考研英语语法.pdf

《考研英语语法.pdf》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《考研英语语法.pdf（44页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、句子的结构句子的省略一非谓语动词（多个句子，连接在一起，相同的主语省略，就出现了非谓语动词）He is lying in bed,while he is reading a book.相同的部分省略He is lying in bed,while reading a book.He is lying in bed,reading a book.A woman who was wearing a black coat asked me the way to the nearest hospital.A woman wearing a black coat asked me the way to

2、the nearest hospital.非谓语不难，doing表示主动，done表示被动，to do表示目的，掌握到这就可以了；这里有个核心问题，要注意，至于做什么成分，不重要，关键是要找到非谓语动词的参照物，也就是表示主动，表示被动，到底是修饰谁的，也就是找到主语。看真题：Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products.（2011 年阅读text3）找参照物，2 种方法，就近或就远，就近有名词，此例是非谓语动词作定语，If that happens,passionate consum

3、ers would try to persuade others to boycott products,put（ing thereputation of the target company at risk.（2011 年阅 读 text3）句子的补充1.成分的补充：定 语（修饰名词）、状 语（修饰整个句子）、补语、同位语看一段话：The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director hasbeen the talk of the classical-music wo

4、rld ever since the sudden announcement of his appointmentin 2009.（2011 年阅读 textl）介词短语（一般表示时间、地点、方式等）、形容词副词（修饰限定）One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that mostmembers of the land community have no economic value.（2010 年翻译）Writing in the last year of his life

5、,he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mindhad changed during the preceding twenty or thirty.（2008 年翻译）2.句式的补充：倒装/强调3.考点的补充：it/asIt作为形式主语 Lt doesnt seem quite fair,then,to compare the regrets of parems【0 theregrets of ihe childless.It s hard 1。imagine thai many peoHe are dumb en

6、ough to wantchildren just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous:most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut.,But it s interesting to wonder if tho images we see evefree,harwincns enhancing Darenthood arent Insubconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactactual experienc

7、e,in the same way that a small part ofthe Rachel might make us look just a little bit like JennN（2011 年阅读 Text 4）II t作为形式宾语，了解，一般用于主谓宾补句型中，因为宾语太长，替换下The financial crisis has made it more acceptableto be between jobs or to leave a bad one.as可以引导状语、定语从句，考研中，引导状语从句比较多,as可以引导5种状语从句1.表示当*时候，引导时间状语从句2.表示因

8、为，引导原因状语从句3.表示与*相比较，引导比较状语从句4.表示按照*方式，引导方式状语从句5.表示尽管*,引导让步状语从句三、考研真题的应用学习步骤：1.基础语法讲解2.考研真题应用应用1.读句子（完形+阅读）长难句分析01.谓语动词的分类句子的结构1.简单句谓语动词的分类看到长难句，数谓语动词，有几个谓语动词，就有几个句子，就有几件事。I likg reading.Birds fly in the sky.We walked on the street yesterday.The bride kissed the groom.You look at me.介宾结构1 .分清及物不及物动词，

9、很有用，如果是不及物，后面就不用看了；如果是及物动词，后面的内容，是动作的承受者，要看的，需要找到宾语。（作 用1：分清谓语动词后是否还有核心成分）2 .如果看到一个长难句，通过直接分析句子的成分，不一定能分析出来，也就是不一定能把从句搞清楚。有个简单的办法，找到从句，向前看，看它挨着谁，如果前面挨着及物动词，说明这是动宾结构，因此是宾语从句。也可能是 介 词（作 用1：分析从句）不及物动词v i.-主谓及物动词vt无实义主谓双宾主谓宾有实义语法书上讲，什么词可以接一个宾语，什么词可以接双宾语，问题这样的词，不方便记忆，也不方便用有个简便的方法双宾语通常由一个人，一个物，组成双宾语。因此，只要

10、判断哪些词可以同时接人+物，就可以判断了。如：e a t s t h可以，e a t s b就不行，这 样e a t就不能接双宾语。T e l l s t h/s b都可以，因此能接双宾语O f f e r s t h/s b都可以，因此能接双宾语 They offered rne a vacant pose.双宾语位置可以互换，但需要加介词前一个例子，表示方向用t。；后一个例子，表目的用f o r；不及物动词v i.-主谓有实义主谓宾及 物 动 词 工主谓双宾分 类 主谓宾补无实义主谓宾写完，如果句子还差点，可以用补语补上，看例子 I find HongKong.?I find HongKo

11、ng very beautiful.补语全称叫，宾语补足语，因此补语是修饰宾语的 I find HongKong a good place for shopping谓语动词的分类，决定了简单句分为5 类简单句可以分为5 类1,主谓2,主谓宾3,主谓双宾4,主谓宾补5,主谓系表0 2.谓语动词的变化（时态）时态，表示时间和状态语态，主动、被动语态情态，谓语前加情态动词，如must,may,could,can,needn,t*变态，实际是改变时态，表示虚拟，如：if I were you,*把英文翻译为中文，就能知道是不是表示虚拟了；n.+v.动词的口丁母,动词的语态,动词的情态,动 词 的变态时

12、态时态共16种，其中3种，遇到很少：过去将来进行时、过去将来完成时、将来完成进行时;最常用其中的8种；实际上只要看成时、态，就可以了；现在完成时1 .现在完成时，不一定表示都做完了，可能有一部分没有做完；2.只是用于汇报现在完成的状况；就是站在现在的角度，往前看，之前发生的事情3.记住5个字，现在的之前看例句：We have studied English for ten They have tried te help him hundreds of times.考研真题i：The reason,of course,is that costs haverocketed and ticket p

13、rices have stayed low.The reason,of course,is that costs haverocketed and ticket prices have staved low.（2006年阅读 Text 2）考研真题2：The notion is that people have failed to detectthe massive changes which have happened inthe ocean because they have been lookingback only a relatively short time into the pa

14、st.（2006年阅读 Text 3）The notion is that people have failed to detectthe massive changes which have happened inthe ocean because they have been lookingback only a relatively short time into the past.（2006年阅读 Text 3）现在The problem is serious.过去The problem was serious.从过去到现在IThe problem has been serious.看

15、考研真题:The decision of the New York Philharmonicto hire Alan Gilbert as its next music directorhas been the talk of the classical-music worldever since the sudden announcement of hisappointment in 2009.（2011 年阅读 Text 1）关于现在完成时，要记住3 件事：I.现在完成时的形式：have/has+done2,现在完成时的用法：记住5 个字，现在的之前3,现在完成时的跨越的时间段：站在现在，

16、表达既与过去有关系，又与现在有关系的事情过去完成时：站在过去，看之前将来完成时：站在将来，看之前过去完成时h,ad+done.A t*tdid一般过去时 过去完成时I一般过去时，表示过去之后发生过去完成时，表示过去之前发生过去 过去的之前一般过去时 过去完成时When he got there,she had leftShe was not there.看考研真题:Writing in the last year of his life,he expressed the opinion that in two orthree respects his mind had changeddurin

17、g the precdiQg twenty or thirtyyears.（2008年翻译）完成进行时完成时的基础上，正在进行，强调没做完，还正在做Have been doing（公式），见下表态日一 进行be doing完成have done完成进行have been doingi_过去现在do/does将来wdUtoam/Wire*104ng co do现在完成时H e h a s w a it e d f o r 3 h o ur s.现在完成进行时H e h a s b e e n w a it in g f o r 3 h o ur s.看真题:The latest revoluti

18、on isnt simply a matter ofgentlemen reading Oitrgentlemen,s email.That kindof electronic spying has been noinR on for decades.口 好 阅 读Text 1)过去将来时、态进行be doing完成have done过去did现在do/does将来wLdoim/n/are*gowig to do1过 去 将 来 湍 篝 6 CO 03.谓语动词的变化（语态）1包吃了那个蛋糕。主语 宾语蛋糕被狗吃了.被动语态应用范围：1.及物动词才可以有被动语态2.当然不及物动词加介词，也可以

19、有被动语态被动语态公式:被动语态be+done公式简单，但是使用时，be和 done都会有很多相应的变化，要注意英语思维中文中有“被”字，使用被动语态，是不完整的，只要主语是被动的，就要使用被动语态。教室每天都打扫.被动语态公式详解:被动语态be+done被动的 时 间被动的 动作b e除了表示时间，也就是要表示时态，也要表示主语的单复数练习下：教室每天都打扫。Classrooms are cleaned(clean)every day.Everyday确定一般现在时，room s,确定复数一座新的大楼去年建造的.A new building was built(build)last year

20、这两个例子很简单，但是被动语态可以与各种时态相结合，提高难度。I被动语态 be+done他每天被打。他 转 被打T.他明天将要被打.He IS beaten every day.He WHS beaten yesterday.He Will be beaten tomorrow.他现在正在被打.HeiS being beaten.他现在已经被打了.He har been beaten.常用的是后两种：现在进行时被动语态：Am/is/are+being+done,表示现在正在被*现在完成时被动语态：have/has+been+done，表示现在的之前被*举例介绍被动语态与从句相结合:It has

21、 been found that even peopleinsensitive to a certain smell at first cansuddenly become sensitivto it whenexposed to it often enoughs(2005年完形填空)、举例介绍被动语态与情态动词相结合:F ls in e s w r e h e w r d _P l e i c e sP l s i c e sP l a c e sto ec a n t&Io o u ilc l t)与 t青壬动 询卡目上吉 咨04.谓语动词的变化（语态）2-情态,In such a cas

22、e,the companys response may not be sufficientlyquick or thoughtful,and the learning curve has been steep.（2011 年阅读 Text 3）Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if theyshouldnt have had kids,but unhappy childless folks arebothered with the message that children are the single mostimportant th

23、ing in the world:obviously their misery must be adirect result of the gaping,baby-size holes in theire（2011年阅读 T ext 4）0 5.并列句一一含义、并列连词并列句含义：1.并列句多件事一样重要2.2件或以上事件数量并列连词：顺接*and*如果两件事，不意外叫顺接，意外的，叫转折Both*and*Not only*but*as wellNot only*but*as alsoNot only*butNot only*省略 but转折*bul*小窍门：阅读和听力中，遇到转折词，转折之后

24、的内容更重要*yet*still*古英语常用*vvhile*however*or*Either*or*或者*或者*,表示二选一neither*nor*既不*也不*,表示两者都不选因果*砧产*表示原因（because,since,a s,也表示原因，但是不能作为并列连词，因 为 fo r表示原因时，只能放在前果后因两个句子中间，不能挪动位置，这三个词表示原因可以放在句首、尾，位置不固定，所以，这三个词不能作为并列连词）*so*表示结果0 6.并列句省略并列句独有的特点：并列句之间，相同的部分可以省略，余下的保持不变 I am a teacher and I like English.I am a

25、 teacher and like English.I am lying in bed and I am reading a book.I am lying in bed and reading a book.I want to leave and I want to go abroad I want to and co go abroad.相同到哪，就省略到哪考试真题:The financial crisis has made it more acceptable t。bebetween jobs or to leave a bad one.（2011 年阅读 Fext 2）To be su

26、re,he performs an impressive variety ofinteresting compositions,but it is not necessary for met。visit Avery Fisher Hall,or anywhere else,to he/rinteresting orchestral music.（2011 年阅读 Text!）All I have to do is to ga to my CD shelf,or boot up mycomputer and download still more recorded music fromTunes

27、.（2011 年阅读 TexC）For the time,attention,and money of the art-lovingpublic,classical Instrumentalists must compete notonly with opera houses,dance troupes,theatelcompanies,and museums,but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century.（20111iffli Text J如果有三件并列

28、的事，用*and*and*,很麻烦，一般这样处理，“1,2and3”Besides generating income,the presence of othermarketers makes the site seem objectivet givescompanies opportunities to learn valuableinformation about the appeal of other companies*marketin%rnd man hclD expand user traffic for allcompanies conce布年阅读 Text 3)从句并列 I b

29、elieve that he will help us and I believe that wecan make it.I believe that he will help us and that we can make it.0 7.复合句宾语从句1多个句子不一样重要，组合在一起，形成复合句一、句子的结构二、句子的省略三、句子的补充（一）简单句（-）并列句（三）复合句主 句+从句.I）名词性从2）定语从勺3）状语从1名词性从句含义就是一个句子，用作名词名词性从句分为以下四类主语从句宾语从句表语从句同位语从句相同点：这四种从句，写法相同，会写宾语从句就会写其他三种不同的：放的位置不同宾语从

30、句含义：用一个句子做宾语主句宾语从句写法:(1)陈述句变宾语从句？You are right.(that)you are rightI know_陈述句前加th a t,起到分隔得作用，不做成分，可以省略，单尽量不要省略，因为宾语、表语从句中th a t,可以随意省略，但主语、同位语从句中不能省略。(2)特殊疑问句变宾语从句？What will she say?what she will sayI know_放进来，要调整语序，变为陈述语序，主语提前特殊疑问词，含 2 类l.wh开头的，如时间w hen,地点w here,人 w h o,什么what2.how(3)一股疑问句变宾语从句？Is

31、he happy?whether/if he is happyI know_放进来，i.要调整语序，变为陈述语序，主语提前2.添加连接词Weather/If,Weather可以随便用，If不可以随便用(if用在句首，主语从句不能用；if后+or not不能用；if后+todo不能用；)一般疑问句，能够用yes,no回答快速写从句宾 语 从 句 t司 +国 东 过 句(1)1 k n o w t h a t y o u a r e r i q t it.(2)1 k n o w w h a t s h e w ill s a y.(3)1 k n o w w h e t h e r h e is

32、 h e io o y.0 8.复合句宾语从句2练习写宾语从句*我承诺我会帮助你。I promise_I will help you.That你从来没告诉过我，你对我的电脑做了什么。You never told me_you had done to mycomputer.x.What我想知道什么时候我们将会出发。I wonder_we will set out.When他们不知道他们是否会按时完成工作。They dont know_they will finish the workon time./Whether这里说的，都是最简单的词汇，最简单的句型，加大难度如果主句是疑问句，从句依然用正常

33、语序写入即可你能告诉我什么时候我们将会出发吗?Can you tell me_When we will set out.我担心是否伤害了她的感情。be worried about her feelings,I am worried about.I am worried about whether hurt herfeelings.谓语后面是介词，也可以跟宾语从句难度稍微提高一些我们不知道什么时候政府将会解决环境污染的问题。We dont know We dont know when the governmentsolve the problems of environmentalpolluti

34、on.1/主语从句宾语从句表语从句同位语从句名词性从句有以上4 种，写法都是一样的（仅仅略有不同，前面有提到），写法相同，但是位置不同，这里总结下4 种从句的位置，这个很重要1.宾语从句的位置：3 种第 1种，动宾，及物动词；动 双 宾（人+物），及物动词（常见）,I dont know when vou will finish the work.,No one tells me when vou will finish the work.第 2 利 介 宾（少一些）I am worried about whether hurt her feeling第 3 种，形容词+从 句（很少出现）没有

35、形宾这件事，原因是形容词后面的介词省略了 Are you positive（that）youve neman before?2.其他从句的位置,We know*.The big news is_.is big news.We know the big news 、09.复合句一一表语从句含义：一个句子做表语写法：同宾语从句，一般放在主系表结构中，放在系动词后面。系动词有很多，但大多数表语从句，就跟在be动词后面。*我的担心是人们不关心其他人。My concern isabout others.重点是这个计划是否会被取消。The point is whether the plan will be

36、canceled./其他系动词 The question remains whether people willbuy it./thatdont care表语从句，因为受到用法的限制，一般考研中较少遇到，宾语从句是重点，同位语从句也比较常见10.复合句-同位语从句含义：一个句子做同位语（解释说明名词）写法：同宾语从句（最常用的是that+陈述句，同位语从句中的that不做成分，不能省略）,一般放在名词后，但并不是放在所有名词后，要放在需要解释的抽象名词后 fact,idea,news,dream,suggestion,advice,report./我不怀疑他将会帮我的忙。I have no d

37、oubt that he will do me a favour,I have no doubt that he will help me/我支持这种论据，校车问题必须被严肃对待。support argument be taken seriously I support the argument that the uroblemrschool buses must be taken seriously./,11.复合句一一主语从句含义：一个句子做主语（解释说明名词）写法：同宾语从句（that不能省略，而且只能用w hether,不能用if）,一般放在句首，如果太长可以放在后面，前面留下形式主语

38、i t,放在句尾的最常见线上购物使我们的生活更加容易，这是个事实；That shopoin。online makes our life much easier Isa fact.这里的th a t,不能省略也可以这样写Ils a fact that shopping online makes our life much easier.我们是否将会去露营取决于天气。go camping depend on Whether we will go camping depends on theweather.也可以这样写 It depends on the weather whether wecarr

39、wing.考研写作，使用it是采分点补充一部分练习：,Writing in the last year of his life,he expressedthe opinion that in two or three respects hismind had changed during the precedinHtwenty or thirty vears.一讲了一些技巧，向前看，是抽象名词，是同位语从句,One basic weakness in a conservation systembased wholly on economic motives is thatmost member

40、s of the land community have noeconomic value.（2010年翻i制向前看，系动词b e,是表语从句,He points out that he always experiencedmuch difficulty in expressing himself clearlyand concisely,but he believes that this verydifficulty may have had the compensatingadvantage of forcing him to think long andintently about ev

41、ery sentence,and thusenabling him to detect errors in reasoning a*in his own observations.(2008年翻译/拿到长句子，首先看到的就是找连接点，想办法断开，找连接词或标点符号,He points out that he always experienced muchdifficultv in expressing himself clearly andconcisely,but he believes that this very difficulty may havehad the comoensati

42、nR advantage of forcing him&think lone and intently about every sentence,arthus enabling him to detect errors in reasoningand in his own observations.再看一篇练习 Its no surprise that Jennifer Seniors insightful,provocative magazine cover story,Love MyChildren,I Hate My Life/is arousing muchchatternothing

43、 gets people talking like thesuggestion that child rearing is anything less.：than a completely fulfilling,life-enrichingexperience.(2011年 Text 4)，破折号一般表示进一步解释前面的lt,s no surprise that Jennifer Seniorsinsightful,provocative magazine cover storv,ILove Mv Children,I Hate Mv Life,“is arousingmuch chatter

44、.(2011年阅读这是一个主语从句12.定语从句1含义：一个句子做定语（定语的作用是修饰限定，通常修饰限定名词）位置：中文修饰名词，放在名词前；英语与中文相反，英语修饰限定名词，谁长谁就放到后面去，因此通常都放在被修饰名词的后面；写法：见后面使用广泛，考研使用频率非常高，是非常重要的句型This is t h e 我 梦 代 很 多 年 日 勺 job.先看演变成为定语从句This is the job.I have dreamed of the job for years.This is the job.I have dreamed of the job for years.w hichTh

45、is is the job which I have dreamed of for ye第This is the job which I have dreamed of for years.提两个名词This is the job which I have dreamed of for years.,定语从句*先 行 词 关 系 畲 售定语从句引出词，叫关系词或引导词，被修饰的词叫先行词下面看下，如何直接写出定语从句其实定语从句就是一个普通的陈述句，前面加上一个关系词（引导词）This is the job.AI have dreamed of the job for years.I BWcT

46、his is the job which I havereamed 4ars.A=C写法结论：先把定语从句写成陈述句，在前面加上关系词（引导词），关系词的选择由，被修饰先行词决定，看下图 物 人 人 的/物 的 时间 地点 原因which/thatwho/whom/thatwhosewhenwherewhy补充:指人、物这两种最常见Lthat既可以指人，也可以指物that在定语从句中做成分，但名词性从句中that不做成分2.指人Who在定语从句中可以做任何成分Whom在定语从句中只能做宾语3.省略，做宾语可以省略（无论在动词或介词后，做宾语，都可以省略）13.定语从句21.I have a c

47、lass_ begins at 8:00 am.W hich/that,从句中做主语，不能省略2.The lawyer_my brother called didnt answerthe phone.A分析长难句，从句通常在第二个谓语动词前结束，因此需要数谓语动词的个数Who/whom/that,这三个都可以使用，也可以不填，因为做从句的宾语3.My daughter asked me a question_I cotanswer.4.The people_ sat in the stadium cheered forthe home team.、W ho/that,从句第二个谓语动词前结束，

48、到 stadium结束，从句中做主语，不能用whom,不能省略5.Leo is the studentbike was stolen.W hose,自行车是student的6.Australia is one of the few countriespeople drive on the left.Where7.Sunday is the daygo to work.people usually dntW h e n8.Is there any particular reasoncan t come?W h y下面自己写定语从句写好陈述句，加上关系词the teacher whotaught

49、me English last year那个去 年 教 过 我 奂曲 工the book Which.HI bought yesterday-I：a friend w h。sent me a le tte r寄给我一封信的一个the game whichboys play every男孩们每天玩的那，I皿the passenger whoflew from London to Beiiing（过去）从伦敦飞到北京的手提高点难度1）I lost the book_我弄丢了上周从图书馆借的书.2)The woman我在公园看见那位女士正在喂鸽子.was feeding pigeons.3)We l

50、ike Professor Lee_我们尊欢李载根他的讲座非非常精彩.4)The bus_ is usually very crowded.我每天上学坐的那辆公交车总是很拥挤.5)I cannot remember the day _ _我记不起上一次我们是什么时候碰面的.13.定语从句3-分类限定性定语从句，非限定性定语从句，一个有逗号，一个没有逗号，但是这不是根本区别先举两个简单的例子I met your friend_ who is staying in Paris.先行词需要限定，不能加逗号(friend不明确，因此需要限定)这是限定性定语从句，不加逗号I met your mothe