ

4、ell教什么教什么？9 It is not the function of a university to cram the heads of students with as many facts as can be squeezed in.Its proper task is to lead them into habits of critical examination and an understanding of canons and criteria which bear on all subject matters.Bertrand Russell10 The important

5、 truth which seems to have been understood,implicitly at least,from the very beginning is that learning is not a process of dishing out information.Some of this,of course,there must be.But it is neither the sole function of the teacher,not yet the most important one.11 This is indeed more evident to

6、day than it was at that time,for written records were rarer and harder to find than they are now.With us,it stands to reason that anyone who can read can collect information from a library.Less than ever before should a teacher need to pass on mere information The role of the teacher is one of guida

7、nce,of brining the pupil to see for himself.12 Teaching should be such that what is offered is perceived as a valuable gift and not as a hard duty.A.Einstein13The mediocre teacher tells.The good teacher explains.The superior teacher demonstrates.The great teacher inspires.William Arthur Ward怎么学与怎么教怎

8、么学与怎么教？“To understand a science it is necessary to know its history.”August Comte (1789-1857)in“Positive Philosophy”James Clark Maxwell It is of great advantage to the student of any subject to read the original memoirs on that subject,for science is always most completely assimilated when it is in

9、the nascent state.Paul E.Pfeiffer While a knowledge of the history of the subject is often important,it seems more fruitful to look at that history from the perspective of modern formulation and development.Such a perspective can often sharpen our perceptions of concepts and relations;frequently,sig

10、nificant advances result from fresh investigation of avenues that once seemed closed or of little promise.The purview of science grows rapidly with time.It is the responsibility of each generation to join new insights to old wisdom,and to distill the key ideas for the next generation.James P.Sethna

11、The pursuit of rigor involves almost inevitably abandoning the historical approach.Great ideas are more often arrived at by a combination of intuition and a judicious disregard of niceties than by a systematic and logical development of explicitly formulated premises,But once the goal has been attai

12、ned it is possible to go back over the road and see how the same end could have been reached more logically.A.B.Pippard二二.已学内容小结已学内容小结211.What is motion and why?2.Why doesnt the moon fall?3.What is a wave?4.What is electricity?5.What is magnetism and why?6.What is light?7.What is the nature of matte

13、r?8.What is heat?Questions力学力学23The moving body comes to a standstill when the force which pushes it along can no longer so act as to push it.Aristotle(384-322 BC)GalileosNaturally accelerated motion地上的地上的实验“地心地心说”天上的迷惑天上的迷惑Nature,and Natures Laws lay hid in night:God said,let Newton be!And all was

14、light.自然和自然律隐没在黑暗中：自然和自然律隐没在黑暗中：神说，让牛顿去吧！万物遂成光明。神说，让牛顿去吧！万物遂成光明。Alexander Pope:The task of deducing Keplers laws from Newtons laws is called the Kepler Problem.Its solution is one of the crowning achievements on Western thought.It is part of our cultural heritage just as Beethovens symphonies or Sha

15、kespeares plays or the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel are part of our heritage.电磁学和光学电磁学和光学The ruler can exert a force on individual pieces of paper!Why?Charges of the same sign repel one another,and charges of the opposite sign attract one another!The attraction between the glass and the silk is a r

16、esult of some physical entity being transferred from one to the other when they rub together.This physical entity is called electric charge!Model!1780s Luigi Galvani“Animal Electricity”1800 Alessandro Volta“Electromotive Force”ZnAgAgZnWhy?Why?1819 OerstedWhy?NSNS1831 FradayWhy?Gauss lawGauss law for

17、 magnetic fieldsFaradays law of inductionAmperes circuital lawMaxwells equations(integral and differential):50 Since Maxwells time,physical reality has been thought of as represented by continuous fieldsThis change in the conception of reality is the most profound and the most fruitful that physics

18、has experienced since the time of NewtonA.EinsteinMaxwells equations in vacuumThis velocity is so nearly that of light when the comparison is made to more decimal places that it seems we have strong reason to conclude that light itself(including radiant heat and other radiations,if any)is an electro

19、magnetic disturbance in the form of waves propagated through the electromagnetic field according to electromagnetic laws.James Clerk Maxwell(1864)Light is an electromagnetic waveThe experiments described appear to me,at any rate,eminently adapted to remove any doubt as to the identity of light,radia

20、nt heat,and electromagnetic wave motion.I believe that from now on we shall have greater confidence in making use of the advantages which this identity enable us to derive both in the study of optics and of electricity.Heinrich Hertz(1888)Light as an Electromagnetic Wave and theElectromagnetic Spect

21、rumAs a result of unequal Lorentz contraction of the positive and negative lines,a current-carrying wire that is electrically neutral in one inertial system will be charged in another.原子物理学原子物理学If in some cataclysm,all of scientific knowledge were to be destroyed,and only one sentence passed on to t

22、he next generations of creatures,what statement could contain the most information in the fewest words?R.FeynmanI believe it is the atomic hypothesis(or the atomic fact,or whatever you wish to call it)that all things are made of atomslittle particles that move around in perpetual motion,attracting e

23、ach other when they are a little distance apart,but repelling upon being squeezed into one another.“an act of desperation I had to obtain a positive result,under any circumstances and at whatever cost”.1931,Planck referred to his statistical step asThat he may sometimes have missed the target in his

24、 speculations,as for example,in his hypothesis of light quanta,cannot really be held too much against him,for it is not possible to introduce fundamentally new ideas,even in the most exact sciences,without occasionally taking a risk.1913,Planck,Nernst,Rubens,and Warburg proposed Einstein for Prussia

25、n Academy Rutherfords back scattering:“It was quite the most incredible event that has ever happened to me in my life.It was almost incredible as if you fired a 15-inch shell at a piece of tissue paper and it came back and hit you.”三三.本学期的任务本学期的任务热力学干什么热力学干什么？研究系统的一些宏观性质之间研究系统的一些宏观性质之间的相互关系。的相互关系。热力

26、学干什么热力学干什么？研究系统的一些宏观性质之间研究系统的一些宏观性质之间的相互关系。的相互关系。统计物理干什么统计物理干什么？根据根据 系统之组成粒子的性质来推系统之组成粒子的性质来推断宏观材料或辐射的平衡态性质。断宏观材料或辐射的平衡态性质。P.Curie(1859-1906)对顺磁材料对顺磁材料:(n n,T)Stefan(1879)Boltzmann(1884)根据组成粒子的性质来推断宏观根据组成粒子的性质来推断宏观材料或辐射的平衡态性质。材料或辐射的平衡态性质。统计物理干什么统计物理干什么？2023/5/11881.1.看问题的新观点。看问题的新观点。2.2.处理复杂问题的典范。处理

27、复杂问题的典范。3.3.在新的高度上理解已学知识。在新的高度上理解已学知识。为什么要学这门课为什么要学这门课？2023/5/11891.1.目标目标？2.2.计划计划？3.3.实施实施？4.4.评估评估？怎样学好这门课怎样学好这门课？2023/5/11901.1.掌握统计物理学的基本方法。掌握统计物理学的基本方法。2.2.理解热力学定律的本质。理解热力学定律的本质。3.3.了解统计物理学在相关领域了解统计物理学在相关领域的应用。的应用。目标目标？2023/5/11911.1.预习预习2.2.听课（问题的提出、解决思路）听课（问题的提出、解决思路）3.3.复习（时间、推导、参考书）复习（时间、推

28、导、参考书）4.4.习题（物理图像、解题方案）习题（物理图像、解题方案）计划计划？2023/5/11921.1.计划执行情况计划执行情况？2.2.是否需要调整计划是否需要调整计划？实施实施？2023/5/11931.1.习题情况习题情况？2.2.是否能提出问题是否能提出问题？3.3.考试情况考试情况？评估评估？1）“Introductory Statistical Mechanics”by R.Bowley and M.Sanchez2）“Elements of Statistical Mechanics”by D.ter Haar3）“Thermal Physics”by C.Kittel and H.Kroemer4 4）“热力学与统计物理热力学与统计物理”林宗涵林宗涵参考书参考书A.EinsteinL.D.Landau