本科毕业设计论文--刹车保持架冲压成形工艺及模具设计外文翻译.doc

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1、 英文Brake maintains a stamping forming technology and die designBrake cage, partially wrapped all or part of the roll body, and with the movement of the bearing parts, used to isolate rolling body, usually also guide and keep it within the bearing roller.Retainers material: rolling bearing at work, h

2、eat and wear caused by sliding friction bearing, especially under the condition of high temperature operation, inertial centrifugal force role exacerbated the friction, wear and heat, bracket will be caused serious burns or rupture, the bearing can work normally. Request retainers material, therefor

3、e, besides have a certain strength, must also have good thermal conductivity, small friction coefficient, good wear resistance, impact toughness, density is small and linear expansion coefficient and phase close to the roller. In addition, the press cage need to undergo complicated stamping deformat

4、ion, also requires a material has good processing performance.First，Function and classification of bearing cageKeep bearing frame is one of the main parts, keep the aircraft in the rolling bearing has four basic functions: 1. Separation roller; 2. Will keep rolling element itself or keep it with a r

5、ing together; 3. Guidance on the right track roller rolling; 4. The orientation of rolling body, reduce the friction. According to the manufacturing process and materials used in cage can be divided into: stamping at low and medium carbon steel as the material of the cage; With high strength copper

6、alloy (lead brass, nickel, silicon bronze, etc.), zinc alloy, ductile cast iron as the material of the alloy solid cage; Polyamide resin as material of engineering plastic cage; Phenolic laminated cloth tube as material entities phenolic bakelite retainer. Including punching cage with high productio

7、n efficiency, qualitative light, intensity is good, wide coverage and widely used. Retainers are basic requirements of the design in a certain space and structure strength maximum load-bearing load and meet the bearing on the rotating precision and speed requirements, according to the working condit

8、ion of the use of bearings on the host and guide clearance requirements, determine the inner and outer diameter or roller guide way, and then determine the structure and main parameters. Rolling bearing at work, heat and wear caused by sliding friction bearing, especially under the condition of high

9、 speed, due to the role of centrifugal force, inertia force, speed up the internal rolling element bearings, inner and outer ring and cage collision, friction and wear with fever, bracket will be caused serious burns and fracture, the bearing cant normal use, keep the frame damage in make up a large

10、 proportion of bearing failure forms, and in the cage in the cause of the damage, the cage material quality is one of the main reasons. Therefore, bearing retainers requirements should have good mechanical strength; The stability of size; Good plasticity and machinability aspects of performance. Bec

11、ause maintains a unique way of machining process or of the limitations, and considering the force bearing, lubrication, the speed, temperature and so on various aspects factor and the influence of the market for bearing high speed, high precision, overload, long life and low noise requirements, bear

12、ing cage technology continuous improvement and development has become inevitable.Second, the evolvement and development of punching cage structureInherent structure improvement of rolling bearing, in addition to increase the number and size roller, mostly due to the bearing cage structure improvemen

13、t. Punching cage, for example, there are dozens of types of structures. Its common or generic in the pressing cage structure type and structure evolvement and development of the introduction is as follows: 1. Deep groove ball bearing cage; Its cage type with lead guard ribbon cage; S shape cage; Rib

14、bon cage; Crown retainer; With claw ribbon cage; One-way clearance ribbon cage; Double wave form cage K values. The top five kinds of structure are old type cage structure. One-way wave clearance form cage and the double K value of the wave form cage, grease groove ribbon cage all development or to

15、reduce noise, explore a new type of cage structure, at the same time can improve the lubricating ability of cage, are of great help to improve the speed of the bearing. Abroad centripetal ball bearing cage pocket hole with a round or oval, rotational flexibility good, clearance range 13 to 25 micron

16、s, tend to widen the cage structure, (width ratio of ball diameter of 0.45 to 0.48), high strength, good rigidity, ball pocket hole R light belt round, full, platform parallel difference between small, USES the rivet with tapered interference, high positioning accuracy, suitable for high efficiency

17、automatic assembly, after the riveting, rotational flexibility is good, low noise. 2. Self-aligning ball bearing cage, its structure is chrysanthemum form cage; Kwai form cage; Elephant nose cage. The stamping maintains a basic not much change in the structure, but the stamping mould manufacturing c

18、omplex, product size is difficult to guarantee and inspection, as the engineering plastic cage strength and the continuous improvement of high temperature resistant performance, has been the trend of gradually replaced.Third，the nature of the cage and function1: on the basis of guarantee the strengt

19、h, can make the rolling element bearings have increased in quantity or geometry size, in order to improve the bearing capacity and service life. 2: have has the ability to improve the self lubricating bearing, at the same time can reduce the noise. Meet the requirements of bearing to improve speed a

20、nd reduce noise. 3: have save raw materials and reduce the impact on the surrounding environment. Improve material utilization and save raw material is the trend of The Times, especially when limited resources increasingly tense of copper material, with steel and copper, plastic generation that is t

21、o keep the frame structure played a significant role in improving and alternative. In terms of environment, reduce pollution, increasingly become the focus of enterprises and society. 4: improve the surface hardness and retainers lubricating ability will become the development direction of new cage

22、structure. Punching cage at present, under the condition of environmental protection of surface shot blasting, finishing, blue and other physical, chemical processing, to reduce stress in cage, improve the surface roughness, lubrication ability has played a positive role. Part structure, such as sho

23、rt conical, cylindrical and spherical roller bearings, needle roller bearing cage surface carburizing, carbonitriding, or bracket will be soft nitriding treatment is to improve the mechanical strength and resistance to wear, prolonging the life of the cage play a key role. Any new thing has its occu

24、rrence and development process, structure improvement and advancement of the cage is not exceptional also, technology progress and development is the eternal theme in bearing industry. Stamping maintains a production and processing of the new structure not only have technical difficulties, there is

25、also have ability to accept the market problem. However, improving the structure of the cage as long as meet the increased speed, load, bearing life and reduce noise, save raw materials, have demonstrated the development of the absolute truth, there is the survival and development space, it will be

26、accepted by the market, so as to occupy the market, bring more richly rewarded for enterprises and users.Fourth，maintains a work efficiency and applicationpunching cage manufacture craft and the equipment abroad wave type deep groove ball bearing cage is more specialized and automatic production, ac

27、cording to the size of the cage there are two main mode of production: tiny cage using coil on the simplex press compound on progressive die, molding process for the precision on the coil step 5-7 station, in turn gradually under the expected, the cutting ring, forming, shaping, cutting, etc. Small

28、and medium-sized cage using coiled material in high-speed transfer stamping presses the wave type cage, directly down the ring material first, and then by clamp stepping into mechanical arm on both sides of each station, in complete forming, punching, processes such as plastic rivet hole. The charac

29、teristics of the two ways are complex mould, manufacturing of high precision, long life, safe and reliable, high production efficiency, suitable for little variety and mass production. Domestic sea type cage in the past with a single punch list process production, and a cage need 4-5 units punch, di

30、e and for the staff of the operation to complete, simple mould efficiency is low, production costs are high. In order to improve the quality and efficiency, luoyang retainer factory took the lead in the industry in the development of the mechanical arm type multi-station punch, but due to the mold a

31、nd control element is not pass, the machine price, has been can not get a good promotion and use. Shandong liaocheng region of some companies, such as gold emperor, and on this basis to do the improvement, with a single punch coil automatic flush ring, on single arm up into the mould again to comple

32、te the other process approach to make the mould and machine costs become simple, and can greatly improve production efficiency, thus in liaocheng maintains specializing in the production area to get a promotion and popularization. Zhejiang, long in the 90 s to introduce Japans coil automatic product

33、ion line produce tiny cage, through to the equipment and mold constantly digestion and absorption, innovation, improvement, has greatly reduced the cost of mould and equipment used, become outstanding miniature cage production. Wuxi AnFeng also by imitating and exploration, successfully developed hi

34、gh speed automatic stepping mode volumes, is used in the production of the miniature cage. Domestic most of the needle roller bearing cage production for single process of punching hole and punching and flanging, way, such as plastic precision mold and auto industry is far from meeting the requireme

35、nt of mass production efficiency of form a complete set of requirements. Now suzhou shaft bearing factory co., LTD., duct, changzhou GuangYang respectively introduced the Torrington NTN corporation and Japan needle roller bearing manufacturing technology, make its have the worlds most advanced profe

36、ssional needle roller bearing processing equipment, such as: the Swiss SAFED companys heat treatment furnace; Swedish LIDOING company centerless grinding machine; British PLATARG transfer press; Germany Bilher company maintains automatic welding machine and so on, each of the automatic line with coi

37、l, multi-station cold grinding forming step die punching, automatic roll forming, plastic welding processes such as mass production with high efficiency, can produce 50000 sets of left and right sides keep in every line. Other types of cage, such as basket shape, bowl, and drum structure and limits

38、of production, large-scale automated production is difficult to achieve, the more commonly used single bisected automatic blanking, punching hole machine, punching, pressure gradient and plastic to complete. Basket shaped cage also can use a whole punching molding process, mould manufacturing comple

39、x, high cost. To sum up, our country of rolling bearing retainer and processing quality, technology and manufacturing equipment levels also has the very big disparity compared with foreign advanced level, speed up the development of new high speed, efficient, stamping equipment, improve the precisio

40、n of complex composite membrane, continuous progressive die mold, mold manufacturing level, to adapt to the bearing cage needs of industry specialization and automation, mass production is still our future long-term efforts and striving direction and goals. 译文 刹车保持架冲压成型工艺及模具设计 刹车保持架，部分地包裹全部或部分滚动体，并随

41、之运动的轴承零件，用以隔离滚动体，通常还引导滚动体并将其保持在轴承内。保持架的材料：滚动轴承在工作时，由于滑动摩擦而造成轴承发热和磨损，特别在高温运转条件下，惯性离心力的作用加剧了摩擦、磨损与发热，严重时会造成保持架烧伤或断裂，致使轴承不能正常工作。因此，要求保持架的材料除具有一定强度外，还必须导热性好、摩擦因数小、耐磨性好、冲击韧性强、密度较小且线胀系数与滚动体相接近。此外，冲压保持架需经受较复杂的冲压变形，还要求材料具有良好的加工性能。一、 刹车保持架的作用和分类 保持架是轴承的主要零件之一，保持架在滚动轴承中有四个基本作用：1分离滚动体；2将滚动体本身保持住或使其与一个套圈保持在一起；3

42、引导滚动体在正确的轨道上滚动；4.对滚动体定向、减少摩擦力。 按其制造工艺和所使用的材料保持架可分为：以低、中碳钢为材质的冲压保持架；以高强度铜合金（铅黄铜、镍、硅青铜等）、锌铝合金、球墨铸铁等为材质的合金实体保持架；以聚酰胺树脂为材质的工程塑料保持架；以酚醛层压布管为材质的酚醛胶木实体保持架。其中冲压保持架以其生产效率高，材质轻，强度好，覆盖范围广而得到广泛的应用。 保持架设计的基本要求是在一定的空间和结构强度上满足轴承的最大承载载荷和旋转精度和速度的要求，可根据轴承在主机中的使用工况及引导间隙的要求，确定内、外径或滚动体的引导方式，进而确定结构和主参数。滚动轴承在工作时，由于滑动摩擦而造成

43、轴承发热和磨损，特别是在高速运转的条件下，由于离心力、惯性力的作用，加速了轴承内部滚动体、内外圈与保持架的碰撞、摩擦磨损与发热，严重时会造成保持架烧伤和断裂，致使轴承不能正常使用，保持架损坏在轴承失效形式中占很大的比例，而在保持架损坏的原因中，保持架材质好坏又是主要原因之一。因此，要求轴承保持架的材质应具有良好的机械强度；尺寸的稳定性；良好的可塑性和可加工性等多方面性能。 由于保持架特有的加工方式或工艺难度的局限，并考虑其受力、润滑、速度、温度等各方面因素的影响以及市场对轴承高速、高精、重载、长寿命、低噪音的要求，轴承保持架技术的不断改进和发展已成为必然。 二、 冲压保持架结构的衍变和发展 固

44、有滚动轴承的结构改进，除了增加滚动体数量和尺寸外，大多出于对轴承保持架结构的改进上。以冲压保持架为例，就有数十种结构类型。在此就其常见或通用的冲压保持架结构类型以及结构的衍变和发展介绍如下： 1深沟球轴承用保持架；其保持架类型有带引导挡边的浪形保持架；“S”形保持架；浪形保持架；冠形保持架；带爪浪形保持架；单向游隙浪形保持架；双K值浪形保持架。其中前五种结构均为老结构类型保持架。单向游隙浪形保持架和双K值浪形保持架、带油槽浪形保持架均为降低噪音而发展或探索出的新型结构保持架，同时可以提高保持架的润滑能力，对提高轴承的转速有很大帮助。国外向心球轴承保持架球兜孔采用正圆形或椭圆形，旋转灵活性好，游

45、隙变化范围为13-25微米，保持架结构趋向于加宽，（宽度比为球径的0.45-0.48），强度高，刚性好，球兜孔R的光亮带圆滑，饱满，平台间相互平行差小，采用带锥形过盈铆钉，定位精度高，适于高效率自动装配，铆合后，旋转灵活性好，噪音低。 2调心球轴承保持架，其结构有菊形保持架；葵形保持架；象鼻形保持架。该类冲压保持架在结构上基本没有多大变化，但冲压模具制造复杂，产品尺寸难以保证和检验，随着工程塑料保持架强度和耐高温性能的不断提高，有被其逐步替代的趋势。三、保持架的性质与作用 1：在保证强度的基础上，能够使轴承滚动体在数量或几何尺寸上得到增加，以提高轴承的承载能力和使用寿命。 2：具备有提高轴承的

46、自润滑的能力，同时可以降低噪音。满足轴承提高转速和减少噪音的要求。 3：具备有节约原材料和减少对周边环境的影响。提高材料利用率和节约原材料是大势所趋，尤其是铜材料的有限资源日益紧张，以钢代铜，以塑代铜都对保持架的结构改进和替代起到了促进作用。在环境方面，减少污染日益成为企业和社会关注的重点。 4.：提高保持架的表面硬度及润滑能力将成为新结构保持架的发展方向。当前，在环保条件下对冲压保持架表面所进行的抛丸、光饰、发蓝等物理、化学处理，都为降低保持架内应力，改善表面粗糙度及润滑能力起到了积极的作用。部分结构如圆锥、短圆柱及调心滚子轴承、滚针轴承保持架的表面渗碳、碳氮共渗或软氮化处理都对提高保持架的

47、机械强度和耐磨性，延长保持架的寿命起到关键性的作用。 任何新生事物的发生和发展都有其过程，保持架的结构改进与进步也不例外，技术进步和发展一直是轴承行业永恒的主题。新结构冲压保持架的生产与加工不但存在有技术困难，还存在有市场的接受能力的问题。但是，改进结构的保持架只要满足了提高轴承转速、载荷、寿命及降低了噪音，节约了原材料，就具备了发展的硬道理，就有生存和发展的空间，就必将为市场接受，从而占领市场，为企业和用户带来更加丰厚的回报。 四、保持架的工作效率与应用 冲压保持架制造工艺及其装备 国外深沟球轴承浪型保持架多为专业化、自动化生产，根据保持架的大小有两种主要生产方式：微型保持架采用卷料在高速单

48、工位压力机的复合级进模上完成，成型工艺为在卷料上精密步进57个工位，依次逐步下料，裁环，成型、整形、切边等工序。中小型保持架采用卷料在高速多工位压力机上冲压浪型保持架，先直接冲下环料，然后靠两边机械臂夹住步进送入各个工位，依次完成成型、冲铆钉孔、整形等工序。两种方式的特点都是模具复杂、制造精度高、寿命长、安全可靠、生产效率高，适合少品种、大批量生产。 国内浪型保持架过去多采用单台冲床单工序生产，一副保持架需4 -5台冲床、模具和为其操作的员工才能完成，模具简单效率低，生产成本高。为提高质量和效率，洛轴保持器厂率先在行业中开发了机械臂式多工位冲床，但由于模具和自控元件不过关、机床价格等原因，一直

49、得不到很好的推广和使用。山东聊城地区的一些企业如金帝、人和等在此基础上做了改进，采用单台冲床卷料自动冲环，再放到单台步进模机械臂上完成其他工序的方法使得模具和机床成本变得简单易行，又能大幅提高生产效率，因而在聊城的保持架专业生产地区得到推广和普及。浙江利隆于90年代起引进日本的卷料自动生产线生产微型保持架，通过对设备和模具的不断地消化吸收、创新改进，已大幅降低了模具和设备的使用成本，成为微型保持架生产的佼佼者。无锡安风也通过模仿和探索，成功地开发了卷料高速自动步进模，用于微型保持架的生产。 国内大部分滚针轴承保持架生产为单工序的冲窗孔机和冲孔、弯边、整形等方式，模具精度和生产效率远不能满足汽车工业大批量的配套要求。目前苏州轴承厂有限公司、襄轴、常州光洋分别引进了美国Torrington和日本公司的滚针轴承制造技术，使其拥有世界上最先进的滚针轴承专业工艺设备，如：瑞士SAFED公司的热处理炉；瑞典LIDING公司的无心磨床；英国PLATAR