考研英语阅读理解复习指导.pdf

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1、考研英语阅读理解复习指导(1)Elementary Schools in early America What accounts for the great outburstof major inventions in early America-breakthroughs such as thetelegraph,the steamboat and the weaving machine?Among the many shapingfactors,I would single outElementary Schools in early AmericaWhat accounts for th

2、e great outburst of major inventions in earlyAmerica-breakthroughs such as the telegraph,the steamboat and theweaving machine?Among the many shaping factors,I would single out the country，sexcellent elementary schools;a labor force that welcomed the newtechnology;the practice of giving premiums to i

3、nventors;and above allthe American genius for nonverbal,spatial thinking about thingstechnological.Why mention the elementary schools?B ecause thanks to these schoolsour early mechanics,especially in the New England and Middle Atlanticstates,were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in s

4、omeaspects of geometry and trigonometry.Acute foreign observers related american adaptiveness andinventiveness to this educational advantage.As a member of a B ritishcommission visiting here in 1853 reported,With a mind prepared bythorough school discipline,the American boy develops rapidly into the

5、skilled workman.A further stimulus to invention came from the premium system,whichpreceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it.Thisapproach,originated abroad,offered inventors medals,cash prizes andother incentives.In the United States,multitudes of premiums for new devices wereawar

6、ded at country fairs and at the industrial fairs in major cities.Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus torenew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance.Given this optimistic approach to technological innovation,theAmerican worker took readily to that spe

7、cial kind of nonverbal thinkingrequired in mechanical technology.As Eugene F erguson has pointed out,A t e c h n o l o g i s t t h i n k s a b o u t o b j e c t s t h a t c a n n o t b e r e d u c e d t o u n a mb i g u o u sv e r b a l d e s c r i p t i o n s;t h e y a r e d e a l t w i t h i n h i

8、 s mi n d b y a v i s u a l,n o n v e r b a lp r o c e s s.T h e d e s i g n e r a n d t h e i n v e n t o r a r e a b l e t o a s s e mb l e a n d ma n i p u l a t ei n t h e i r mi n d s d e v i c e s t h a t a s y e t d o n o t e x i s t.T h i s n o n v e r b a l s p a t i a l t h i n k i n g c a

9、 n b e j u s t a s c r e a t i v e a s p a i n t i n ga n d w r i t i n g,r o b e r t f u l t o n o n c e w r o t e,T h e me c h a n i c s h o u l d s i t d o w n a mo n gl e v e r s,s c r e w s,w e d g e s,w h e e l s,e t c,l i k e a p o e t a mo n g t h e l e t t e r s o f t h ea l p h a b e t,c o

10、 n s i d e r i n g t h e m a s a n e x h i b i t i o n o f h i s t h o u g h t s,i n w h i c h an e w a r r a n g e me n t t r a n s mi t s a n e w i d e a.W h e n a l l t h e s e s h a p i n g f o r c e s 一 一 s c h o o l s,o p e n a t t i t u d e s,t h e p r e mi u ms y s t e m,a g e n i u s f o r

11、s p a t i a l t h i n k i n g -i n t e r a c t e d w i t h o n e a n o t h e r o nt h e r i c h U.S.ma i n l a n d,t h e y p r o d u c e d t h a t a me r i c a n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c,e mu l a t i o n.T o d a y t h a t w o r d i mp l i e s me r e i mi t a t i o n.B u t i n e a r l i e r t i me

12、 si t me a n t a f r i e n d l y b u t c o mp e t i t i v e s t r i v i n g f o r f a me a n d e x c e l l e n c e.i n v e n t i o n n.1.发明，发明物2.捏造，虚构i n v e n t o r n.发明家，发明者 联想词i n v e n t o r y n.l.详细目录2.存货清单b r e a k t h h r o u g h n.1.突 围,突 破2.重大成就，惊人发现 联想词b r e a k d o w n n.1.垮台，破 裂2.衰竭，衰 弱3

13、.损坏，故 障4.分类p r e mi u mn.1.保险金2.额外费用3.奖品，赠品，额外津贴a.L高级的，优质的2.售价高的 联想词s u b s i d y n.津贴，补贴v e r b a l a.1.口头的2.用言辞的，用文字的 联想词v o c a l a.发声的，嗓音的s p a t i a l a.空间的，与空间有关的l i t e r a c y n.识字，有文化，读写能力l i t e r a t e a.1.有读写能力的2.有文化修养的s t i mu l u s n.1.促进 2.刺激 联想词p r o v o c a t i o n n.1.挑衅，挑 拨 2.刺激，激

14、怒p r o v o c a t i v e a.1.挑衅的,煽动的2.刺激的p r e c e d e v t.在.之前，先于p r e c e d e n t n.1.先例,范例，判 例 2.惯例p a t e n t n.专利，专利权a.专 利（权）的，受专利保护的v t.得到.的专利权o r i g i n a t e v i.起源于，来自，产生v t.创造，创始，开创 联想词c o mme n c e v.开始i n c e n t i v e n.刺激，鼓励mu l t i t u d e n.1.大量，许 多 2.大众，民众a mb i g u o u s a.引起歧义的，模式棱

15、两可的，含糊不清的 联想词i n d e f i n i t e a.1.不明确的，含糊的2.无限期的e x d p l i c i t a.1.明确的，明晰的；详述的2.直言的，毫不隐瞒的，露骨的ma n i p u l a t e v t.1.操纵,控制，影 响 2.操作,使用l e v e r n.1.杠杆2.途径，工具，手段v t.撬动，撬起w e d g e n.楔（子）v t.把.楔入，塞入 联想词g r o o v e n.沟，槽h i n g e n.较链i n t e r a c t v i.相互作用，相互影响e mu l a t i o n n.1.竞赛，竞 争 2.仿效，

16、仿真i mi t a t i o n n.1.模仿2.仿制，仿制品3.盛品s t r i v e v i.努力，奋斗，力求s c u l p t u r e n.1.雕 刻,雕 塑 2.雕刻作品,雕塑品 联想词c a r v e v t.1.切，把.切 碎 2.雕刻，亥|e n g r a v e v t.1.在.上雕刻2.使铭记,使牢记s t at u e n.雕像，塑像bu s t n.1.胸像，半身像2.胸部，胸围m ar bl e n.1.大理石d i p l o m a n.毕业文凭，毕业证书，资格证书 联想词d i p l o m at n.1.外交官，外交家2.有交际手段的人，圆

17、滑的人p e r p e t u al a.1.永久的，永恒的，长期的2.无休止的，没完没了的考研英语阅读理解复习指导(2)F ight Again Youth Smoking Three years ago,appalled by how many childrenwere becoming addicted to cigarettes every year,the Vice President andI committed this administration to stopping the sale and marketing ofcigarettes to children.F ig

18、ht Again Youth SmokingThree years ago,appalled by how many children were becoming addictedto cigarettes every year,the Vice President and I committed thisadministration to stopping the sale and marketing of cigarettes tochildren.Today,thanks to these efforts and the persistence of stateattorneys gen

19、eral,the public health community,and leaders in C ongress,we have the best opportunity ever to pass comprehensive anti-smokinglegislation that well save millions of our children from a premature,painful,and very preventable death.This week,in a historic and resounding 19 to 1 vote,a key Senatecommit

20、tee gave its stamp of approval to comprehensive legislationsponsored by Senator John McC ain,a Republican,and Senator F ritz Hollings,a Democrat,that would cut youth smoking by half over the next decade.This bill represents a dramatic step forward.It would raise the priceof cigarettes,give the F DA

21、full authority to regulate tobacco products,ban advertising aimed at children,and protect tobacco farmers.We still have work to do in this legislation.Above all,we need toput in place tough penalties that will cost the tobacco industry if itcontinues to sell cigarettes to young people.Just this week

22、 the C entersfor Disease C ontrol released a disturbing report that more than a thirdof teenagers in the United States now smoke,even though its illegal.It is time to hold tobacco companies accountable.Reducidng youthsmoking must be veerybody，s bottom line.Let，s remember-this is notabout politics or

23、 money,or seeking revenge against the tobacco industryfor past practices.Were not trying to put the tobacco companies out ofbusiness;we want to put them out of the business of selling cigarattesto kids.This week，s progress in the Senate shows we have real momentumin both parties to do just that.Ther

24、e，re still maly issues to be worked out and many long nights ahead.B ut we have within our grasp one of the most important public healthvictories our nation has ever achieved.F i n al l y,l i t m e j u s t p au s e a m o m e n t t o o bs e r v e t h e 3 0 t h an n i v e r s ar yo f t h e d e at h o

25、f o n e o f A m e r i c a s g r e at e s t h e r o e s,D r.M ar t i n L u t h e r K i n g.H i s d r e am,d e e p l y r o o t e d i n t h e A m e r i c an D r e am,i s a d r e am f o r al lA m e r i c an s.L e t u s h e r e at h o m e al w ay s s t r i v e t o h e e d D r.K i n g，s w o r d s an dl i

26、v e u p t o h i s l e g ac y.ap p al l v t.使惊骇，使大吃一，原 联想词t e r r i f y v t.使害怕,使惊吓o u t r ag e v t.激起.的义愤,激怒n.1.义愤，愤 慨 2.暴行，骇人听闻的事件ad d i c t n.1.有瘾的人2.入迷的人v t.使成瘾，使入迷 联想词c o c ai n e n.可卡因t o x i c a.有毒的，中毒引起的p e r s i s t e n t a.1.坚持不懈的，执意的2.持续的p e r s i s t e n c e n.1.坚持不懈，执 意 2.持续性，持续状态 联想词s t

27、 u bbo r n a.1.顽固的，执拗的，倔强的2.难对付的，难于克服的l e g i s l at i o n n.1.法 律,法 规 2.立法的,法律的制定 联想词l e g i t i m at e a.1.合情合理的2.合法的，法律认可的j u d i c i al a.1.司法的，法庭的，审判的2.明断的，公正的s u e v i.1.控告，起 诉 2.要求，请 求 v t.控告，起诉p r o s e c u t e v t.1.对.提起公诉，告发，检 举 2.继续从事v i.起诉,发d e f e n d an t n.被告i n v al i d a.1.无效的，作废的2.

28、无可靠依据的n.病弱者，残疾者t e s t i f y v i.1.作证，证 明 2.表明，说 明 v t.作证，证明t e s t i m o n y n.1.证 词 2.见证，证明p r e m at u r e a.1.比预期时间早是2.不成熟的，仓促的au t h o r i t y n.1.权力，管辖权2.官方，当 局 3.当权者，行政管理机构4.权威，专家au t h o r i t at i v e a.1.权威性的，可信的2.专断的,命令式的au t h o r i z e v t.授权，批准 联想词d e f i n i t i v e a.1.最可靠的，权威性的2.决定性

29、的ac c o u n t abl e a.负起责任的r e v e n g e n.报复,报仇m o m e n t u m n.1.动力,冲力，势 力 2.动量 联想词i m p e t u s n.1.推动,促进，刺 激 2.推动力s t r i v e v i.努力，奋斗，力求h e e d v t.留心，注意，听从l e g e n c y n.遗赠的财物，遗产d e ad l y a.1.致死的，致命的2.不共戴天的，殊死的3.极度的，十足的a d.非常，极度地 联想词d r a s t i c a.1.极端的，严厉的2.激烈的，迅猛的e pi d e m i c n.1.流行病2

30、.流传，流 行 a.流行性的，流传极广的lure v t.吸弓I,引诱，诱惑考研英语阅读理解复习指导（3）B eauty Is Meaningless A young man sees a sunset and,unable to understandor to express the emotion that it rouses in him,concludes that it mustbe the gateway to a world that lies beyond.It is difficult for any ofus in moments of intenBe a u t y I

31、s M e a n i n g l e s sA young man sees a sunset and,unable to understand or to express theemotion that it rouses in him,concludes that it must be the gateway toa world that lies beyond.It is difficult for any of us in moments ofintense aesthetic experience to resist the suggestion that we are catch

32、inga glimpse of a light that shines down to us from a different realm ofexistence,different and,because the experience is intensely moving,insome wqy higher.And,though the gleams blind and dazzle,yet they doconvey a hint of beauty and serenity greater than we have known or imagined.Greater too than

33、we can describe,for language,which was invented toconvey the meanings of this world,cannot readily be fitted to the usesof another.That all great art has this power of suggesting a world beyond isundeniable.In some moods,Nature shares it.There is no sky in June soblue that it does not point forward

34、to a bluer,no sunset so beautifulthat it does not waken the vision of a greater beauty,a wision which passesbefore it is fully glimpsed,and in passing leaves an indefinable lingingand regret.B ut,if this world is not merely a bad joke,life a vulgarflare amid the cool radiance of the stars,and existe

35、nce an empty laughbraying across the mysteries,if these intimations of a something behindand beyond are not evil humour born of indigestion,or whimsies sent bythe devil to mock and madden us,if,in a word,beauty means something,yet we must not seek to interpret the meaning.If we glimpse theunutterabl

36、e,it is unwise to try to utter it,nor should we seek to investwith significance that which we cannot grasp.B eauty in terms of our humanmeanings is meaningless.intense a.1.强烈的，剧烈的，紧张的2.认真的，专注的3.热情的，热切的intensify v.（使）增强，（使）加剧aesthetic a.1.美学的，审美的2.悦目的，雅致的g l e a m v i.1.闪亮，闪 烁2.闪现，流 露n.1.闪光，闪 亮2.闪现，流

37、露 联想词s pa r k l e v i.1.发光，闪耀，闪 烁2.活跃，焕 发n.1.发光，闪耀，闪 烁2.活力，生气g l i t t e r v i.闪闪发光，闪 耀n.闪光，灿 烂 的 光 辉2.耀眼，辉煌d a z z l e v t.使 眩 目n.1.耀 眼 的 光2.令人赞叹的东西s e r e n i t y n.1.平静，安 详2.晴朗，明朗d e n i a l n.1.否 认2.拒绝u n d e n i a bl e a.不可否认的v u l g a r a.1.粗野的，下 流 的2.庸俗的，粗俗的 联想词bo s c e n e a.1.淫秽的，下 流 的2.可憎的

38、，可恶的f l a r e v i.1.（火焰）闪 耀2.突发，突 然 发 怒n.闪光信号，照明弹 联想词e r u pt v i.1.（火山等）喷 发2.（战争等）爆发，突然发生i g n i t e v t.点燃，引发r a d i a n t a.1.容光焕发的，喜 形 于 色 的2.光芒四射的，光 辉 灿 烂 的3.辐射的 联想词r a d i a t e v.1.发 出（光或热），辐 射2.流露，显示r a d i o a c t i v e a.放射性的，有辐射的br a y v i.1.（驴）叫2.以响而粗的声音说（或笑）w h i m s y n.1.怪念头，离奇的想法2.稀奇

39、古怪 联想词bi z a r e a.怪诞的，奇形怪状的w e i r d a.1.古怪的，离奇的2.怪诞的，神秘可怕的m o c k v t.1.嘲笑，嘲 弄2.（为了取笑）模 仿v i.嘲笑，嘲 弄a.1.模拟的,学习的2.假的，假装的考研英语阅读理解复习指导(4)Waiting in Line The B ritish queue up and the Americans wait in line,exceptfor New Yorkers,who wait on line.No one seems to know the reason forthis local idiom.It is

40、 something to ponder while waiting in/on line.Another thing to pondeWaiting in LineThe B ritish queue up and the Americans wait in line,except for NewYorkers,who wait on line.No one seems to know the reason for this localidiom.It is something to ponder while waiting in/on line.Another thing to ponde

41、r:It is estimated that Americans spednd up tofive years of their lives in that tedious,weary but unavoidable processknown as waiting.Studies show that otherwise rational people actirrationally when forced to stand in line or wait in crowds,even becomingviolent.Queues are a grim reality of city life.

42、While there seems to be noconsensus onthe city，s worst line,the ones mentioned most often in talkshere and there were lunchtime lines at banks and post offices and,amongyounger people,movie lines and college-registration lines.B ank lines,said Mark Sloane,an investor.No matter what time of dayyou ba

43、nk,the number of tellers is inadequate to the number of patrons.Even when the bank is open you see long lines infront of the money machinesoutside.Supermarkets,said Ed F rantz,a graphic artist,who once abandoneda full shopping cart in the middle of a long checkout line.It was nota political act.The

44、line was filled with coupon clippers and check writers,he recalled.And suddenly I had to walk away.F ood no longer mattered.In any line the fundamental rule is first come,first served,or whatdsocial scientists call distributive justice.Exceptions may be made,say,in fancy restaurants where the headwa

45、iters have their favorites,but,ingeneral,the rule prevails.If misery loves company,so do sports fans.Dr.Leon Mann documentedthis several years ago when,as a Harvard professor,he studied the longovernight queues for tickets to ball games in his native Australia.Outside the stadium something of a carn

46、ival atmosphere prevails,hewrote in The American Journal of Sociology.The devotees sing,sip warmdrinks,play cards and huddle together.Like the teams they had come to watch,the fans in line took timeouts.Some worked in shifts,with certain members leaving to take naps or eatmeals,while others saved th

47、eir places in line.Some staked claims in linewith items of personal property such as sleeping bags and folding chairs.During the early hours of waiting,Dr.Mann noted,the queues oftenconsisted of one part people to two parts inanimate objects.Nobody has ever seriously studied Helen Quinn，s Saturday m

48、orning linefor Metropolitan Opera tickets,but perhaps someone should-Miss Quinnis not an official at the Met.F or 15 years standees at the opera have been doing just that,thanksto Miss Quins ticketing system.She makes,dates and numbers hertickets一 一 one for each of the 175 standing room spots availa

49、ble-anddispenses them to early birds.Assured of a place,ticket holders thenleave and return shortly before 8 A.M.to line up for the real tickets.idiom n.L习语，成 语2.风格，特色ponder v.思索，考虑，沉思 联想词contemplate vt.1.盘算，计 议2.思量，周密考虑3.注视，凝视weary a.1.疲劳的，疲倦的2.使疲劳的，令人厌倦的vi.厌倦的，不耐烦 联想词tiresome a.令人疲劳的，令人厌倦的grim a.1

50、.讨厌的，糟糕的2.严厉的3.严酷的，无情的consensus n.单（意见等）一致，一致同意patron n.1,资助人，赞助人2.老主顾，顾客resent v t.对.表示忿恨，怨恨graphic a.1.生动的，形象的2.绘画的，文字的，图表的coupon n.1.礼券,优惠券2.配券,票证c l i p n.1.夹子，回形针，别 针 2.弹夹，弹 仓 3.剪，修 剪 4.剪报，电影片 断 v t.（c l i p p e d；c l i p p i n g）1.夹住，扣 住 2.剪，修 剪 3.削减,缩短 联想词c l a m p n.夹头，夹具，夹 钳 v t.（用夹具等）夹紧，固定