商务英语泛读教案.pdf

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1、2009年第学期商务英语泛读教案Teaching Notes for Business English Extensive Reading课程内容及目标：i阅读理解：能够读懂英语国家出版的中等难度的各种材料和文章（包括新闻电讯与特写、短文、电报、传记、游记及史地科普文章）、难度相当于The moon Is D ow n的文学原著、Readers Digest等报刊、杂志，以及少年百科全书中各种文章。阅读速度为80个词/分钟，能了解中心大意，抓住主要论点或情节；能根据所读材料进行推理和分析，领会作者的真实意图。H快速阅读：能在3-4分钟内速读1000词左右的中等难度的文章（生词不超过总词数3%）

2、,了解中心大意，根据上下文和构词知识猜测和判断词义。快速阅读可分为：1、略读：耍求以“全景式”浏览全文。目的是检查对文章大意的理解程度。重点放在从整体意义上把握作者思维的轨迹。包括：文章的中心思想、作者的观点、文章的风格、文章的口吻、文章的体裁。2、寻读：旨在寻找各种特定的具体信息，不要求了解全文大意。寻读的阅读材料可分为：英语词典，百科全书，年鉴，广告，说明书，图表，旅游见闻，信件，火车、飞机、轮船、浏览车的时刻表，索引，数据，菜单，报刊、杂志，论文、备忘录、报告、讲座等的摘选篇章。教学环节：1,Reading Skill 2、3,Text 4 Vocabulary Building 5xC

3、loze 6Text 7 Stepl：快 速 逊 全 文，旨在绘文章的主旨及把握文章结构。不求完全看懂每词每句的意思。Step 2：逐个看问题。Step3：磔与回答问题相关的信息。（*|可的就是要只花时间在与回答问题相关的词句上面。尽量减少作无用功。）Step 4：分析信息，逊答案。（*要充分利用你的经验、知识和直觉。）Step 5：评选多选项，选出与自己的推断答案一致的选项。（*正确的选择项不过是对自己推断答案的确认。）具体执行要点：Step 1：快 速 逊 全 文，旨在鹿度文章的主旨及把握文章结构。不求完全看懂每词每句的意思。1.英语议论文和说明文的典型结构：I.IntroductionT

4、he subject or topic.A statement of the problem,etc.Commentson the way it is to be treated.IL DevelopmentPresentation,analysis and discussion(involving comments onadvantages and disadvantages).1.main idea.(+examples,details)2.main idea(+examples,details)3.etc.III.ConclusionPerhaps a summary of the ma

5、in points in ILOwn views/opinions and decisions.3.英语议论文和说明文的典型段落:Developing ParagraphsMain linking words1Cause and effect因果型why did X happened?what caused X?thecause is.,because/because of,the reasonsfor.,since,now that,as a result of,onaccount of,for this reason,owing to,dueto,the result/effect/con

6、sequence of.,thus,hence,therefore,so,so that,result in,leadto,consequently,accordingly,.2Comparison and contrast比较和对比型more than,less than,as.as.,notso.as.,the same as.,similarly,likewise,just as,in comparison with,compared with,in contrast,while,whereas,on the other hand,on the contrary,however,.3Ex

7、emplification举例型for example,for instance,that is to say,thatis,namely,say,suppose,such as,oneexample is.,take.as an example,thereare many examples to show.4Interpretation of data解释型according to,in accordance with,in relationto,as can be seen from thechart/diagram/table/graph,as shown in thetable/fig

8、ure/chart,5Listing列举型first,second,third,.lastin the first place,then,next,besides,in addition to,moreover,furthermorefinally,.6Classification分类型be classified into.,consist of.,comprises,is composed of.,is dividedinto.,constitutes,7Generalization演绎概括型It is generally accepted/argued/held/believed that

9、.,generally speaking,8Drawing conclusions归纳推理型In short,in a word,in brief,to sum up,inconclusion,on the whole,altogether,inall,.1.演绎型段落：主题句通常在段落的开头。2.归纳型段落：主题句通常在段落的末尾。3.将各段落的主题句概括起来就是主题思想。Step 2：逐个看问题。阅读问题的主要类型：就文章主题、段落大意提问What is the passage mainly about?What do we learn from the last paragraph?就作

10、者观点、态度提问What is the authors attitude toward high-tech communications equipment?In the authors view,high service standards are impossible in I s r a e l.就文章基调、写作目的提问Which of the following best describes the authors tone in the passage?The authors purpose in writing the passage is.就逻辑性推理判断提问 ,It can b

11、e inferred from the passage t hat.It can be concluded from the passage t hat.Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?This passage is most probably taken from an article entitled就具体的细节确认康问Why did Bezaqs international branch lose 40%of its market share?Who can make big money

12、 in the new century according to the passage?What is the real cause of the potential water crisis?就词汇、短语的意义提问In the passage,44out of sight and out of mind(Line 2,Para.3)probably m e a n s.The word spas(Line 2,Para 3)most probably me a n s.Step 3：搜索与回答问题相关的信息。如何搜索与问题相关的信息：I.抓问题中的关键词语：2.基于对段落大意和文章结构把握

13、(S te p l),以及问题类型对信息的要求(Step 2),运用快读法(Skimming),找到与回答问题相关的语句；3.运用详细研读法(Scanning),获取这些语句传达的信息。Step 4：分析信息，摧新答案。推断出正确的答案主要受三个因素的影响：I.英语基础知识和应用技能；2.应试者的综合知识；3.科学的思维方法。分析问题的方法：根据问题的类型，相机抉择。一、关于主题思想(Subject Matter)Subject Matter(SM中心思想)是作者在文章中要表达的主要内容，是贯穿全文的核心。作者在文章中努力通过各种Supporting Details来阐明中心议题。因此，把握主

14、要思想对于全文理解具有重要意义。主旨题类常被列为5题之首。然而，如何找出主题常使考生倍感棘手。因为他们总希望通过某个词或某句话就能找到答案，而找主:题往往需要通读全文后才能作出判断。针对S M问题，应采用快速阅读法(Skimming)浏览全文，理解文章主旨大意，阅读时要注意抓住中心思想的句子在文章中的位置也不同，但阅读时，文章的开头、结尾及段落的段首句和段尾句特别重要，因为他们往往名包含文章的中心议题(SM).根据问题内容的不同，这类问题可分成主题型、标题型和目的型。主题型一目了然就是找中心(Mainldea)：标题型是为文章选择标题(Title)；目的型就是推断作者的写作意图(Purpose

15、)。这类题常见的命题方式有：(1)What is the main idea(subject)of this passage?(2)What does this passage mainly(primarily)concerncd?(3)The main theme of this passage is.(4)The main point of the passage is.(5)Which of the following is the best title for the passage?(6)The title that best expresses the theme of the p

16、assage is.(7)On which of the following subject would the passage most likely be found in a textbook?(8)Which of the following best describes the passage as a whole?（9）The purpose of the writer in writing this pa s s a ge.（10）The author writes this passage to.解题步骤A.找出主题句 主题句大多数情况下出现在比较重要的位置，如文章的开头或结尾

17、，如果一篇文章包括多个段落，一般来说每个自然段的首句也是主题句。文章主题句之外的其他内容般都是对主:题句加以解释、补充说明或列举事实等。主题型例文1Most episodes of absent-mindedness-forgetting where you left something or wondering why you just entered a room-are caused by a simple lack of attention,says Schacter.Youre supposed to remember something,but you havent encoded

18、 itdeeply.”Encoding,Schacler explains,is a special way of paying attention to an event that has a major impact on recalling it later.Failureto encode properly can create annoying situations.If you put your mobile phone in a pocket,for example,and dont pay attentionto what you did because youre invol

19、ved in a conversation,youll probably forget that the phone is in the jacket now hanging inyou wardrobe（衣柜）.“You memory itself isnt failing you.says Schactcr.Rather,you didnt give your memory system theinformation it needed.”Lack of interest can also lead to absent-mindedness.i4A man who can recite s

20、ports statistics from 30 years ago,“say Zelinski,“may not remember to drop a letter in the mailbox.Women have slightly better memories than men,possibly because they paymore attention to their environment,and memory relies on just that.Visual cues can help prevent absent-mindedness,says Schacler.Bui

21、 be sure the cue is clear and available,“he cautions.Ifyou want to remember to take a medication（药物）with lunch,put the pill bottle on the kitchen table-dont leave it in themedicine chest and write yourself a note that you keep in a pocket.Another common episode of absent-mindedness:walking into a ro

22、om and wondering why you*re there.Most likely,youwere thinking about something else.Everyone does this from time to time,says Zelinski.The best thing to do is to return towhere you were before entering the room,and youll likely to remember.30.What is the passage mainly about?A）The process of gradual

23、 memory loss.B）The causes of absent-mindedness.C）The impact of the environment on memory.D）A way of encoding and recalling.略加浏览一下各段的第一句话（不用都读完），即可看出这是一篇科普性的说明文，文章的话题是absent-mindedness。本文开头第,句话即点明了文章的主题。第二段说明了 absent-mindedness的原因之，-failure to encode properly0第三段说明了它的另一个原因-lack of interesto第四段是关于如何pr

24、event absent-mindedness，最后一段通了absent-mindedness的另一种形式、其原因以及发生了这种情况后该怎么办。所以综合起来，文章的主题是absent-mindedness的原因，故B）是正确答案。B.概括和归纳出主题思想在阅读理解中有的文章是没有主题句的。这是由于文章体裁的原因，或是由于短文是节选的。这时就要靠应试者自己进行概括或归纳隐含的主题思想了。概括主题可以从归纳每段的要点开始（大部分文章都是由数段组成），最后将各段要点集中概括并归纳出全文的主题思想。主题型例文2It is hard to track the blue whale,the oceans

25、largest creature,which has almost been killed off by commercial whaling andis now listed as an endangered species.Attaching radio devices to it is difficult,and visual sightings are too unreliable to give realinsight into its behavior.So biologists were delighted early this year when,with the help o

26、f the Navy,they were able to track a particular blue whalefor 43 days,monitoring its sounds.This was possible because of the Navys formerly top-secret system of underwater listeningdevices spanning the oceans.Tracking whales is but one example of an exciting new world just opening to civilian scient

27、ists after the cold war as the Navystarts to share and partly uncover its global network of underwater listening system built over the decades to track the ships ofpotential enemies.Earth scientists announced at a news conference recently that they had used the system for closely monitoring a deep-s

28、eavolcanic eruption（爆发）for the first lime and that they plan similar studies.Other scientists have proposed to use the network fbr tracking ocean currents and measuring changes in ocean and globaltemperatures.The speed of sound in water is roughly one mile a second-slower than through land but faste

29、r than through air.What ismost important,different layers of ocean water can act as channels for sounds,focusing them in the same way a stethoscope（听诊器）does when it carries faint noises from a patients chest to a doctors ear.This focusing is the main reason that even relativelyweak sounds in the oce

30、an,especially low-frequency ones,can often travel thousands of miles.31.The passage is chiefly about.A）an effort to protect an endangered marine speciesB）the civilian use of a military detection systemC）the exposure of a U.S.Navy top-secret weaponD）a new way to look into the behavior of blue whales本

31、文是一篇科普类说明文。第一、二段以追踪蓝鲸引出话题，即军事技术（水下监听）在非军事领域的应用。第三段进一步加以明确，说明tracking whales仅仅是这一技术应用的一个例子。第四段说的是水卜,监听技术在monitoring deep-seavolcanic eruption 方面的应用。第四段说的是水下监听技术在 tracking ocean currents and measuring changes in ocean andglobal temperatures方面的应用。最后一段是作了原理性的说明。综上所述，本文的话题是水下监听技术，主题则是这一技术的非军事领域的广泛应用。因此31

32、题的正确答案应为B）。此外，这一题也可用排除法解题或加以验证。C）的错误之处在于与文章内容完全不符，文中只提到了水下监听技术曾是绝密的（formerly top-secret）,况且这项技术也并不是weapon。A）、D）两项涉及到蓝鲸，而追踪蓝鲸只是这一技术应用的一个例子，属细枝末节。如果A）或 D）是文章的主题的话，那么后面的三段与主题有多大关系呢？标题型例文Americans are proud of their variety and individuality,yet they love and respect few things more than a uniform,wheth

33、er it isthe uniform of an elevator operator or the uniform of a five-star general.Why are uniforms so popular in the United States?Among the arguments fbr uniforms,one of the first is that in the eyes of most people they look more professional than civilian（白姓的）Clothes.People have become conditioned

34、 to expect superior quality from a man who wears a uniform.The televisionrepairman who wears a uniform tends to inspire more trust than one who appears in civilian clothes.Faith in the skill of a garagemechanic is increased by a uniform.What easier way is there fbr a nurse,a policeman,a barber,or a

35、waiter to lose professionalidentily（身份）than to step out of uniform?Uniforms also have many practical benefits.They save on other clothes.They save on laundry bills.They are tax-deductible（可减税的）.They are often more comfortable and more durable than civilian clothes.Primary among the arguments against

36、 uniforms is their lack of variety and the consequent loss of individuality experienced bypeople who must wear them.Though there are many types of uniforms,the wearer of any particular type is generally stuck with it,without change,until retirement.When people look alike,they tend to think,speak,and

37、 act similarly,on the job at least.Uniforms also give rise to some practical problems.Though they are long-lasting,often their initial expense is greater than thecost of civilian clothes.Some uniforms are also expensive to maintain,requiring professional dry cleaning rather than the homelaundering p

38、ossible with many types of civilian clothes.65.The best title for this passage would be.A）Uniforms and SocietyB）The Importance of Wearing a UniformC)Practical Benefits of Wearing a UniformD)Advantages and Disadvantages of Uniforms本文可分为三个部分。第一段提出话题：uniform.以卜的四段中，每段的第一句话都是该段的主题句。第二、三两段说明了制服的好处，第三、四两段

39、说的是制服的不利方面。因此，这篇文章的主题是：制服的利与弊，故标题应为D)。目的型例文Sport is not only physically challenging,but it can also be mentally challenging.Criticism from coaches,parents,and otherteammates,as well as pressure to win can create an excessive amount of anxiety or stress for young athletes(运动员).Stress canbe physical,e

40、motional,or psychological and research has indicated that it can lead to burnout.Burnout has been described asdropping or quitting of an activity that was at one time enjoyable.The early years of development are critical years fbr learning about oneself.The sport setting is one where valuableexperie

41、nces can take place.Young athletes can,for example,learn how to cooperate with others,make friends,and gain othersocial skills that will be used throughout their lives.Coaches and paients should be aware,at all times,that their feedback toyoungsters can greatly affect their children.Youngsters may t

42、ake their parents*and coaches5 criticisms to heart and find a flaw(缺陷)in themselves.Coaches and parents should also be cautious that youth sport participation does not become work for children.The outcomeof the game should not be more important than the process of learning the sport and other life l

43、essons.In todays youth sportsetting,young athletes may be worrying more about who will win instead of enjoying themselves and the sport.Following a game,many parents and coaches fbcus on the outcome and find fault with youngsters performances.Positive reinforcement should beprovided regardless of th

44、e outcome.Research indicates that positive reinforcement motivates and has a greater effect on learningthan criticism.Again,criticism can create high levels of stress,which can lead to burnout.The authors purpose in writing the passage is.A)to teach young athletes how to avoid bunioutB)to persuade y

45、oung children not to worry about criticismC)to stress the importance of positive reinforcement to childrenD)to discuss the skill of combining criticism with encouragement本文第一段论述了 sports are mentally challenging(第一句话后半句)。指出教练和家长的批评和急于获胜的压力可能会带来负面的影响。第二段指出在早期发展阶段教练和家长要意识到他们的反应会极大地影响孩子(their feedback t

46、o youngsters cangreatly affect their children)0第三段的第一句话是这一段的主题句。本段告诫教练和家长不要使运动成为孩子的负担。注意此处的标志词“also”。综上所述，本文的主题是劝告教练和家长不要对孩子的运动成绩过于批评，而应该象倒数第三、第二句话暗示的那样，多加以鼓励。所以本文的写作目的应选择C)。二.态度类问题(Altilude)阅读理解的最后一题常常提问在作者对文章中某一问题的态度(Attitude)、全文的基调(Tone)、文章的出处(Source)及对文章前后接续内容的判断等。关于态度或基调(AttitudefTone)类题的回答应从篇章

47、的体裁着手，一般来说，在说明文中作者的态度是客观的(objective)或中立的(neutral)；而在议论文中，作者的观点才会显得多种多样，常见的选项有：(1)positive(2)negative(3)neutral(4)approval(5)disapproval(6)indifferent(7)sarcastic(8)critical(9)optimistic(10)pessimistic下面是这类问题常见的儿种提问方式：(1)Whats the writers attitude to.?(2)What*s the tone of the passage?(3)The authors

48、view is(4)The writers attitude of this passage is a p p a r e n t l y.(5)The author suggests that(6)According to author,有的文章中，作者观点明确，文章基调清楚，而有的文章中，作者仅仅暗示对某一问题的态度和观点，需要阅读时仔细琢磨。解答这类问题时，首先应请注意篇章中起连接手段作用的那些词语：其次应注意有些表明作者观点词汇，如形容词、副词、动词等。对文章的出处及文章前后接续内容判断等可从全篇着手，从个别句子或词汇找线索进行判断。态度类问题例文New technology link

49、s the world as never before.Our planet has shrunk.It*s now a“global village*where countries are onlyseconds away be fax or phone or satellite link.And,of course,our ability to benefit from this high-tech communicationsequipment is greatly enhanced by foreign language skills.Deeply involved with this

50、 new technology is a breed of modern business people who have a growing respect for theeconomic value of doing business abroad.In modern markets,success overseas often helps support domestic business efforts.Overseas assignments are becoming increasingly important to advancement within executive ran