2022届全国新高考英语冲刺复习--名词性从句.pdf

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1、2022届全国新高考英语冲刺精品复习名词性从句一、引导名词性从句的关联词引导名词性从句的关联词(Correlative)主要有下面几种。1.连接词 that,whether 和 if(1)连词that本身无意义，有时可省略；whether和 if本身有意义，均不能省略。that和 whether可以连接所有的名词性从句，而 if引导名词性从句时，主要引导宾语从句或不在句首的主语从句；if可引导表语从句，但少见。(2)whether可以作介词宾语，而 if则不能。(3)whether引导的句子可以放在复合句的句首，而 if引导的从句只能放在主句谓语动词后面。引导宾语从句时，if和 whether

2、可以互换，在口语中多用i f,但宾语从句位于主句之前时，只用whether。(4)whether后可以接不定式，而 if则不能。(5)whether or no意为“无论如何，不管“，不可说ifomo。动词wonder可以接f 或 whether从句,也可以接that从句。(7)动词doubt(怀疑，不知道)的肯定句接if或 whether从句，但否定式 dont doubt和疑问式Doyou doubt要接that从句；doubt作“不信”解，表示强烈的不相信时，在陈述句中可接that从句。(8)if 和 whether 常用在 see,ask,try,wonder,know 等动词后。i（

3、9）可以说 no matter whether 或 no matter if。（10）这三个连词在句中只起连接作用，不担任句子成分。That he survived the accident is amiracle.他在这场事故中幸免于难，真是奇迹。（主语从句）Whether she comes or not makes no difference.她来不来都没有关系。（句首主语从句，不用f引导）It is doubtful whether he iscoming.他是否来不得而知。（可 用i f,主语从句，但不在句首）I dont know whether he will attend th

4、e concert.我不知道他是否去参加音乐会。（可 用i f,宾语从句）The problem is（that）we cant get there early enough.问题是我们不能很早到达那里。（表语从句）I havent settled the question of whether Ill lend him the money.我还没有决定是否把钱借给他。（不 用i f,作介词的宾语）He didnt know whether to get married or to wait.他不知道是现在结婚，还是等等再说。（不 用if）The question whether he sho

5、uld join the team has not been decidedupon.他是否加入这个队的问题还没有决定。（不 用i f,同位语从句）The question is whether itis worth trying.问题是这是否值得一试。（不 用i f,表语从句）No matter whether she comes or not,well go there tomorrow.不管她来不来，我们明天都将去那儿。2What Im anxious to know is whether the library is open now.我急于想知道的是图书馆现在是否开门了。（可 用i

6、f,表语从句）这件事情上我们是否错了现在还不能下结论。It remains to be seen if we are wrong in the matter,v（主语从句，不在句首）If we are wrong in the matterremains to be seen.xTell him whether you need thebook.告诉他你是否需要这本书。（宾语从句，“是否”）Tell him if you need the book.如果你需要这本书，就告诉他。（状语从句，“如果”）I doubt that she will stay there.我不信她会留在那里。（不相信）

7、I doubt whether she will staythere.我怀疑她是否会留在那里。（怀疑）I doubt that she is guilty.我不信她有罪。（=1 dont think.）I doubt whether（可用 if）she isguilty.我不知道她是否有罪。（=1 am not sure.）I suspect that she is guilty.我怀疑她有罪。（=1 think.）I doubt that its true.我不信那是真的。（不信,=1 dont think it is true.）I doubt whether its true.我怀疑那是

8、不是真的。（怀疑）I dontdoubt that youareinnocent.我相信你是清白的。She never doubted that she wasright.她从不怀疑自己是正确的。I dont doubt that（不用 if 或 whether）he will come soon.3我不怀疑他不久会来。Can you doubt that she will win?你怀疑她会赢吗？Nobody can possibly doubt that he will succeed.没有人会怀疑他会成功。【提示】whether和that都可以引导宾语从句，但有所不同。如果宾语从句表示两

9、种可能性居其一时，只能用whether（or not可省），不可用that。例如：I wonder whether he knows the manager（or not）.我不知道他是否认识经理。I doubt whether the news is true or not.我怀疑这消息是不是真的。=1 doubt whether or not the news is true.如果宾语从句表示的是一种事实，不带有两种可能的性质，要用that,不用whethero例如：I do not doubt that she will wait for you.我不怀疑她会等你的。I asked th

10、at she（should）comeimmediately.我要她立即就来。Please see that he does the workwell.请务必让他把工作做好。比较：I wonder whether he did it.我想知道他是否做了那件事。（后可加ornot）I wonder that he did it.他竟然做了那件事，我感到很奇怪。（后不用or not）whether.or可以引导让步状语从句，意为“无论，不论”，这时4o r不可省，而f则不可。例如：Whether it rains or snows,I dont care.不管是下雨还是下雪，我都不在乎。（不用if）

11、在现代英语中，既可以用whether.or,whether.or not引导宾语从句，也可以用i.or,if.or not引导宾语从句。例如：I dont care whether you come ornot.我不在乎你来不来。（可 用if）Please try to find out whether he is at home or at the office.请尽量查明他在家还是在办公室。（可 用if）I asked her if she wanted tea or coffee or ice-cream.我问她要茶、咖啡还是冰淇淋。whether 后可以直接跟 or not 或 or

12、n o,构成 whether or not 或 whetheror no,i f则不可。例如：He will write you whether or not he can do it.他会写信告诉你他能否做那件事。（不 用if）Whether or not she did it,I canttell.她是否做了那件事，我不能说。（不 用if）He will leave for Paristomorrow,whether or no.他明天无论如何要动身去巴黎了。whether和i f引导的宾语从句，可以用肯定式，也可以用否定式，但含义时常不同。比较：He asked whether she

13、could help.5他问她是否能帮忙。（表示疑问，可加。r not）He asked whether she couldnthelp.他认为她能帮忙。（表示肯定，后不可加。r not）She considered whether it would be wiser to remain silent.她考虑保持沉默是否更明智。（表示疑问）She considered whether itwouldnt be wiser to remain silent.她认为保持沉默会更明智。（表示肯定）He wondered if he had better break off all the relat

14、ions with her.他想知道是否最好同她断绝关系。（表示疑问）He wondered if he hadnt better break off all relations with her.他知道最好还是同她断绝关系。（表示肯定）我不知道她身体是否安好。I dont know whether she is well or not.（不知是否安好）I dont know whether she is well.（怀疑身体不好）I dont know whether she is notwell.（想来非常不好）ask,wonder,discover,see,consider,doubt

15、后的 whether 或 if 弓I 导的宾语从句常有这种区别。但有时候，if.not意同“i计肯定式”。例如：I wonder if he isnt mistaken.我想他是错了。=1 wonder if he is mistaken.6下面一句中，i f引导的否定句应看作条件状语从句，这里不可用whether:6I dont care if he doesnt pay themoney.如果他不付钱，我也不介意。（不用whether）分析下面一个歧义句：I shall tell you later if I have enough money.我晚些时候将告诉你我是否有足够的钱。（if表

16、示“是否”，引导宾语从句）如果我有足够的钱，我晚些时候将会告诉你。（if表示“如果”，引导条件状语从句）下面两句则不会产生歧义：I shall tell you later,if I have enough money.（只表示条件,意为 如果）I shall tell you later whether I have enough money.（只表示 是否）2.连接代词在英语语法中，有连接代词（Conjunctive Pronoun）、连接副词（Conjunctive Adverb）和关系代词（Relative Pronoun）关系副词（Relative Adverb）之分；连接代词和连接

17、副词引导名词性从句主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句，关系代词和关系副词引导定语从句。引导名词性从句的连接代词有：who谁（主格），whom谁（宾格），whose谁的（所有格），what什么”的东西，which哪一个/些（指人或物）,whatever无论什么,whichever无论哪t,whoever无论谁。连接代词在句中既起连接作用，同时又担当主语、宾语、定语、表语等成分。例如：7Who will preside at the meeting has not been decided yet.由谁主持会议还没有决定。（引导主语从句同时作从句的主语）He asked whom I bor

18、rowed the money from.他问我向谁借的钱。（引导宾语从句同时作从句的宾语）Which team has won the game is not known yet.还不知道哪个队赢了这场比赛。（引导主语从句同时作从句的定语）This is what he said to me.这就是他对我说的。（引导表语从句同时作从句的宾语）【提示】比 较 下 面 的 缩 合 连 接 代 词/复 合 连 接 代 词（CondensedConjunctivePronoun）,这些词不表示疑问：who=anyone who/theperson who what=anything/all/some

19、thing thatwhatever=anything thatwhoever=anyone who/those whowhichever=anyone who/any one which/that whomever=anyonewho/whomwhosever=anyone whose/anything thatWho believes that will believeanything.相信那件事的人会相信任何事。After the earthquake,they soon repaired what had been damaged.地震过后，他们很快就将损坏的东西修复一新。8Help

20、yourself to whatever youwant.请尽情享用。Whatever I have isat yourservice.我所有的一切你尽管使用。Ill take whatever help I can get.任何帮助我都接受。We must do whatever is best forher.我们必须做对她最有益的事。Ill take whoever wants to go.谁想去我就带谁去。Whoever is responsible for this will be punished.对此事负有责任的人都将受到惩罚。Who delays,pays.延误者罚款。He is

21、 not who I thought he was.他已不是我过去所想象的人。Youre responsible to whoever is in charge of sales.你对掌管销售的人员负责，无论其为何人。She can marry whomever/whoever/who she chooses.她可以和她选择的任何人结婚。You can have whichever you likebest.你可以拿你最喜欢的。Buy whichever is cheapest.哪个便宜买哪个。Whichever climbs to the top of the hill first will

22、 receive a prize.哪个先到山顶，哪个得奖。Take whichever picture you like.你喜欢哪幅画就拿哪幅。We are fully prepared for whatever problems lie ahead.无论前面会遇到什么困难，我们都有充分准备。We should try our best to help whomever we love and respect.我们应尽力帮助我们热爱和尊重的人们。9Whosever are left here for a certain time will be confiscated.不管谁的东西落在这里一段

23、时间后就被充公。Whosever books are overdue will be find.不管谁的书延期都要被罚款。Ill pay whatever fee you ask.你要的任何费用我都会付。The office is cleaned by whoevers turn it is that day.当天轮至！J谁，谁就打扫办公室。Whoevers this is is to bereturned.不管这是谁的都得归还。既然这些连接代词起着连词和充当句子成分的双重作用，其后不能再用连词。例如：值得做的事就应该做好。Whatever that is worth doing should

24、 be done well.X Whatever is worth doing should be done well./谁得第一名谁得金牌。The gold medal will be presented to whoever that comes out first.xJThegold medal will be presented to whoever comes out first.vwhat有时保留它原有的疑问意义，表示“什么”，有时作缩合连接代词，等于“the thing which/that”,这时，what前面不能再加that或 all。另外，what若作疑问代词，介词可移到w

25、hat前，而用作连接代词则不可。例如：这幅画使我想起了我曾经在一个湖边看到的景色。The picture reminded me of what that I had ever seen near a lake.xThepicture reminded me of what I had ever seen near a lake.A/(=the things10which）It was clear what he meant.他是什么意思，那很清楚。（疑问代词）Whatworries him is his wifekhealth.他忧虑的是他妻子的健康。（连接代词）他吃了所买的东西。He at

26、e what he paid fbr.N（连接代词）He ate for what he paid.x他问学生们水是由什么组成的。He asked the pupils what water wascomposed of.V（疑问代词）He asked the pupils of what water wascomposed,v她所说的是真的。All what she said is true.x What she said is true.vAll that she said is true.vwhat既可以是疑问代词，也可以是连接代词，其区别是：what从句的谓语动词含有怀疑、询问、不肯定

27、的意义时，what为疑问代词；反之，指具体的事件，表示肯定意义时，what就是连接代词。参阅上文。比较：I dont know what he is writing.我不知道他在写什么。（疑问代词）I know what he meant.我知道他的意思。（连接代词）What is happening outside is notknown.不知道外面在发生什么事。（疑问代词）What is happening outside does not concern us.夕卜面发生的事与我们无11关。（连接代词）What follows is doubtful.接着会发生什么还难以料定。（疑问代词

28、）What follows is satisfactory.接着发生的事是令人满意的。（连接代词）The question is what she told her son before she died.问题是她临死之前告诉了她儿子什么。（疑问代词）The decision is what she told her son before she died.决定就是她临死之前告诉她儿子的。（连接代词）比较：We can see what appears to be aplate.我们能看到那个貌似盘子的东西。We can see what appear to beplates.我们能看到貌似盘

29、子的一些东西。3.连接副词引导名词性从句的连接副词有：when（=the time when什么时候，何时）where（=theplace where什么地方，何时）how（=the way in which 如何，怎样）why（=the reason why 为什么）连接副词起双重作用，在句中既是连接词，又作状语。这类词引导的从句在句中可以用作主语、宾语或表语。例如：When we can begin theexpedition is still a question.我们何时才能开始这次考察仍悬而未决。（引导主语从句同时作从句的时间状语）We didnt know why she didn

30、tcome.我们不知道她为什么没来。（引导宾语从句同时作从句的原因状12语）The question is how we can get the loan.问题是我们如何才能弄到贷款。（引导表语从句同时作从句的方式状语）I remember when it used to be a quiet village.我记得它曾经是个安静的村庄。（引导宾语从句同时作从句的状语）Fall is when fruits become ripe.秋天是果实成熟的季节。（引导表语从句同时作从句的状语）They are waiting outside for when they should be wanted

31、.他们在外面等着，随时听候指派。（作介词for的宾语）Thats where he used to live.那就是他从前住的地方。（引导表语从句）考察下面一个歧义句：I dont remember when the meeting was held.我不记得那个会议是什么时候开的。（when作疑问副词，意为“什么时候”）我不记得开那个会议的时间了。（when作连接副词，相当于the timewhen）【提示】名词性从句一般用陈述语序。例如：他准备怎样做这件事是个谜。How is he going to do it is amystery 不妥How he is going to do it

32、is a mystery,v他能否买到火车票仍然是个问题。It is still a question whether can he buy a railway ticket.不妥13It is still a question whether he can buy a railway ticket.A/4.but,but that 和 but what1用于no doubt和not deny之 后,等 于thatThere can be no doubt but that it is the best choice.这无疑是最好的选择。She didnt doubt but that/but

33、 he was a responsible man.她不怀疑他是个有责任心的人。I cant not deny but what it is an urgent matter.我不否认这是一件急迫的事情。2用于特殊疑问句中或否定词之后，相当于that notWho knows but that it may betrue?谁能说这不会是真的呢？=Who knows that it may not be true?I can hardly believe but that the answer is right.我简直不能相信这答案不正确。=1 can hardly believe that t

34、he answer is not right.3butthat可以引导条件状语从句这时，but that表示“若不是”，相当于f从句，主句常用虚拟语气。例如：He would have helped you but that he was short of money at thetime.如果不是当时没有钱的话，他会帮助你的。He would have said no but that he was afraid.若不是害怕的话，他会说不的。But that she aided me,I might have gone bankrupt.要不是她帮助我的话,我可能已破产 了。(=If she

35、 hadnt aided me.)14【提示】but,but that和 butwhat还可以引导结果状语从句，参阅第十八讲。二、主语从句1.主语从句在复合句中充当主语大多数主语从句(subjectclause)都可以用it代替，作形式主语，把主语从句置于句尾。that引导的主语从句可用it代替，that一般不省。当what引导的主语从句表示“的东西 时，一般不用it作形式主语。whatever,whoever,whichever 一般也不用it作形式主语。例如：That I liked geography seemed strange to my father.我喜欢地理，在我父亲看来，这很

36、奇怪。That you will have an answer iscertain.你能得到答复，这是肯定的。That the thieves will be caught islikely.这伙盗贼被抓住的可能性很大。What angered me most was his total lack of remorse.最使我生气的是他居然毫无悔意。Why he did such a thing is notclear.并不清楚他为什么做这种事。Whereshe lives has not been found out.还没有查清楚她住在哪里。When heheard about it isu

37、nknown.他什么时候听到那个消息不得而知。Whether or not these figures are accurate remains to be checked.这些数字是否确切还有待核对。Who he is doesnt concern me.他是谁与我无关。What will be,will be.要发生的事总是要发生的。That she should be ungrateful cut him to the heart.她竟忘恩负义，这使他15很伤心。That Mary liked Chinese food seemed strange to her mother.玛丽喜欢吃

38、中国菜，在她母亲看来，这很奇怪。Thatall his dreams andambitions will be fulfilled is unlikely.他所有的梦想和抱负都能实现，这可能性不大。Whether she sold the house and how much money she got out of itdoesnt concern you.她是否卖了房子，从中得了多少钱，与你无关。That the two sides should have a difference of opinion over aims andmethods is natural.双方在目的和方法上意见

39、有些不一致是自然的。It was clear enough what shemeant.她的意思是再清楚不过了。Its not my business,how he chooses to live.他爱怎么生活就怎么生活，这与我不相干。Is it known where she went?矢口道她去哪儿了吗？It hurt her a great deal that all she had done for him in the past years wasof no avail.想着多年来为他奉献的一切都付诸东流水，她伤心欲绝。Its well known that the Chinesep

40、eople show great hospitality.中国人以热情著称于世。It matters what youll do.你要做什么，这至关重要。It is a complete mystery what led to the tragic consequences.是什么造成了悲剧性的后果，这完全是个谜。【提示】161 带 that主语从句的复合句为疑问句、感叹句时，that主语从句要后置，用形式主语it代之。例如：How could it happen that the kids showed no interest in what I wassaying?小家伙们怎么会对我的话一

41、点也不感兴趣呢？Is it possible that the famous gallery will present the works of a newartist?这家著名美术馆有可能展出一个刚出道的艺术家的作品吗？Why isit that her case has attracted an enormous amount ofpublic sympathy?为什么她的案子得到了无数公众的同情？How amazing it is that the 70-year-old man should have swum across thechannel!这位70岁的老人竟然游过了海峡，真是令

42、人惊奇！How amusing it is that the magician conjured a rabbit out of hishat!魔术师从帽子里变出一只兔子，真逗人！在It dawned on sb.that结构中，that引导的从句只能后置。例如：It dawned on her that he had been right all along.她突然意识至他直都是对的。比较：他所需要的是更多的经验。What he needs is moreexperience,vIt is more experience what he needs.XJ据估计，飞到火星来回的时间要超过一年。

43、That a round-trip to Mars would take more than a year is estimated.V17It is estimated that a round-trip to Mars would take more than a year.V她是否要扮演这个角色值得怀疑。Whether she would play the part is still doubtful.A/It is still doubtful whether she would play the part.犯人是如何逃跑的是个谜。How the prisoner escaped is

44、 a mystery.vIt is a mystery how the prisoner escaped,vbecause偶尔可以引导主语从句。2.it作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较it作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构（特别是谓语较短时），主语从句的连接词没有变化。而 i t 引导的强调句则是对某一句子成分的强调（这一成分可以是词、词组或句子），其结构是“Itbe+that”。无论强调的是什么成分，都通用连接词th a t,强调人时也可 用 who/whom/whose,强调地点时也可用w here,强调时间时也可用 when。参阅有关章节。比较：It was ordered

45、that the goods be sent there by plane.根据命令，那些货物必须空运到那里。（it作形式主语）It was lastsummerthat he graduated from the university.他是去年夏天从那所大学毕业的。（it be that为强调句型）It has been found out who set therecord.已经弄清楚纪录是谁创造的。（it18作形式主语）It was Mary that/who set therecord.是玛丽创造了 纪录。（it bethat 为强调句型）3.用it作形式主语的主语从句结构在本部分第四

46、类结构或某些其他结构中，有时也可用连接代词或连接副词引导的从句。1主语+名词+从句It is a pity that.遗憾的是.It is a fact that.事实是.It is good news that.是好消息 It is no wonder that.不足为奇It is a wonder that.真 是 个 奇 迹 It is a shame that.真是可耻It is an honour that.非常荣幸 It is common knowledge that.是常识2 主语+形容词+从句It is quite clear that.明确无误.It is amazing

47、that.令人惊诧的是.It is natural that.很自然.It is obvious that 显而易见It is fortunate that.幸运的是.It is possible that 很可能.It is unlikely that.不可能.It is strange that.奇怪的是3 It+过去分词+从句It is not known that.不得而知 It is not decided that.尚未决定It is said that.据说“.It is reported that.据报道.It must be pointed out that.必须指出.It

48、is to be discussedthat.19有待讨论It has been proved that.已证明.It is estimated that.据估计.It is to be noted that.值得注意的是.It is believed that 据认为.It is universally believed.普遍认为“.It is announced that.据宣布.It can safely be said that.完全可以说.It must be admittedthat 必须承认.It can thus be concluded that 可以由此得出结论4 其他It

49、 doesnt matter.是无关紧要的It makes no difference.毫无区别It doesnt make too much difference that.关系不大It doesnt need to be botheredthat.不必担忧.It is of little consequence that.无关紧要It suddenly struck me/occurred to me that.我突然想到/感觉到【提示】在下面的结构中，it为虚设主语，that-从句是一个外置的主语，但该主语不可前置放在句首：It seems/appears/(so)happens/cha

50、nced/transpired/came about/turned out/occurred to+that-从句It may/could be+that 从 句Thus it came about that he left home on a cold winter morning,never to20return.就这样，他在一个寒冷的冬天早晨离开了家，再没有回来过。How did it come about that he did not report the theft until two days afterit occurred?他怎么直到盗窃案发生两天后才报案呢？Didnt it