考博英语阅读.pdf

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1、考博英语阅读理解若干篇篇章与问题Passage 1The physical distribution of products has two primary aspects:transportation and storage.Bothaspects are highly developed and specialized phases of marketing.The costs of both trans-portingand storing are built into the prices of products.Transportation can be by truck,railw

2、ay,ship,or barge.For some items,such as exotic plants and flowers,or when rapid delivery isessential,air freight may be used.Storage,or warehousing,is a necessary function because production and consumption ofgoods rarely match:items generally are not sold as quickly as they are made.Inventories bui

3、ld up,both in warehouses and at retail establishments,before the foods are sold.The transporta-tionfunction is involved in bringing goods to a warehouse and taking them from it to retail stores.Storage performs the service of stabilizing market price.If,for example,no agriculturalproduct could be st

4、ored,all food would have to be put on the market immediately.This would,ofcourse,create a glut and lower prices drastically.There would be an immediate benefit toconsumers,but in the long run they would suffer.Farmers,because of low prices,would be forcedoff the land,and the amount of food produced

5、would decrease.This,in turn,would raise consumerprices.Warehouses for storage are of several types.Private warehouses are owned by manufactur-ers.Public warehouses,in spite of their name,are privately owned facilities,but they are in-dependentof manufacturer ownership.General-merchandise warehouses

6、store a great variety of products.Cold-storage warehouses store perishable goods,especially food products.Grain ele-vators are akind of warehouse used to keep wheat and other grains from spoiling.A bonded warehouse is onethat stores foods,frequently imported,on which taxes must be paid before they a

7、re sold.Cigarettes and alcoholic beverages are common examples.The distribution center is a more recently developed kind of warehouse.Many large companies have several manufacturing plants,sometimes located outside the country.Each plant doesnot make every company product but specializes in one or m

8、ore of them.The distribution centerallows a manufacturer to bring together all product lines in one place.Its purpose is to minimizestorage and to ease the flow of goods from manufacturers to retailers rather than build upextensive inventories.It reduces costs by speeding up product turnover.Very la

9、rge corporationswill have several distribution centers regionally or internationally based1.The main subject of this passage is.A)transportation and storage B)storage of productsC)distribution centerD)two main aspects of product distribution2.Warehousing is important in that _A)inventories build up

10、before the goods are soldB)the prices will go downC)more goods are produced than can be consumedD)the food has to be put on the market immediately3.How many types of warehouses for storage are discussed in the passage?A)3.B)4.C)6.D)7.4.Where might one find meat and milk?A)Grain elevator.B)Cold-stora

11、ge warehouse.C)Private warehouse.D)Bonded warehouse.5.What is NOT true of a distribution center?A)It is a relatively new type of warehouse.B)Product is replaced more quickly and costs are down.C)Some distribution centers are not built in the sane country as the factoryD)It builds up extensive invent

12、ories to minimize storage.Passage 2How much pain do animals feel?This is a question which has caused endless controversy.Opponents of big game shooting,for example,arouse our pity by describing tile agonies of abadly-wounded beast that has crawled into a comer to die.In countries where the fox,the h

13、are andthe deer are hunted,animal-lovers paint harrowing pictures of the pursued animal suffering notonly the physical distress of the chase but the mental anguish of anticipated death.The usual answer to these criticisms is that animals do not suffer in the same way,or to thesame extent,as we de.Ma

14、n was created with a delicate nervous system and has never lost hisacute sensitiveness to pain;animals,on the other hand,had less sensitive systems to begin withand in the course of millions of years,have developed a capacity of ignoring injuries and disorderswhich human beings would find intolerabl

15、e.For example,a dog will continue to play with a balleven after a serious injury to his foot;he may be unable to run without limping,but he will go ontrying long after a human child would have had to stop because of the pain.We are told,moreover,that even when animals appear to us to be suffering ac

16、utely,this is not so;what seems to us to beagonized contortions caused by pain are in fact no more than muscular contractions over whichthey have no control.6.Animal-lovers assume that animals,being hunted,would suffer f r o m.A)a great deal of agony both in body and in spiritB)mental distress once

17、they are woundedC)only body pains without feeling sadD)crawling into the comer to die7.Supporters of game shooting may argue that a n i ma l s.A)cannot control their muscular contractionsB)have developed a capacity of feeling no painC)are not as acutely sensitive as human beings to injuriesD)can end

18、ure all kinds of disorders8.The author feels sure t hat.A)animals dont show suffering to usB)dogs are more endurable than human childrenC)we cannot know what animals feelD)comparing animals with human beings is not appropriate9.What is the authors opinion about animal hunting?A)We should feel the sa

19、me as the hunted animals do.B)We should protect and save all the animals.C)We shouldnT cause suffering to them.D)We should take care of them if we can.10.This passage seems to.A)argue for something B)explain somethingC)tell a story D)describe an objectPassage 3In science,a theory is a reasonable exp

20、lanation of observed events that are related.A the-oryoften involves an imaginary model that helps scientists picture the way an observed event could beproduced.A good example of this is found in the kinetic molecular theory,in which gases arepictured as being made up of many small particles that ar

21、e in constant motion.A useful theory,in addition to explaining past observations,helps to predict events that havenot as yet been observed.After a theory has been publicized,scientists design experi-merits to testthe theory.If observations confirm the scientists*predictions,the theory is sup-ported.

22、Ifobservations do not confirm the predictions,the scientists must search further.There may be afault in the experiment,or the theory may have to be revised or rejected.Science involves imagination and creative thinking as well as collecting information andperforming experiments.Facts by themselves a

23、re not science.As the mathematician Jules HenriPoincare said:MScience is built with facts just as a house is built with bricks,but a collection offacts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks can be called a house.1Most scientists start an investigation by finding out what other scie

24、ntists have learned about aparticular problem.After known facts have been gathered,the scientist comes to the part of theinvestigation that requires considerable imagination.Possible solutions to the problem areformulated.These possible solutions are called hypotheses.In a way,any hypothesis is a le

25、ap into the unknown.It extends the scientists thinking beyond theknown facts.The scientist plans experiments,performs calculations,and makes ob-servations totest hypotheses.For without hypotheses,further investigation lacks purpose and direction.Whenhypotheses are confirmed,they are incorporated int

26、o theories.11.The word this*in the 3rd sentence in paragraph 1 refers to.A)a good exampleB)an imaginary modelC)the kinetic molecular theory D)an observed event12.Bricks are mentioned in the 3rd paragraph to indicate how_.A)mathematicians approach scienceB)building a house is like performing experime

27、ntsC)science is more than a collection of factsD)scientific experiments have led to improved technology13.In the last paragraph,the author refers to a hypothesis as a leap into the unknown inor-der to show that h y p o t h e s e s.A)are sometimes ill-conceived B)can lead to dangerous resultsC)go bey

28、ond available facts D)require effort to formulate14.What is a major function of hypotheses as implied in the last paragraph7A)Sifting through known facts.B)Communicating a scientists thoughts to others.C)Providing direction for scientific research.D)Linking together different theories.15.Which of th

29、e following statements is supported by the passage?A)Theories are simply imaginary models of past events.B)It is better to revise a hypothesis than to reject it.C)A scientists most difficult task is testing hypotheses.D)A good scientist needs to be creative.B)Education systems need to be radically r

30、eformed.C)Going to school is only part of how people become educated.D)Education involves many years of professional training.20.The passage is organized by_A)listing and discussing several educational problemsB)contrasting the meanings of two related conceptsC)narrating a story about excellent teac

31、hersD)giving examples of different kinds of schoolsPassage 3In science,a theory is a reasonable explanation of observed events that are related.Athe-ory often involves an imaginary model that helps scientists picture the way an observed event could be produced.A good example of this is found in the

32、kinetic molecular theory,in which gases are pictured as being made up of many small particles that are in constant motion.A useful theory,in addition to explaining past observations,helps to predict events that have not as yet been observed.After a theory has been publicized,scientists design experi

33、-merits to test the theory.If observations confirm the scientists1 predictions,the theoryis sup-ported.If observations do not confirm the predictions,the scientists must search further.There may be a fault in the experiment,or the theory may have to be revised or rejected.Science involves imaginatio

34、n and creative thinking as well as collecting informationand performing experiments.Facts by themselves are not science.As the mathematician Jules Henri Poincare said:Science is built with facts just as a house is built with bricks,but a collection of facts cannot be called science any more than a p

35、ile of bricks can be cailed a house.Most scientists start an investigation by finding out what other scientists have learned about a particular problem.After known facts have been gathered,the scientist comes to the part of the investigation that requires considerable imagination.Possible solutions

36、tothe problem areformulated.These possible solutions are called hypotheses.In a way,any hypothesis is a leap into the unknown.It extends the scientists thinking beyond the known facts.The scientist plans experiments,performs calculations,and makes ob-servations to test hypotheses.For without hypothe

37、ses,further investigation lacks purposeand direction.When hypotheses are confirmed,they are incorporated into theories.11.The word this in the 3rd sentence in paragraph 1 refers to.A)a good example B)an imaginary modelC)the kinetic molecular theory D)an observed event12.Bricks are mentioned in the 3

38、rd paragraph to indicate how _.A)mathematicians approach scienceB)building a house is like performing experimentsC)science is more than a collection of factsD)scientific experiments have led to improved technology13.In the last paragraph,the author refers to a hypothesis as na leap into the unknowni

39、n or-der to show that hypotheses.A)are sometimes ill-conceived B)can lead to dangerous resultsC)go beyond available facts D)require effort to formulate14.What is a major function of hypotheses as implied in the last paragraph7A)Sifting through known facts.B)Communicating a scientists thoughts to oth

40、ers.C)Providing direction for scientific research.D)Linking together different theories.15.Which of the following statements is supported by the passage?A)Theories are simply imaginary models of past events.B)It is better to revise a hypothesis than to reject it.C)A scientists most difficult task is

41、 testing hypotheses.D)A good scientist needs to be creative.B)Education systems need to be radically reformed.C)Going to school is only part of how people become educated.D)Education involves many years of professional training.20.The passage is organized by _A)listing and discussing several educati

42、onal problemsB)contrasting the meanings of two related conceptsC)narrating a story about excellent teachersD)giving examples of different kinds of schoolsPassage 5The phrase civil disobedience is usually attributed to the nineteenth-century Americanphilosopher Henry David Thoreau.Although the concep

43、t is unquestionably much older(its rootslie in ancient Greek philosophy),the designation is nonetheless telling:people tend to creditThoreau,an American,with the idea because civil disobedience,is a hallmark of American eth-icsand politics.The clash between the dictates of individual conscience on o

44、ne hand,and theimperatives of civil law on the other,forms much of this countrys history.Examples rangefrom the incidents leading up to the Revolution through the many social protests of the 1960S.What constitutes an act of civil disobedience?First,an act of civil disobedience requiresa formal legal

45、 structure that is enforced by the government.Second,it requires as its targeta specific law or policy,rather than the entire legal system.This is true even if the protesters ultimate goal is to alter radically the legal system;an act of civil disobedience must bedirected against one concrete exampl

46、e of that systems inequities.The American civil rightsmovement,for example,first targeted discrimination on public transportation,then used itsvictories as a springboard to address other injustices.Third,the act must be done publicly,becausethe ef-fectiveness of such a protest depends on its ability

47、 to mobilize public sentiment against theprotests target.Finally,those protesting must understand the penalties their acts entail us-uallyjailing and be willing to accept those penalties.This last requirement strengthens the acts effecton public opinion,since it serves to underscore the injustice of

48、 the protests target.21.The word telling in the 2nd sentence in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to.A)inappropriate B)revealing C)insignificant D)challenging22.In the passage,the author mentions that the civil rights m o v e m e n t.A)focused its early efforts on public transportationB)did not alwa

49、ys practice civil disobedienceC)started in nineteenth centuryD)used the Revolution of 1776 as its model23.According to the passage,for which of the following reasons should civil protests be donepublicly?A)To alter the legal system in radical way.B)To uphold the imperatives of civil law.C)To stimula

50、te public support for a cause.D)To announce the success of a previous act of civil disobedience.24.The author suggests that when protesters go to jail.A)it helps convince the public to support their causeB)they usually do so unwillinglyC)it is because their protest has not gone according to planD)th