高考英语语法-虚拟语气详解-训练精讲.doc

《高考英语语法-虚拟语气详解-训练精讲.doc》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《高考英语语法-虚拟语气详解-训练精讲.doc（7页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、优质文本虚拟语气陈述语气：表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感慨句。如：0-0There are two sides to every question./ 0-1Were you busy all day yesterday?祈使语气：表示说话人对对方的请求或命令。如：0-2Never be late again!/ 0-3Dont forget to turn off the light.虚拟语气：表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。如：0-4If I were a bird, I could fly in the air

2、. 一 真实条件与非现实条件真实条件表示现实情况中可能实现的情况而非真实条件表示与现实情况相反的假想。1-1 If the working conditions are not too bad, I will accept the job.如果工作条件不太差，我会接受这项工作。(真实条件)1-2 If the working conditions were not too bad, I would accept the job.如果工作条件不太差，我就接受这项工作了。(非真实条件) (事实是The working conditions are too bad,、I wont accept th

3、e job)1-3 He said if he failed, he would have another try.他说他如果失败，他还会再试一次。(真实条件)1-4 If he had failed, he would have had another try.如果他失败的话，他会再试一次的。(非真实条件)(事实是He didnt fail and he didnt have another try.)二 非真实条件句2.1 if条件状语从句中的虚拟语气 类别用法例句If引导的条件从 句与现在事实相反从句动词：过去式be用were主句动词：should/would/could/might+动

4、词原形If it werent snowing, we wouldnt stay in the house.事实上现在下雪If he hurried, he could catch the first bus.If it werent for your help, we would get into trouble. 与过去事实相反从句动词：had+过去分词主句动词：should/would/could/might+have+过去分词If I had been free, I would have visited you.If Bob had come with us, he would ha

5、ve had a good time.If you had taken my advice, you would not have made such a mistake.与将来事实相反从句动词：过去式/should+动词原形/ were+不定式主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原形If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go camping.We would stay at home if it should rain tomorrow.If I were to do the examination I would do

6、 it some other way.注意:主句中的should只用于I、we，但在美国英语中，should常被would代替；从句中的should可用于各种人称，且不可以被would所代替。2.2 混合虚拟结构2.2.1不同时间的虚拟If he had listened to me, he would not be in trouble now.从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反If he had told me yesterday, I should know what to do now. 从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反If I were you, I would have

7、gone to her birthday party. 从句与现在事实相反，主句与过去事实相反2.2.2 虚拟与陈述的混合He could have passed the exam, but he wasnt careful enough. You should have come earlier. The bus left a moment ago. 例题解析：The tree looked as if it _ for a long time.A. hasnt wateredB. didnt waterC. hadnt bee wateredD. wasnt watered那棵树看上去好象

8、很久没人给浇水了。答案是c三 含蓄条件句非真实条件句中的条件从句不出现if，假想条件只暗含在上下文中，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句。What would I have done without you? 如没有你，我会怎么办呢？(条件暗含在分词短语without you中)It would be easier to do it this way. 这样做会比较容易。(条件暗含在不定式短语to do it this way中)I would appreciate a little of your time. 谢谢你给我一点时间吧。(可能暗含if you were so kind as to give

9、me a little of your time) 3.1 without/but for/in the absence of 表示“要不是，“如果没有(相当于if it were not for)表示条件时，句中一般用虚拟语气。也可用陈述语气Without your help, I couldn t finish my work on time.In the absence of water and air, nothing could live. But for your assistance, we could not accomplish it.要不是你的帮助，我们是难有成就的。句中含

10、有or, or else, otherwise, but等词语，暗示句子的某一局部(前句或后句)需用虚拟语气。He was on business in Beijing at that time; otherwise he might have helped us。Luckily Mary telephoned to inform me of the meeting, or would have been I absent。I should have attended my friends wedding ceremony, but I couldnt afford the time。四 非真

11、实条件句倒装省略连词if。在书面语中，如果虚拟条件从句中有were，had 或 should，可以把if省略，把这几个词放到主语之前，构成主谓倒装。If he had seen you yesterday，he would have asked you about it. Had he seen you yesterday，he would have asked you about it. If I were you，I would do it at once. Were I you，I would do it at once. Should he come (If he should com

12、e), tell him to ring me up.Were I you (If I were you), I would not do it. 我要是你，就不做这事。Had he had lunch (If he had had lunch), he would not have eaten so many cookies.五 宾语从句中的虚拟语气5.1以下动词后的宾语从句中insist(坚持)， urge (催促)， order(命令)， command(命令)， request(请求，要求)， demand(要求)，require(要求，需要)suggest(建议)，advise(建议

13、)，propose(建议) , recommend(建议， 推荐) 用(should ) +动词原形He suggested that we (should) save money for the future.The undergraduate insisted that he (should) go to work in the south.注意：当suggest表示暗示，insist表示坚持观点，事实时，后接的宾语从句应当用真实语气。His silence suggested that he agreed with my decision.He insists that doing mo

14、rning exercises does well to peoples health. 例题详解：(1) “Shall I come tomorrow? “Id rather you _.A. wont B. didnt C. dont D. wouldnt(2) “Ive told him about it. “But Id rather you _.A. didnt B. hadnt C. dont D. wouldnt(3) “He will take you as well. “But Id rather he _.A. wont B. didnt C. doesnt D. woul

15、dntB5.2 wish后接that宾语从句表示一种假想情况，实现可能性较小对现在情况的虚拟，假想的情况与主句主语的愿望同时发生：宾语从句动词用过去式，谓语be用were。例：I wish I knew the answer to the question.我希望知道这个答案。(事实上是不知道)I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around. 但愿我的家乡四季如春。(事实上不可能)Now that he is in China, he wishes he understood Chinese.(wishes,过去虚拟动词unde

16、rstood)现在他在中国，他希望能懂得中文。(事实上并不懂)假想的情况在主句主语愿望前发生：宾语从句的谓语用过去完成时，例：I wish I hadnt wasted so much time.我懊悔不该浪费这么多时间。(事实上已浪费了)He wishes he hadnt lost the chance.他真希望没有失去时机。(其实已失去)We wished he had spoken to us. (事实上他并没同我们讲)例题分析：I wish I _ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.A. could

17、have slept B. sleptC. might have slept D. have slept动词wish后面接从句，表达不可能实现或与事实相反的情况时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气，即用过去式表示现在发生的动作或过去完成式表示过去发生的动作。此题后半句谓语动词have用的是过去时had to get up and come, 所以前面要用过去完成时表示过去发生的动作。所以, 选项A)could have slept是答案假想的情况在主句主语愿望之后发生：从句谓语动词用would+原形动词I wish it would stop raining. 我希望雨能停止I wish you woul

18、d be quiet. 我希望你安静一些。You wished she would arrive the next day. 你希望她第二天会到。I wish she would change her mind.我希望她会改变主意。六 主语从句中的虚拟语气6.1 It is suggested/advised/ordered/requested/required+that从句(should) doIt is proposed that more students should go to university.6.2 It is natural/necessary/strange +that从

19、句(should) do表惊奇、疑心、惋惜、不满、理应如此等。Its strange that he should have missed the train. 表竟然 It is important that we should learn from others.表理应如此It is a pity that he should not go with us.(表惊讶、不满)例题分析： It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios _ after 11 oclock at night.A. were not play

20、ed B. not be played C. not to play D. did not play全句意思是：“旅馆管理部门恳请客人晚上11点后不要翻开收音机。句中的谓语动词request请求所引出的从句应当用虚拟语气，即动词原形或“should动词原形。本句的主语从句中，主语radio是谓语动词play 的客体，谓语应当用被动语态。所以，答案是C) not be played。在上述这类句子中不能用动词过去时形式表示虚拟语气，所以A)不正确。选项B) not to play是动词带to的不定式，不能在句中作谓语。选项D)did not play也是动词play的过去时形式，同样不能在本句中

21、作为虚拟语气来使用。而且，它是主动语态形式，而此题要用被动语态。6.3 I It is high time that+从句= It is time that+从句，该是.的时候了，后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形，但should不可省略。It is (high/about) time we went home.It is time that the children went to bed.It is high time that the children should go to bed.七 其他名词性从句中的虚拟语气7.1 My advice/suggestion/r

22、equest/requirement/order/proposal+ is +表语从句(should) do My advice is that you should practise speaking English as often as possible.The order from the commander was that the troops should set off for the front immediately. His suggestion/advice/request/requirement+同位语从句(should) do+ is. The request th

23、at they should get more is reasonable.注意：在一些名词性从句中，谓语动词用“should+动词原形或“should +have done，表示惊讶、意志等感情色彩，译为“竟然，居然。I am surprised /shocked that you should speak in such a way。I find it astonishing that he should be so rude to his mum。It is strange /surprising that she should not have been invited。I am gl

24、ad that your story should have won the first prize。八 其他句式中的虚拟语气 would rather +从句，常用过去时did表示与现在或将来事实相反的愿望，用过去完成时had done表示与过去事实相反的愿望。I would rather you came tomorrow.I would rather you hadnt told her the news.Frankly speaking, I would rather you came tomorrow. The manager isnt available today.I would

25、 rather you had gone to the party with me last night. It was really wonderful.注意：would rather do sth例题解析：(1) “Shall I come tomorrow ? “Id rather you _.A. wont B. didnt C. dont D. wouldnt(2) “Ive told him about it. “But Id rather you _.A. didnt B. hadnt C. dont D. wouldnt(3) “He will take you as well

26、. “But Id rather he _.A. wont B. didnt C. doesnt D. wouldntB If only +从句 同样表示假想，意为“要是就好了 ，相当于wish (过去式-与现在相反)/ (would+动词原形-与将来相反) /( 过去完成时-与过去相反) If my grandmother were with me! 如果我的祖母与我在一起多好啊! If only she had not left! 如果她没走就好了!If only he would come tomorrow!If only I had taken her advice!注意：only i

27、f是“只要的意思，从句中用陈述语气例题解析：Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I _ your advice.A. follow B. had followed C. would follow D. have followedif only 引出感慨句，意思是“要是多好，表示说话人的一种愿望，希望发生事实上不可能发生与过去事实相反的情况。本句的全句意思是：“看我现在的处境多糟糕！要是我听从你的劝告多好。事实上，句中的“我没有听从劝告，所以处境很糟糕。题中空格处应当用虚拟语气，答案是B。 as if/though +从句 表示说话人假

28、想的情况，用法同wish (过去式-与现在相反)/ (would+动词原形-与将来相反) /( 过去完成时-与过去相反) He felt as if he alone were responsible for what had happened.他感到仿佛唯独他要对发生的一切负责。 The old man looked at the picture, he felt as though he had gone back to time 20 years ago.They talked and talked as if they would never meet again.他们谈了又谈，仿佛他

29、们不会再相见的样子。 lest, for fear that, in order that及in case引导的目的状语从句中，其谓语动词多由should动词原形构成，should可省略He was punished lest he should make the same mistake again他被处以惩罚以免他再犯。例题解析：The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he _ himself.A. injureB. injured C. had injureD. would injure这个疯子被关进墙上装有衬垫的病房，以免伤了他

30、自己。答案是a表祝愿常用“may+动词原形表示祝愿，但愿，此时may须置于句首多用于正式文体中。May good luck be yours!祝你好运！ May you be happy!祝你快乐！May you do even better!祝你取得更大成就！1 - Im sorry. I _ at you the other day.- Forget it. I was a bit out of control myself. A. shouldnt shoutB. shouldnt have shoutedC. mustnt shoutD. mustnt have shouted2 Th

31、ank you for all your hard work last week. I dont think we _ it without you.A. can manage B. could have managed C. could manage D. can have managed3. _ he had not hurt his leg, John would have won the race. A. If B. SinceC. Though D. When4 - If the traffic hadnt been so heavy, I could have been back

32、by 6 oclock. - What a pity! Tina _here to see you. A. is B. was C. would be D. has been5 I was really anxious about you. You _home without a word.A. mustnt leave B. shouldnt have leftC. couldnt have left D. neednt leave6 He suggested that the person _to be punished.A. refers B. refer C. should refer

33、 D. referred7 - Do you think the thief entered the room through the back door?- No, if he had, I dont believe he _the living-room window.A. would break B. broke C. would have broken D. breaks8 Without electricity, human life _quite different today. A. is B. will be C. would have been D. would be9 -

34、_he come to see you as he promised? - Of course, please, and Id rather he _ me the truth. A. Will; informed B. Shall; told C. Should; will tell D. Can; tell10 - He looks very hot and dry.- So _ if you had a temperature of 39. A. would you B. will you C. would you have been D. do you考题精释1. B。考查虚拟语气中情

35、态动词的选择。should have done是虚拟用法，表示对过去情况的懊悔或责备，D项 语气太重，不符合语境。2. B。此题考查情态动词表示虚拟意义的用法。I dont think是否认前移。意为：我认为没有你我们本不 能做成这件事的。此题关键是要根据句意知道是虚拟语气，其根本形式是情态动词过去式+ have done，所以其他选项皆可排除。3. A。从题干意思看，句子明显用虚拟语气。If可引导虚拟的条件从句，指与事实相反或不可能实现的假 设。对过去的情景表达虚拟时条件句谓语用had + 过去分词，主句用would/ could/ should have done形式。4. B。透过虚拟语

36、气透漏的信息：因交通拥挤，我六点以前没能及时赶回；所以下文说：真遗憾，Tina六点 以前在was这里要见你，但现在已经走了，上句虚拟，下句真实。5. B。语境告诉考生，说话者对对方非常担忧又满怀关切之情，既着急又生气，因此难免说出埋怨的话：你 本不该不辞而别而使我如此担忧。shouldnt have left是一种虚拟说法，即“过去本不该离开，符合 语境。6. D。suggest的宾语从句常用虚拟语气“(should)+原形动词， 故易误选B, C.其实该题考查的是过去分词 短语referred to作定语，从句的谓语是(should) be punished.7. C。对话中的No是关键词，

37、说明答话人已经否认小偷进入过房间，所以后面的议论用的是与过去事实相反 的虚拟语气。8. D。“假设今天没有电，人们的生活就大不同了，是一种虚拟表达，要用与现在事实相反的虚拟语气谓 语，应选D. 这里Without短语表示虚拟条件。9. B。考查情态动词和虚拟语气的运用。表示征询意见，shall用于第一、三人称；would rather后接从句用过 去时表示虚拟语气。10. A。根据句子的内在逻辑暗示这里应用“so +谓语+主语句型表示前边的一种情况也适用于后者；本句 中从句谓语动词had是解题的关键，这暗示if从句使用了虚拟语气，那么与将来事实相反的主句谓语要用 could，would原形动词

38、等，应选A。11 I forget where I read the article, or I _ it to you now.A. will show B. would show C. am going to show D. am showing【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能误选。【分析】正确答案选B。根据上文的语境可知句中的 or 隐含有一个虚拟的条件，即 or=if I didnt forget where I read the article要是我没忘记我在哪儿读过这篇文章的话但事实上忘了。12. “It looks as if he were drunk. “So it does. _

39、.A. Hed better give up drinkingB. He shouldnt have drunk so muchC. Health is more important than drinkD. I wonder why he is always doing so【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能误选，主要是受句中 drunk 一词的影响。【分析】最正确答案为D。关键信息是It looks as if he were drunk 中的虚拟语气，句子既然用了虚拟语气，也就是说，“他喝醉了不是事实，只是他的言行好似是醉了，所以此题的最正确答案是D。13. “Mary looks hot an

40、d dry “So _ you if you had so high a fever.A. doB. areC. willD. would【陷阱】容易误选A或C。选A者，认为前后两句的动词性质应一致；选C者，认为其后带有if 条件状语从句，从语气上看，主句应用将来时态。【分析】此题最正确答案为D。分析如下：(1) “so + 助动词 + 主语是一个很有用的结构，它表示“也一样时。如：He likes to watch TV, and so do I. 他喜欢看电视，我也一样。When animals and plants disappear, so will man. 当动植物消失的时候，人类

41、也会随之消失。(2) 由于空格后的 if 条件状语从句的谓语用的是虚拟语气这是很重要的信息，所以主句要用 would 而不用 will，即答案应选D。14. “He will come tomorrow. “But Id rather he _ the day after tomorrow.A. will comeB. is comingC. cameD. had come【陷阱】容易误选A或B。根据上文的 He will come tomorrow 以及下文的时间状语 the day after tomorrow 似乎都说明空白处应填一个一般将来时态。【分析】但此题的最正确答案是 C。按照英

42、语习惯，would rather 后接that 从句时，从句谓语通常要用虚拟语气，即用过去式表示现在或将来，用过去完成时表示过去。15. All the doctors in the hospital insisted that he _ badly wounded and that he _ at once.A. should be; be operated onB. were; must be operated onC. was; should be operatedD. was; be operated on【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能误选。【分析】最正确答案选 D。insist后的从句谓

43、语有时用“should+动词原形这样的虚拟语气，有时不用，具体要看该谓语动词所表示的含义。一般说来，假设该谓语动词所表示的动作尚未发生，或尚未成为事实，那么用虚拟语气；假设该谓语动词所表示的动作已经发生，或已经成为事实，那么要用陈述语气。分析上题的句意，可知只有选D最适宜。请做以下类似试题答案选B：16. _ smoking, he would not have got cancer in the lung.A. Was he given upB. Had he given upC. Did he giveD. If he gave up【陷阱】容易误选 D。【分析】正确答案应选B。之所以不能

44、选D，是因为时态前后有矛盾。由于主句谓语是would not have got，这说明是对过去事实作出的假设，所以从句谓语应该是 had given up，而不是像D项那样用一般过去时。另外，当虚拟条件句中有 had, should, were 等词时，通常可以省略 if，并将 had, should, were 提前置于句首。又如：(from )Were they to cease advertising, prices would come down.= If they were to cease advertising, prices would come down. 如果他们停止做广告，价钱会降下来。Had I been there, I would have filmed the occasion.= If I had been there, I would have filmed the occasion. 如果我在那里，我会把那场面拍摄下来了。17. Thank you for all your hard work last week. I don